USA > Pennsylvania > Westmoreland County > Greensburg > History of Greensburg (Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania) and Greensburg schools > Part 6
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PROPERTIES OF MRS. ANNA M'CAUSLAND. Corner West Otterman Street and Pennsylvania Avenue. [ 64 ]
TAVERN CHARGES EIGHTY-FIVE YEARS AGO.
Although the Greensburg innkeepers differed as to some things at that early period, they were united and harmonious on others, as the appended public uotice will demonstrate:
Whereas, the constituted and high authorities of the United States have thought proper in their collective wisdom to levy heavy duties on all spiritnous liquors, thereby depriving the retailers and venders of the usual and necessary entertainment of profit in vending the same; therefore, we, the subscribers, innkeepers in the borough of Greensburgh, do agree to and with each other, that we will not sell under the following prices, to-wit:
Spirits distilled from rye or corn .. $ .12} per gill.
Brandy
.18
do
Jamaica spirits and gin. 183
do
Maderia wine ..
2.00
per bottle.
Lisbon wine ..
1.50
do
Meals, vituals.
.377
Check. .
.25
Lodging
.124
Boarding
3.50 per week.
HORSE FARE.
Oats .. .12} per gal.
Horse at hay
.374 per night.
Horse in the stable through the day and a
gallon of oats ..
25
Hay alone through the day
.121
Horse at hay, per week. 1.50
Witness our hands this 7th day of January, 1815.
ABRAHAM HORBACH, GEORGE GIBSON,
GRIFFITH CLARK, DANIEL SHAEFFER,
JOHN KUNTZ,
JOHN JENNINGS.
Taverns and houses for the accommodation of the public were opened, from time to time, dur- ing the thirty-six years that the turnpike flour- ished, both in the borough and vicinity. noted and well-conducted hostelrie, that was liberally patronized by wagoners. some of the
stages, and the tide of westbound emigrants, that frequent- ed the turnpike during its entire history, was the "Stone Tavern," east of Greensburg, near the site of the present residence of Mr. Robert Jamison. Another suburban inn, popular with rollicking characters and convivial parties, as
RESIDENCE OF MR. JOHN DORN. West Pittsburg Street.
well as many wagoners, was situated on Bunker Hill. For the first half of the present century that eminence was a popular place (being a half-mile beyond the borough borders) for Independence Day celebrations, moonlight gatherings. militia meetings, wrestling contests and the arbitration of differences with the fists. On such occasions liquid re- freshments were required and the tavern supplied them, order and decorum being enforced within its walls in the meantime by the knocking-down and dragging-out process.
SOME OLD INNS.
The hotel erected by Simon Drum, the elder, about 1791, on the southwestern corner of Main and West Pittsburg Streets, was the public house at which the United States officials held forth, while in Greensburg, during the Whiskey Insurrection. Both before and after the construction of the turnpike, that tavern always commanded a goodly patronage and was rated as first-class.
Horbach's hotel, located on the southeastern corner of Main and East Pittsburg Streets, was one of the pioneer inns. It was conducted by three generations of that family. Abraham Horbach, Sr., who succeeded his father as land- lord, was a man of enterprise and large business capacity. He was a mail contractor, the owner of several stage lines and also a manufacturer of stage coaches. The Horbach hotel was a favorite stopping place for stages. A large stage barn and wagon yard, located east of Main and south of Third Street, which section was a green and houseless
[ 65]
suburb prior to 1840, were utilized in connection with the Horbach tavern.
A stone buikling, occupied for many years as a hotel, was erected by William Barnes, in 1796, on the northwestern corner of West Otterman Street and Pennsylvania Avenue
--
-
BUSINESS BUILDING AND APARTMENT HOUSE OF MR. JOS. W. STONER. Corner East Otterman Street and Maple Avenue. [ 66 ]
(place of the present dwelling of the late C. H. Stark). At that period the residents of this locality were not yet entirely free from apprehensions of attack from savages or other enemies. Although but two stories in height, Mr. Barnes made the solid walls of his building twenty-two inches in thickness, with the evident purpose of being able to speedily transform it from a tavern into a block house or fort, if an exigency should arise. That inn, under the direction of various landlords, was a noted wagon house, prior to and during the operation of the turn- - pike.
The southeastern corner of West Pittsburg Street and Pennsylvania Avenue (site of the present Cope Hotel), and the northwestern corner of Main and West Otterman Streets (site of the present Null House). have been in continuous use for tavern purposes for more than a century.
Some conception of the nomenclature of Greensburg taverns. prior to 1820, may be formed from the follow- ing: "Sign of the Spread Eagle." "Sign of the Cross Keys," "White Hall Inn." "Sign of Captain Law- rence," "Sign of George Washington." In some instances, however, the inns were known by the names of the landlords in charge. A conspicuous wooden sign with a erudely-painted figure of a spread eagle or George Washington were the means of identifying the hotels so named.
Residents of Greensburg in 1817.
At the time of the incorporation of Greensburg, the popu- lation within the borough lines was about 425. According to
the census report in 1810, the number of inhabitants was 685. In 1820 the aggregate was 776. At the latter period the population in detail was as shown below:
Males.
Females.
Under 10 years of age
89
108
Of 10 and under 16 ..
58
70
Of 16 and under 26.
115
98
Of 2h and under 45. .
61
68
Of 45 and upwards
40
33
366
377
366
Number of white inhabitants.
743
Number of black inhabitants.
33
Total.
776
Notwithstanding the building of the turnpike dur- ing the decade between 1810 and 1820, the increase appears to have been less than one hundred. At that period, however, and for some years previously, there was a steady and strong emigration movement to the westward, which carried with it many resi- dents of Greensburg and other parts of Westmore- land county. Moreover, then as now Greensburg had a proportionately healthy growth just outside of the borough limits. Although those inhabitants, in their commercial and social relations, were a part of Greensburg, they were not included and would make no showing, of course, in the census enumeration of the borough.
A list of the taxable inhabitants of Greensburg, in 1817, is here presented as a matter of record, for the benefit of present and future students of the early
RESIDENCE OF HENRY R. EICHER.
East Greensburg.
[ 67]
-
"EC. T. BARNHART.
119
BUSINESS BUILDING OF MR. C. T. BARNHART.
Pennsylvania Avenue.
history of the county town, together with the tax assessed against them:
Armstrong, George, Esq .. self ... .$3.41 $ do do for Jack's lots ... . 229
3.70
Armstrong, James
1.28
Alexander, J. B., Esq.
3.99
Armbrust, John, painter.
53
Barnes, William. 1.20
Brady, James, Esq ..
1.51
Hornish, John B.
57
Haynes, -, tailor, s. m. 50
Hargrave, John ..
86
Ilerwick, Joseph.
98
Herwick, William, g. m ..
1.01
Hill, John, tailor.
1.50 64
1.09 HIorbach, Abraham.
7.20
2.73 Hostelter. Joseph
1.33
43 Herrold, Jacob, s. m.
56 6
Hableston. Henry, Rev
do do for Rugh's house .. 644 Isett, Henry, hatter. Jennings. John, nnilor.
Byerly, Benjamin, s. m ..
50
Carr, Arthur.
3.11
Juck, William, Esq ..
1.32
Cook, David, s. m.
50
Cook, Joseph Jr., S. m).
50
Cust, John, merchant.
Clark, Griffith, self.
34
do do for Shaffer's house. ... 3.57
3.9L
Kuhns, David, s. n1.
71
Kuhns, Philip ..
2.41
2.09 Kuhns, John, Jr.
9
Coulter, Richard, Esq., s. m.
71
50 Kerns, Jacob, saddler.
3 01
Keel, Jacob, shoemaker
87
Kryder, John. tinner.
93
6.32
Logan, Benj'n, for Ross's house.
36
Conelly, John
21
Logan, widow, for McCasky's house.
50 7
Drum, Simon, Jr., Esq.
2.77
Drum, Jacob, s. m.
71
Dobbins, James, s. m.
50
do for Torney's house 50
59
Mellville, John, weaver.
44
78
Mccutcheon, Janics.
29
Fleeger, John.
1.27
Morrison, John Esq.
2.91
Fleming, James ..
Morford. Lewis .. 73
MeGuire, Thomas, self. 1 59
do
for Jack's lots.
2.13
Findley, Jonathan S., teacher
1.30
McGuire, James, s. m.
64
[ 68 ]
Foster, Alexander W., Esq , self. 42
do for Stewart's house. 2.14
2.56
Freidt, William, s. m.
Guthrie, Samuel, Esq.
1.47 1.81 1 56
Graham, Jane, widow.
Grant, Daniel, constable 66
Graham, Robert ... 1.50
Gibson, George, self. 33
do for Drum's house 7.11
7.44
Brady, Ilugh, merchant, single man ... 77
do do for Isett's house 1.14
1,91
Bearer, John, butcher
2 31
Barton, Henry, self.
SU
do do for Jack's lot. 29
Brown, Robert.
Biggert, Mrs ..
Baltzley, Michael, self 214
3.76 66
S6
Jack, Wilson, merchant, self.
71
Jackson, Richard. 21
Jack, Matthew ..
36
2.80 Kuhus, John, tanner, home ... 3.84
New brick house. 1.72
5.56
Coulter, Priscilla, widow.
1.44
Coulter, Eli, merchant, s. m
Kerns, Joseph, hatter.
1.57
Carpenter, K'phraim. s. m.
Cupilly, M. P., merchant, self. 3 46
14
Lowry, Andrew B. S ..
Clingan, Joseph, s. m.
64
MeLaughlin, Randal. s. m
75
Macklin, Frederick ..
1.75
Mclaughlin. Charles, self. 9
Evans, Cadwalader. self
7
do for S. M. Reed's lot. 71
Fleeger, Peter, s. m.
Montgomery. James, Esq 21
Fullerton, Humphrey, Esq., sheriff, self 99
do for Kuhns's house ... 1.57
2.56
Hargrave, Richard, s. m.
FURNITURE
du for Rohrer's house. . 2.86
Collins, Joseph ..
37
Rohrer, Frederick, Esq ..
89
Rieley, William, s. m ...
57
Prater, Benjamin, doctor. 30 Ross, Thomas. tinner. 44
Rohrer. Frederick, saddler, s. m
61
2.60 12 Stake, Michael, Rev. 1.46
Singer, Simon, self. 30
do for Kerns's house. 2.14
2.44
Singer, Samuel B. S.
93
Steele, Joseph, self ... 7
do for Isett's house. 86
93
Syboth, Tobias. self
9
do for Rugh's house. 57
66
Stewart. Margaret, widow
1.00
Smith. Moses, S. 111
57
Schaeffer, John, merchant.
3.44
Spencer, Christopher.
49
Smith, John, nailor, self. 1.23
do for Jack's lot .. 14
1.37
Straw, Michael, potter.
84
do for Kuhns's bouse 1.79
2 05
do for Mrs. MeCully's house 1.07
1.23
Torney, Jacob, self
20
do for Singer's house 1.14
1.34
Troxell, Daniel, self.
13
do for Kerns's house. 79
92
Torney, Simon, carpenter, s. m.
64
Tower, Gad H., teacher ..
29
Underwood, Morrison, s. m
50
Underwood, James, printer, s. m.
61
Waggoner, John, hatter
36
Williams, Robert. Esq .. self.
1.24
do for Jack's lot .. 17
1.41
Williams, John B., merchant.
Williams, Robert, Esq., saddler.
1.80
Wells, Jobn, Esq .
2.79
Welty, Henry ...
1,97
Welty, Henry, Jr., s. m ..
57
Welty, Jacob, merchant, s. m.
77
Wynell, William, Rev. self .. 7
do for Hugus's house. 1.15
1.22
RESIDENCE OF MR. BENNETT RASK.
Watt, Mrs ..
50
61
44
MeClintock, John, for Hamilt'n's house Marchand, David, doctor. McDowell, Mrs., for McGuire's house ..
29
Rohrer, George, teacher.
1.86
McGuire, Patrick, saddler, s. m. self
70
do for Keras's house ... 57 McLelland, John
1.27
Postltbwayte. James, doctor.
Porter, John, barber .. ..
Mulherron. Edward, s. m.
3,00 do for Carr's house .. 57 16 Melville, James B. L., s., m.
57 Prohascoe, John, s. m .. self. 70
Morrow, Paul. Esq ...
Mitchell, Jesse, carpenter.
1 27
56 Reed, John. Esq.
2.14
MeLean, David, printer, s. m.
MeGuire, Patrick, Sr ..
1.00
Hawthorne Avenue. [ 69 ]
Spayd, -. doctor, self ..
26
Torney, Adam, coppersmith, self. 16
Watterson. James.
71
Wise, Jacob M., s. m Williams, William. Young. John, Esq .. 2.29
do for Rohrer's house.
71
1 28
14 Total. $ 179.21
West. Samuel.
First and Last Public Execution.
In December, 1785, at Hannastown, occurred the first execution west of the Allegheney mountains under the white man's laws. It was that of Mamagh- taquin, a Delaware Indian, and Joseph Ross, white. The Indian while in- toxicated, had killed a man named Smith, on ground now embraced in Alle- gheny City, but which was then ineluded in Westmoreland county. Ross, a young man, of questionable sanity, was accused and convicted of an un- natural crime, which was, at that time, punishable by death. Both were hanged on the same day by Sheriff Robert Orr.
It was nearly forty-five years thereafter when the next execution took place in this county. The culprit, on that occasion, was Joseph Evans, an illiterate and vicious man, not yet 22 years of age. With others he was em- ployed on the Pennsylvania canal in Derry township, near Blairsville. On the night of December 31, 1829, during a drunken quarrel over a game of cards, Evans accidentally struck John Cissler with a shovel. Either from the blow, or because of his head coming in contact with an iron kettle. in the fall, Cissler sustained fatal injuries. Evans was tried and convicted of murder in the first degree before his honor. Judge John Young, in the county court at Greensburg. He expiated his crime on April 20, 1830. His was the first and last public execution at Greensburg. At 1 o'clock P. M., on the day named, the two local military companies, the Westmoreland Artillery, Capt. John B. Alexander, and the Greensburg Blues, Capt. Morri- son Underwood, appeared in front of the Court House. Evans was brought from the jail in charge of Sheriff John Klingensmith, Jr., and attended by
[ 70]
METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. Corner Main and East Second Street. First Building, 1833; 2d, 1851; Remodeled, 1885.
William's, Nathan
6
Thomas, McGuire, agent.
50
Wise, John H., s. m., self 57
his spiritual advisers, Revs. Steck, Hacke, Laird and Mech- ling, together with a number of county officials and leading citizens. The battalion formed a hollow square, inclosing the condemned man. As the procession moved to the place of execution, Evans walked behind a cart containing his
RESIDENCE OF MR. D. M. IRWIN. Junction of East Otterman and East Pittsburg Streets. [ 7] ]
coffin. The gallows was located on the east side of the bor- ough, near a cluster of oak trees, the site now being covered by the tracks of the Southwest Pennsylvania Railroad. The. exact spot is about 450 feet south of the junction of Brewery Avenue with Urania Avenue. Evans was cool and composed throughout all of the solemn proceedings. In his last words he attributed his ignominious end to gambling and strong drink, and admonished his hearers at all times to eschew those evils. The surging crowd present is said to have been the largest ever gathered in a single assemblage in Westmoreland county up to that time. It was estimat- ed as high 10,000 and embraced persons from neighboring counties. The condition and conduct of many of the spectators indicated that they regarded themselves at a festival of Momus rather than in the presence of death. Thoughtful and sensible persons were shocked and ex- pressed the earnest hope that this would be the last public execution, at least, that should ever take place in Greens- burg. That hope was realized. Evans' body was inter- red under the gibbet, but it is said to have mysteriously disappeared during the night.
The Public Press.
Greensburg's first newspaper, or rather first two news- papers, bore the title of The Farmers' Register. One edi- tion was printed in English and another in German, The initial number of The Register; in English, appeared May
24, 1799, and the first issue of the German edition not long thereafter. The founders of the two Registers were John M. Snowden and William McCorkle, his brother-in-law. Both were practical printers. After the completion of their apprenticeship, they were engaged for some time in the printing business in Philadelphia. Immediately prior to
coming to Greensburg, however, Messrs. Snowden & Mc- Corkle had established a paper at Chambersburg, Pa.
Just how long the German edition of The Farmers' Regis- ter was published has not been ascertained. It is known, however, that it had an existence for, at least, three years. In addition to publishing their two papers, Messrs. Snowden & MeCorkle printed ahnanaes and other books. . On May 21, 1803, the firm dissolved partner- ship, Mr. McCorkle and his family returning to Philadelphia. The publication of The Register was continued by Mr. Snowden. In 1808 he disposed of The Register property to William S. Graham. The latter conducted the paper until his death, February 21, 1815. Mrs. Jane Graham, his widow, became his successor. James Underwood, Joseph Clingen and H. W. Peterson published The Register "for JJane Graham," at various periods, in the succession named, until October 10, 1818. -
Although The Register was a Jeffersonian journal from the beginning, it was regarded by the active politicians of that faith as not being sufficiently vigorous in tone, after Mr. Gra- hanı's death. Accordingly, a new press and outfit were purchased by a number of leading party men. Frederick A. Wise, a practical printer and native of Greensburg, but then em- ployed in Baltimore, was persuaded to return
AULIT
RESIDENCE OF MRS. REBECCA BARCLAY. North Main Street.
[ 72 ]
to this place and become the publisher of the new paper. By repaying the original contributors, he was to be per- mitted to acquire absolute ownership of the printing estab- lishment and newspaper property, which he subsequently effected. The Westmoreland Republican was the title of the
RESIDENCE OF MR. R. S. JAMISON. East Greensburg.
new journal, and the first number was issued on Saturday, April 25, 1818. It was neatly printed and ably edited. Its rapid success evidently made marked inroad on the older paper, the name of which had been changed by Mr. Graham to The Westmoreland and Indiana Register, and, still later, by Mrs. Graham, to Greensburg Register. The latter, in October, 1818, disposed of the sub- scription list and good will of her paper to the owners of The Republican. Immediately there- after the office of The Republican was trans- ferred to that of the Register, the two papers consolidated, and, for some time, published as The Westmoreland Republican and Greensburg Register. On April 15, 1825, the title was transformed to Westmoreland Republican and Farmers' Chronicle. Desiring to emigrate to the Mississippi Valley, Frederick A. Wise, in March, 1830, sold the newspaper property to Joseph Russell. In April, 1841, Mr. Russell associated David K. Marchand with him in its publication. Three years later Mr. Marchand purchased his partner's interest and became sole owner. Andrew Graham, in 1856, became part, and, in 1861, absolute proprietor of the paper. A year later James F. Campbell & Co. acquired the establishment, and in January, 1863, dis- posed of it to William A. Stokes.
[ 73 ]
Meanwhile Edward J. Keenan and John Klingen- smith, Jr., started a paper entitled, The Greensburg Democrat, the first impression being put forth on November 18, 1853. Klingensmith died in 1854, and, in 1857. Mr. Keenan associated his brother, William
-
RESIDENCE AND OFFICE OF DR. R. B. HAMMER. South Main Street.
W., with him in the business. In June, 1858. the firm named was changed to James Keenan & Co., and embraced three brothers. James Keenan, who had been United States Consul at Hong Kong, died in 1862, and Edward J. having enlisted in the army, William W. Keenan became the sole proprietor of The Democrat.
On August 26, 1864, W. W. Keenan purchased The Westmoreland Republican from Mr. Stokes, and merged the two papers under the name Republican & Democrat. After the civil war Edward J. Keenan again acquired an interest in the property. On January 1, 1871, the Keenan brothers sold the establishment to Dr. W. J. K. Kline and his cousin, S. A. Kline, Esq. The latter, in October, 1872, transferred his interest to A. B. Kline, the firm then becoming Kline & Bro. Because of the seemingly confusing character of the title (the word Republican having lost its old-time association with the Democracy by reason of adoption as the name of a comparatively new opposing political party) was changed, on January 1, 1876, to The Westmoreland Democrat. Messrs. Kline & Bro., on November 22, 1882, sold The Democrat property to B. F. Vogle and T. R. Winsheimer, by whom the paper has since been, and is now, pub- lished.
Greensburgh Gazette was the name of the second English paper founded in this place. It was started by David Maclean, the first number being issued August 22. 1811, The Gazette was a Federal- ist journal. Mr. Maclean, in October, 1822, disposed of the estab- lishment to Frederick J. Cope, and removed to Pittsburg, where,, with his brother, he purchased The Gazette, of that city, and con- ducted it for seven years. John Black & Son succeeded Mr. Cope as the owners of the Greensburgh Gazette. The elder Black retiring
[ 74 ]
in 1832, his son, William F., became the editor and changed the title to The Westmoreland Intelligencer. On the death of the younger Black, not long thereafter, the ownership passed to Reece C. Fleeson. In February, 1834, John Ramsey bought the outfit, and, following his death, John Armstrong, Esq., senior, acquired the property in November, 1839.
LÊY
RESIDENCE OF MRS. C. H. STARK. Corner West Otterman Street and Pennsylvania Avenue. [ 75 ]
Joseph Miller, late of Harrisburg, came to Greensburg, and, on February 9, 1838, issued the first number of a Ger- man paper, entitled Western Democrat. Notwithstanding the name, it was a Federalist, anti-Masonic journal. One year later, in February, 1839, Jonathan Row purchased the equip- ment and assumed the editorship, of the Western Democrat. In May, 1840, Mr. Row discontinued the publication of the German paper and started an English perodical call- ed The Greensburg Sentinel. It was a stong advocate of Gen. William Henry Harrison for President.
Jonathan Row, in February, 1842, sold The Sentinel to John Armstrong, Sr., owner of The Intelligencer, and the two papers were consolidated under the name of The Intelligencer and Sentinel. Mr. Armstrong re- tired as editor in May, 1844, leaving The Intelligencer and Sentinel in charge of his sons, James and Robert. In 1850 D. W. Shryock purchased the establishment, and, in advocacy of the American or Know Nothing party cause, changed the title to American Herald. Subsequently, on the organization of the Republican party, it was again changed to The Greensburg Herald.
James R. McAfee, Esq., on July 22, 1870, issued the first number of a new Republican paper-the Greeus- burg Tribune. In January, 1872, D. S. Atkinson and T. J. Weddell. Esqrs., bought The Herald outfit and good will from Mr. Shryock, and one month later, the papers were united, under the style of Tribune and Herald, with Messrs. McAfee, Atkinson & Weddell as
editors and owners. The latter, on Jan- £
nary 18, 1874, sold his interest to the senior partners and withdrew from the
FIRST NATIONAL BANK BUILDING. Main Street.
firm. Abont April 1, 1882, John M. Peoples, Esq., became identified with the proprietorship of the Tribune and Herald and the firm name was changed to Mc- Afee, Atkinson & Peoples. On the death of Mr. McAfee, in April, 1890. the newspaper property was purchased in its entirety by the surviving partners. A stock company, called Tribune Publishing Company, which was incorporated September 4, 1890, became possessed of the good will and printing establishment. The stockholders, constituting the company. were Messrs. D. S. Atkinson, John M. Peoples, W. J. Hitchman, George F. Huff, E. F. Houseman and Elmer E. Lyon. The capital stock, as stated in the charter, is $25,000, divided into two hun- dred and fifty shares, of $100 each. In the meantime, however, the Greensburg Daily Tribune had been established, the first number being issued February +, 1889. The publication of the weekly, Tribune and Herald, was continued until June 10, 1896, when it was converted into a semi-weekly journal. Although there have been some subsequent transfers, as to the ownership of a part of the stock, both the daily and semi-weekly issues have since been and are now published by the Tribune Publishing Company.
The Pennsylvania Argus was established in 1832 hy Messrs. Jacob S. Steek and George Rippey. Then, as now, it was Democratic in politics. Mr. Rippey died .July 27, 1833, and his interest passed into the possession of Mr. Steck. The latter, during his editorial career, for a short time. also published a German paper, in connection with The Argus. Mr. Steck continued as owner and director of The Argus until 1839. when Jeremiah M. Burrell, Esq .. subsequently President Judge of the Courts, purchased the establishment and assumed the editorship. In July, 1841, Joseph Cort succeeded Mr. Burrell as the owner and editor. He con- tinued in that capacity until July. 1844, when he disposed of the outfit and good will to Messrs. Samuel S. Turney and William H. Hacke, both of whom were practical printers. Those gentlemen published the paper until 1850, when it was purchased by John M. Laird, Esq., also a practical printer and experienced news-
[ 76]
paper man. Mr. Laird continued in active direction of The Argus, with the assistance of his sons, in later years, until the time of his death, January 25, 1887. The ownership and editorship then passed to Messrs. James M. and F. V. B. Laird, sons of the deceased, by whom the paper is still con- ducted, under the firm name of John M. Laird's Sons.
RESIDENCE OF MR. E. H. BAIR. North Main Street. [ 77 ]
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