USA > Pennsylvania > Lancaster County > Report of committee appointed to conduct celebration of 200th anniversary of first permanent white settlement in Lancaster County > Part 5
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throne. The German believed that "the powers that be, are ordained of God" (Rom., 13-1). He knew that in the French and Indian war he was fighting his government's enemies;
but in the Revolutionary war he must fight against his own adopted government.
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But we are considering Lancaster county's patriotism as a whole. Thus considered she did notable and noble services in the cause of indepen- dence. We have stated the number of soldiers she lent to the cause.
One of the first pledges which thousands of our county's citizens approved and subscribed to, right after Lexington was the pledge, "We do most solemnly agree and asso- ciate under the deepest sense of our duty to God and country, our- selves and our posterity-to defend and protect the religious and civil rights of this and our sister colonies, with our lives and our fortunes against any power to deprive us of them."
Lancaster county companies were among the first in the field. They took part in the Long Island cam- paign-in New York and in New Jersey and in the battles of Brandy- wine, Germantown and Monmouth.
July 11, 1775, our county furnished two companies of expert riflemen out of nine in the entire province (E. & E., 39) and they joined Wash- ington at Cambridge. She sent a company up the Kennebec to Can- ada (Do., 40 & 41)-a company in the Pennsylvania line with Wayne to Georgia (Do.)-She sent the Lancaster Rifle company under Captain Ross to Cambridge-in addi- tion to Smith and Ross' companies she had Hamilton and Henry Mil- ler's companies at Battle of Long Island (Do., 47)-she had five com- panies in Colonel De Haas' Battal- ion (Do., 48)-she had one company, that of Captain Brisbon of Leacock in the second battalion under Col- onel Arthur St. Clair, who saw ser- vice at Three Rivers, Crown Point and Ticonderoga (Do., 49)-she had Captain Hubley's company in the Third regiment under Col. Shee, who fought in the Battle of Long Is- land and were largely taken prison- ers at Fort Washington.
When the "Flying Camp" of 10,000 men was ordered raised and 13,800 militia from New York, Pennsylvania and Maryland-in a meeting at Lan-
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caster, eleven battalions of associa- tors were raised in our county. Our county also furnished two companies amounting to 200 men in Samuel At- lee's Musketry battalion (Do., 54). It furnished Grubb's Lancaster coun- ty company of about 100 men in Miles' regiment (Do., 54) and many men in two more companies of the regiment, a fair number of whom were Germans. These were in the battles of Marcus Hook and Long Island. It furnished one company of the German regiment made up of four Pennsylvania companies and four Maryland companies. It furnish- ed the Lancaster county Independent . company to guard prisoners, (Do., 56). In the 10th regiment we had Captain Weaver's company, (Do., 56). In the 12th regiment we had two companies under Captains Cham- bers and Herbert, (Do., 57). And in the New 11th regiment Lancaster county had one company (Do., 58). This, as we have said before, aggre- gates 30 companies, making 2,000 to 2,500 men, or over one-third of the men of the county at that time.
In the Civil war not less than 12,- 000 Lancaster county men enlisted. in the cause of preserving the Un- ion and destroying slavery-and Ger- man, English, Irish, Scotch and all won equal glory.
But the patriotism of peace £ is more beautiful than the patriotism of war, and in this patriotism our coun- ty has no superior on earth. It is shown in its love of the land itself whereon we were reared and how we care for and cultivate it-how we stick to it and refuse to roam to other spheres. It is shown in the sense of duty to the home town- ship and the home county; and the willingness to discharge that duty faithfully. It is a patriotism bred of justice and not of jingoism-animat- ed by justice, and fed and nurtur- ed by justice.
4 .- The Political Meaning.
In its infant years this county al- ways stood politically with the coun- try party of the province and against
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the proprietary or city party. Our earliest county politics, too, largely followed the cleavage of nationality, the alignment being Germans and Quakers against Scotch Irish and English. This remained true a hun- dred years. Scotch and English sign- ed the petition for the erection of the county and the two petitions op- posing it were, likely, almost entire- ly signed by Germans.
In the beginning the Germans took very little political interest in the county affairs. They were not natural- ized and at first did not care to be naturalized. But a little later they became very active. In 1732 a body of them were charged with disloyalty to . the county and with a friendliness toward an invasion by Maryland.
A few years later no party could have been more politically patriotic to our county than they. They were a power in politics then.
In 1737 by their help the highest successful candidate for the Assem- bly here received 755 votes. (A. W. M., October 6, 1737), and in 1738
he received 1,016 votes. (Do., October 5, 1739). Our Germans joined forces with the Quak- ers about this time (4 St. L., 471) and stood firmly with them for years against the Scotch Irish and Eng- lish. With the Quakers they formed the anti-war party against Governor Thomas and they polled a majority vote here in 1739 (A. W. M., October 4, 1739). In 1742 they threw all their strength into the field and helped the Quakers to defeat Governor Thomas' new war party in this county by a vote of 1,480 to 362 (Penna. Gaz., October 7, 1742). And in 1749 the Ger- mans of this county, under the lead- ership of Christian Herr, assisted by the Quakers, entirely controlled the election that fall, (4 V., 122); and they were so zealous in exercising the franchise as to succeed in get- ting 2,300 tickets in the ballot box, though during the day there were not over 1,000 different voters at the polls, according ty witnesses. This "repeating," however, many witness- es also denied. But while they took this interest in politics they could
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not or did not desire to hold office themselves during some years to come, except certain township offi- ces.
Then came on the French and In- dian wars and party politics was forgotten. When peace was restored political feeling against the proprie- tary grew stronger in Lancaster county. Then came on the Stamp act, the Boston Port bill and the prelimi- naries of the Revolutionary war and this again made political partisan matters unimportant.
When party lines re-appeared in Lancaster county at the close of the Revolutionary war, those lately most zealous in the war, having ex- travagant notions of and hopes for unrestrained liberty, and detesting federal interference with local or state affairs as a tyranny like that of England, whose galling bonds they had just broken, gradually gath- ered into one political party ; and those who were conservative, who feared that the new liberty might insidiously lead to license and dis- integration, unless restrained by strong central federal power, gravitat- ed into an opposite party. And these lwo political views were held in our county throughout the years of the Confederation during the period of adopting the National Constitution and during a decade afterwards.
These reasons have made it a
political paradox in our county that the element in it, which to-day large- ly take no part in politics, one hun- dred and twenty-five years ago, by taking an active part, made the coun- ty, first a Federal, then and Anti- Masonic, then a Whig, and ever since a Republican stronghold. The same German race in Berks county, ad- hering to opposite principles and to a different church, made that coun- ty Democratic during more than a century. Early Berks county Germans being largely Lutherans and Reform- ed, took active part in the Revolu- tionary war and opposed the Federal Constitution of 1787 because they felt it did not give enough of the free-
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dom they fought for and would be oppressive as British rule had been; while the Mennonites of Lancaster county favored a conservative posi- tion, did not see nor fear any dan- ger of tyranny in the new constitu- tion and voted numerously with the Federalists to support it.
Thus Lancaster county remained a "Federal" county down to 1800 in- clusive, electing a Federalist con- gressman by 400 majority that au- tumn, while the state electors voted strongly for Jefferson for president at the same time, and while the state was strongly Democratic from the beginning. Only from 1801 to 1804, inclusive, when the state was from three-fourths to nine-tenths Democratic or "Jefferson," did Lan- caster county yield from 200 to 600 Democratic majority (Intelligencer). In 1805 the county went back to the Federal, now called locally the Fed- eral Constitution party by nearly 1,- 700 majority and remained there with two hsignificant exceptions in 1810 and 1811 until the suspension of the Federalist party in the times of anti-Masonry in 1829, varying in its Federalist strength from a small ma- ority to two-thirds at times, while the state was from 60 to 75 per cent. Democratic; and in 1811, 1824 and 1826 respectively, 93, 90 and 98 per cent. Democratic (Smull). From 1828 to 1835 our county was anti-
Masonic by large majorities (Inte li- gencer and Smull) while the state- except in 1828, remained Demo- cratic. The commonwealth remained in the Democratic column, with the exception of the small Whig majori- ties of 400 and 1,400 respectively in 40 and 48, and the large "Know Noth- ing" majority of 12,000 in '55 until the slavery agitation in 1858 brought it permanently (with exceptions) in- to the Republican ranks. But the county in all this time (without ex- ception) remained the firm oppon- ent of Democracy, generally by large majorities, either under the political party name of Federalist, anti-Mas- onic, Whig or Know-Nothing party,
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where it has remained by great ma- jorities invariably ever since., reach- ing its high-water mark of Republican- ism in the majorities of 17,000 for Mc- Kinley in 1896 and of 19,000 for Roosevelt in 1904, the state also be- ing strong Republican, except in the few modern well-known instances of 1862-67-74-77-82-90 and 1906.
As to popular interest in politics here at home two observations are pertinent. First, from the beginning until now one-fourth of our people never have and do not now, exercise the right to vote nor take any oth- er interest in political concerns. In the early days of 1737 and 8, when there were about 2,600 men entitled to vote in our county (5 H., 115), the successful candidate in the first year received 755 votes and in the second 1,016 votes (A. M. W., Octob- er 6, 1736 and October 5, 1738) and the opposition did not poll 400 votes either year, so that
only about half of the voters voted. In 1742 when there were fully 3,000 voters in Lancaster county, the successful candidate received 1,480 votes and his opponent 362, a total of about 1,800 votes or three-fifths, leaving two-fifths not voting, even though that fight was one of the hot- test known in years (Pa. Gaz., Oc- tober 7, 1742), In 1749, while about 2,300 ballots were cast, witnesses af- firmed that only 1,000 persons vot- ed out of a list of 4,600 voters in the county, (4 V., 122 and 126). Even if 2,000 were present at the polls and voted that was less than half. In 1795 under the date of September 9th, our "Lancaster Journal" laments
that the people show a very little interest in suffrage and political af- fairs generally. And in our modern days in only the most strenuous elections do three-fourths of our now 46,000 voters go out and vote.
Second, from earliest days to the present time our people as a whole have been and are inclined to be politically very contented and to place great faith and confidence in poli- tical leaders. This is the condition
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in all nationalities represented in our county. It seems also to exist alike in the rank and file of both dominant and minority political par- ties locally. There is not now and seldom has been much questioning and revolting from the choice of can- didates which such leaders make, nearly all classes of our people hav- ing been and being now willing to trust the political fortunes of the county to political specialists-a coun- ty leader and various local states- men. We are and have been thus a people easily managed politically and in this are in strong contrast with many counties where the plebiscite is suspicious, not inclined to accept that in which they took no part; and where the people are more generally given to the same independent poli- tical thought that a sagacious man exercises in business.
This is not a truly healthy poli- tical attitude, and our county has been surprisingly fortunate in es- caping as many of the political evils as we have escaped which this leth- argy freely breeds. The local press over one hundred years ago complain- ed that, "For several years an inex- cusable neglect to vote has been shown and the result has been that a few have hitherto directed elec- tions and the voice of the people is not generally heard" (Lancaster Jour- nal, September 9, 1795).
The truth of history compels us to state that the non-resistant church- men, made up of four distinct sects in our county (or some of them) took part in politics and in voting in earlier times to an extent that sur- prises us to-day. While from the first the Germans took part in poli- tics to the extent of voting they did not hold important offices until about 1750, when Emanuel Zimmerman led off in this departure. But since the Germans entered upon office holding in earnest, after the close of the Revolution, they have held on to all of them ever since. About 1755 the proprietor ordered that the Scotch-Irish shall henceforth go to
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the Cumberland and the Germans hold forth here (15 H., 81).
To sum up the political meaning of our county in its 200 years we may say: our earliest generations of the county believed in plain simple agragrian government, of few offices and of economical fees and salaries -they stood against proprietaryship -they stood against military exploit- ation-they believed in the principal of laissez faire, and tenaciously hold to it to-day-in the days of the Revolution a certain portion of our people believed in political preserva- tion as far as consistent with the gospel of peace-but the masses were very zealous for independence-they have believed and voted that liberty should be exercised conservatively under a strong federal government, which individuals and states should gladly recognize as supreme as the the necessary strong protector of all -later generations stood consistent- ly for stimulation of home industry against cheaper foreign labor by a tariff-and in this present day she is still firmly anchored to that po- litical principle by which she aims to keep her agricultural wealth the great basis on which to develop her industries, by the protective tariff.
5, Industrial and Financial Meaning.
Four words sum up our county's industrial history - variety, excel- lence, energy and honesty. And four words also sum up the quality of our financial history-conservative, safe, sane and sound. Of the industries, we have discussed agriculture, and we now turn our thoughts to other branches.
The earliest manufacture was that of meal and flour, Christopher Schlegel having a mill on Little Con- estoga in 1714 (12 L., 20). And Atkinson's, Graeff's, Stehman's and Taylor's mills quickly followed. Min- ing also began early. Minerals were reported about Conestoga in 1707 (2 C., 403 & 5) and John Cartlidge, of that place, found iron ore near there also in 1721 (12 L., 20). In 1722 a deposit of copper also was said to be found in Lancaster county (3 C., 160)
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the nickel mines of the Mine Ridge and the silver mines of the Pequea and the iron mines in many parts were opened before the Revolution- ary war. The Elizabeth furnace was started in 1750 by John Huber, a German, the first one in Lancaster county (Swank, "Iron & Steel" for 1883, p 23). Martic Forge began in 1755 and Windsor about the same time. Flax and hemp stock and even cordage were manufactured here as early as 1732 and shipped to Philadelphia (A. W. M). Glass was manufactured by Stiegel and also by the American Flint Glass Manufac- tory, of Manheim, in this county, in 1772 and some time before, (Pa. Gaz., March 17, 1773). Saddles, pack sad- dles and guns were made before 1754 in Lancaster, which was described by a traveler at that time as a town of 500 houses, 2,000 people, who were making money (6 H., 29). The Octoraro was early lined with mills, trip hammers, etc.
In 1770 and before, an elaborate textile manufacture was carried on here by our industrious German mothers, God bless them. In the year, May 1st, 1769, to May 1, 1770, cotton, woolen and linen goods, con- sisting of clothing, bed clothing, cur- tains, etc., of thirteen varieties,
made by the women of Lancaster, reached 28,000 yards reported, with materials in the looms for 8,- 000 yards more and many yards more not reported at all, as the Germans feared it was sought for taxation. One good mother alone,
while at the same time she was proprietor of one of the principal hotels in the town wove 600 yards herself (Pa. Gaz., June 14, 1770).
Raw Silk Production.
And in silk production in 1772 in Pennsylvania for the greatest number of cocoons and best reeled silk, Lancaster county led the entire state, (Philadelphia city included) in quantities and quality, Widow Stoner herself having raised 72,800 cocoons, Caspar Falkney 22,845 co coons and Catharine Steiner 21,800
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cocoons, all of them Germans living in this county. Chester and Phila- delphia county and city fell far be- hind (Pa. Gaz., March 17, 1773).
In 1780 according to the assess- ment list there were in Lancaster, then a town of 3,000 people, 35 dif- ferent kinds of manufactures, includ- ing woolen, silk, cotton and flax
weaving. In the Revolutionary war we manufactured the most famous and fartherest-carrying rifles in the world. In 1830, there were hun- dreds of manufactures in the county, among which 7 furnaces, 14 forges, 183 distilleries, 45 tan yards, 32 fulling mills, 164 grist mills, 8 hemp mills, 87 saw mills, nine breweries, five oil mills, five
clover mills, 3 cotton factories, 3 potteries, 6 carding engines, 3 paper mills, 1 snuff mill, 7 tilt hammers, 6 rolling mills and one or more nail factories (Gord. Gaz., p 230). And thus it has gone on increasing until a few years ago, on the ideal of small factories, and many of them in which many men of small capital gave employment each to a score of his neighbors.
Small factories until lately were humming by the thousands in our county and large ones by the score. But sad to relate, as to the small in- dustries, the relentless hand of giant monopolies has crushed and broken most of the small concerns to pieces, and in their stead has established branches of great corporations. This has exchanged an independent for a dependent industrialism in
£ our county. Through all its ages and stages of manufacture until this last decade, the county stood for and splendidly exemplified the small in- dustrial business man employing his happy contented neighbors, turning out honest home-made goods, in which it took an honest delight and pride.
Her industries have always been steady and stable; and in prosperity and panic she has marched onward not flinching before the shock of fi- nancial disaster, throughout the land that in many other towns and coun-
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ties, have laid proud industries in the dust. Her watches are found throughout all the lands-there is not a people who do not smoke her cigars and hardly a spot on the earth where her umbrellas do not protect from storm. Her confection- ery runs annually upwards of a mil- lion dollars in value - her watches over a million - her cigars and smoking and chewing tobacco two millions and a half and her umbrel- las nearly four million dollars a year. Her silk, cotton and iron man- ufactures are vast important indus- tries. Our little city of 41,000 peo- ple ten years ago increased her in- dustrial strength from 1890 to 1900. from 599 manufacturing plants to 738 -with capital increased from $8,000,- 000 to $10,000,000, wage earners
from 7,300 to 9,300 -wages paid from $2,000,000 to $3,000,000 and pro- duct value from $11,500,000 to $16,- 500,000. And in these last ten years there has been a corresponding in- crease.
A Ship From Lancaster?
In commerce as early as 1731 there is mention of a ship from Lan- caster arriving at New York with goods likely laboriously taken down Conestoga and Susquehanna then
loaded on ships. (Pa. Gaz., Jan- uary 5, 1731). Our county did her part in 1792 to 1794 in building the first turnpike to Phila- delphia at a cost of $465,000 (Gor- don, p 229), the first turnpike in America; and from 1775 to 1860 she built her share of the system of
canals and turnpikes that in that day were the best in the world. And now she is well in the van again with the greatest rural trolley sys- tem in the state. These were her efforts in commerce and transporta- tion.
In finances the progress of her Germans and their growing compet- ence attracted the jealous English eyes of the government at Philadel- phia before their valleys felt the the spell of German agriculture a score of years, (C. R. & V). By 1830 when they had brought the
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county's land to be worth $24,000,000 this county's citizens had $4.000,000 of money at interest, while Chester and Bucks counties each fifty years older had respectively only $400,000 and $250,000 of money at interest. And our county stood as a fair sec- ond to Philadelphia itself. She had more money at interest, even at that early date' than all the rest of Penn- sylvania, excepting Philadelphia.
And best of all every cent of our savings was honest; gotten by hon- est toil and honest methods in agri- culture and manufacture and not by speculation in false inflated val- ues, spurious stocks, representing a plant only on paper and in the imagination of oily swindlers.
And in our present day the finan- cial strength of this county has grown so that there are returned to the assessors $27,000,000 of money at interest, which omits fully $10,- 000,000 more. There are many mil- lions in our manufacturing plants. There are 46 banks and trust com- panies in operation in our county, with assets of over $40,000,000 or perhaps an average of $1,000,000
each. These institutions have in- creased from $29,000,000 to $40,000,- 000 in seven years, about 33 per cent. and the stock of several of them sells from 300 to 500 per cent. of par.
6 .- The Educational Meaning.
The educational history of our county needs explanation more than defense. Early English writers were accustomed to criticize our county's education. They forget that in 1734 there was a German school in Lan- caster (5 H., 22). From 1745 to 1780 there were parochial and pri- vate schools (Riddle, 10). In 1746 the Moravian school was flourishing (Do., 9). In 1748 there was a large school of English, Irish and German pu- pils here, which continued till 1788, (Do., 10). In 1752 the county had the famous Rock Hall school and also others of importance (Lanc. Gaz., June 29, 1752). Robert Smith had his Presbyterian school in operation
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then at Pequea and there were sim- ilar ones in Southern and Western Lancaster county. The Germans had their church schools very early, too, and these prepared the way for Franklin college, in 1787 and after- wards Marshall. Then too, there was and is, Yeates school, also started in 1780. About the beginning of the 19th century came on the famous
Lancastrian schools, the public school system a decade later and a very progressive system since. There was compulsory public payment for the schooling of poor children as early as 1819 (4 H., 295), and under it (before the days of the regular common school system), Lancaster county paid annually $6,500 as a con- tribution (3 H., 165).
One thing is evident: Lancaster county from the beginning was con- cerned about two qualities in the education it gave to its sons and daughters-that it should be practi- cal and that it should be moral and indeed religious. They were wiser than we, in that the moral culture which true education should give, we make inferior to the purely intel- lectual; and the religious we are ab- solutely afraid of.
Their education was practical. The primary popular end of education as we see it to-day everywhere is to enable the children to succeed well in life, to gain a competence, a standing, an estate, a large estate, a million, if possible. We may boast that modern education has aims higher than these sordid ones; but it is not true as a practical condi- tion. So too, 150 or 200 years ago our pioneers gave themselves that kind of education which conditions demanded-an education that enab- led them to succeed. And they did succeed. They cleared their farms and by 1830 had $4,000,000 at inter- est. None of the older and alleged more intellectual counties could show more than one-tenth of that result. Their education in the coun- try was necessarily, a study of the
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soil and how to make it crop well -a study of how to turn crops into the best market-the cultivation of strong reliable judgment and how to meet duty as it comes to them. In this they had the best kind of edu- cation. In the town the education must be that of trade and manufac- ture and the early town of Lancas- ter showed marvelous results in that line.
The education of our county's pio- neer ancestors was deeply moral and religious. They did not try to make brilliant scoundrels, but noble men. They would have a man that you
could trust, one who had moral backbone, to stand against the tem- tation of dishonesty and cupidity. They preferred to make a man rath- er than a scholar. We make the mis- take in modern days of giving the pupil storage capacity at the sacri- fice of strength; we make the chil- dren bins instead of bulwarks. Our
remote ancestors never made that mistake. They saw that children should be taught moral back-bone as well as mathematics-goodness as well as geography-honor and hon- esty, as well as history and Godli- ness as well as grammar.
The two great text books of our grandfathers and our great-grandfa- thers' times were the Bible and the newspaper. There is no better source in all the universe of an education than these.
Our county has had about 275 newspapers in her time, 175 in the town and later city and about 100 in the country. This record exceeds any similar community of 160,000 peo- ple, anywhere in the world. These papers began as early as 1743, and they became numerous at once, and even before the year 1800 there were over a score of them printed. Who can say in the face of this that our county was not an early educated county? All read the papers and the papers contained the most practical knowledge to be had. It was the education suited to their needs and it made our county early
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a great prosperous people. Every
modern student of the early news- papers of Colonial time knows they contained much home and foreign geography, history, finance, philoso- phy and other learning.
Our forefathers feared not
a stern morality and rigid rectitude in their courses of study. In the schools of those days, the Bible was taught as one of the text books. And they taught it Gospels and all too. It is only lately that we have found out that teaching boys and girls to love the Savior of the world is opposed to American lib- erty. God bless the brave old fore- fathers. They remembered that it was their Christian forefathers who colonized America, fought for it and handed it down to them. They
remembered that Christianity did
more for America than the Con- stitution and the law ever did. And what men the rod and the Bible made in our grandfather's time! To
steal a cent was as wicked to them as to steal a hundred thousand dol- lars. You could have put anyone of them into a bank as president or
cashier and he would never have thought of robbing it and going to Canada. He would never have taken it to gamble in stocks. You never would have found one of them form monopolies and crush out weaker men. Nay, thus strong they stood as proof against evil as old Gibral- tar is strong against the waves of the hammering sea.
Men gravitated to them with all their troubles and had them settled by the simple rule of right, from which they never appealed. Why was this
so? Because in their schools the chief branch of their
curriculum was character-building, and the products of their commence- ments were men rather than schol- ars weak in moral manhood and bravery.
The genius and spirit of a free government may be against the Bible or religious training in schools; but our forefathers did not think so. They studied the Bible and in doing
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So the government gained vastly more in good, noble patriotic men than it ever could have gained by any other means.
Let us reflect, when we incline to ridicule our county's lack of po- lite education in primitive days, that, taking it all in all their educa- tion may have been better and tru- er and of more real service to God and man than our own. I for one, unalterably stand for moral and re- ligious culture in the common schools, even at the sacrifice of some of the purely intellectual, be- cause it is that kind of education that will make better heads of fami- lies, better neighbors, better citi- zens. And that, in the last analysis, is the supreme object of every state.
Explanation.
An. Susq. means Annals of the Susquehannocks, etc.
9 L., etc., means Vol. 9. Lancaster County Historical society Proceed- ings, etc.
2 V., means Vol. 2 Votes of As- sembly, etc.
4 H., etc., means Vol. 4. Hazard's Register, etc.
Gord. Gaz., means Gordon's Gazette of Pennsylvania.
5th-A-1 etc., means 5th series Penna. Archives, Vol. 1, etc.
E. & E. etc., means Evans & Ellis History of Lancaster county. A. W. M., means American Week- ly Mercury.
4 St. L., etc., means Vol. 4, Stat- utes at Large.
Smull means Smull's Handbook.
Pa. Gaz., means Pennsylvania Ga- zette.
2 C., etc., means 2 Colonial Re- cords, etc.
Lanc. Gaz., means Lancaster Ga- zette.
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