USA > Pennsylvania > The making of Pennsylvania; an analysis of the elements of the population and the formative influences that created one of the greatest of the American states > Part 25
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Penn had the advantage of belonging to a sect which, although not much given to enthusiasm for any one, was at least bound not to attack him. The main facts and the school-book story of his life are generally known ; and, with all his faults, he is unquestionably admired by the people. But Franklin comes in for positive dislike, and there is no place where all the evil and mistakes of his life are so well remembered and so freely spoken of as in Philadelphia. There is a chapter on him in Scharf and Westcott's "History of Philadelphia," in which, amidst faint praise and abuse, he is called an old granny,
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a man of no genius, whose most conspicuous excellence was a certain luminous mediocrity.
We raised no monuments to him and had no statue until within a few years, when a statue of him was erected on the Campus of the University of Pennsyl- vania. But it was a gift from Chicago, and was con- structed of such inferior material that it has now been removed and stored away under cover.
We had no statue of Penn until recently, when the one on the tower of the City Hall in Philadelphia was procured; and this is one of the rare instances in which Pennsylvanians have been willing, of their own accord, to erect a statue to one of their great men. They will sometimes have statues of comparatively insignificant persons ; they will gladly give their money for statues of foreigners, and will fill a city park with images of Joan of Arc or other irrelevant personages; but about their own they care little and know little.
There is no character that shows the Pennsylvanian feeling so well as Bayard Taylor. He was a thorough son of the soil. His German and Quaker ancestors had been Pennsylvanians for many generations. He always felt that he belonged to the State. He tried to identify himself with it as much as he could and as much as it would let him. He built himself a home in his native valley, and tried his best to live there. He wrote novels and ballads to describe its scenes. But his difficulty was not merely that he was forced to say that there was a " tyranny of public sentiment" there which was against him. His real difficulties were still larger. The whole State rejected him. Its chief city, Philadelphia, would have nothing to do with him. It seemed extraordinary
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that, after the State had produced its first great poet and its first really gifted man of letters, of whom any common- wealth might be proud, the State and the city should unite in kicking him out of doors.
Fortunately for these children who are so summarily ejected, they are usually of sufficient ability to be valued by other communities. Taylor was of a loyal and honor- able nature. He felt that he belonged to his old home, and was always trying to get back. But, undesired and unappreciated by his native State, he sought for sympathy abroad. Germany honored him, and he received more encouragement and regard in a few years on the Rhine than he received in his whole life on the Delaware. New York adopted him as her son. When he was appointed minister to Berlin, Pennsylvania and Philadelphia were silent ; but New York gave him a banquet. When his dead body was brought home from Germany, New York received him, and he lay in state, with a guard of honor, in her City Hall. When he was carried to Kennett Square to be buried, his native State was again silent, and seemed to be unaware that she was receiving him into her soil.
Robert Morris and John Dickinson are also notable instances. Morris stood high in national councils during the Revolution, and his services have always been fully appreciated by the country at large. But at the very time he held this exalted position in the Continental Congress he was so unpopular among the mass of the people in his own State that, together with Wilson and Mifflin, he was threatened with mob violence. Since his death his reputation has been utterly neglected by Penn- sylvanians, and they scarcely realize that he once lived among them.
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Both he and Dickinson were left out of Sparks's "American Biographies," although the series contains such persons as Ezra Stiles, doubtless a very good man and a valuable president of Yale College, but not of national importance. No Pennsylvanian has ever under- taken to investigate Morris's career, collect his letters and writings, and prepare a life of him. The work had to be done finally, within recent years, by Professor William G. Sumner, of Connecticut.
Dickinson not only had a very distinguished career in Pennsylvania politics, but up to the Declaration of Inde- pendence he was the chief controller of the Revolution- ary movement. Every public document of national importance in that movement down to June, 1776, was draughted by him, and his character shows a devotion to principle and a moral courage unexcelled by any of the great men of that time. But in the furious conflicts of factions in Pennsylvania he was so set upon that he was driven into exile, and had to live in Delaware until the storm had passed by. During this exile he served as a common soldier in the ranks of the Continental army.
He returned to Pennsylvania, was restored to power, and became Governor of the State. But once in his grave, his name and fame were carefully ignored, and soon almost forgotten, until in 1891, almost a century after his death, Dr. Stillé wrote an exhaustive and inter- esting life of him, to be added to an edition of his works. He is almost the only one of our distinguished men who has had a Pennsylvanian for a biographer.
If the biography had appeared seventy years earlier, Dickinson's name would have remained in the conspicu-
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ous place he occupied while living. But after seventy or eighty years of neglect it is almost impossible to re- store an historical character and reproduce the position which was once a living force. The people's estimate of him has been formed too long; valuable papers and letters are lost; and the most important material of all, the personal anecdotes, which can be collected only from the lips of the living, are utterly beyond recall.
Massachusetts sets the highest example in this re- spect. Not even a minor character is allowed to die without being followed within two or three years by biographies so keenly written that every salient point is driven home into the minds of the whole nation. The man's personality is continued while everything is fresh. His picture is drawn for the future before the color has left his face. The encouragement and hero-worship which developed him to greatness in life preserve him, with Egyptian fidelity, in death.
General Wayne, who was certainly one of the remark- able soldiers of the Revolution, slumbered for a century in his grave before any one thought it worth while to write his life. The same hand that had resurrected Dickinson performed the task, and the same Philadel- phia publishers issued the book. When the book was read, people were surprised to find that, instead of having appeared at long intervals and in only a few incidents, the dashing Pennsylvania soldier had had a career, a continuous and steady life of public service.
But there is no one to resurrect Mifflin, Armstrong, Clymer, Thomson, and others who were conspicuous before the whole continent in their day and are now utterly forgotten. Mifflin was in some respects more
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The Making of Pennsylvania
prominent than Wayne. He commanded the best disci- plined brigade in the Continental Army, and had a long service in the Continental Congress, as Governor of Penn- sylvania, and as a member of the Legislature and of the Constitutional conventions.
Dr. Benjamin Rush, who achieved the remarkable dis- tinction of being the leading physician of his day and one of the leading statesmen, has also suffered from neglect. His life remains unwritten, and his numerous pamphlets and letters, some of them of unusual interest, have never been collected. He was a man of the most vigorous power of expression, and this, combined with the eccen- tricity and the violent contests of his life, has saved him from complete oblivion. These same qualities would add great interest to a biography, which might be made one of the best that has ever been written of a Pennsyl- vanian, for it would include the whole Revolutionary struggle, and a rather new aspect of it.
Albert Gallatin chose Pennsylvania as his adopted State, lived there most of his life, and was given his political prominence and importance by the votes of our citizens. There are comparatively few people, however, who even know that he ever had anything to do with Pennsylvania, and of his two biographers one is from Boston and the other from New York.
What is to become of Thaddeus Stevens, so con- spicuous as a member of Congress in the times of the Civil War? He has been dead nearly thirty years, and, although his will is said to have provided for a biog- raphy, none appears.
James Buchanan made this same provision in his will ; for he well knew the fate Pennsylvania prepares for all
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her distinguished sons. But although the money, and a good round sum too, was provided, many years passed away while vain attempts were being made to persuade some Pennsylvanian to write the book; and in the end it was written in New York.
Was there ever a Commonwealth that produced so many eminent characters and was so indifferent to them ? What difference does it make which sect or clique was the principal creator ? Why should we still debate the question who is the typical Pennsylvanian ? One orator maintains that the true Pennsylvanian is the German. Some object to the east, others to the west. Some are for Philadelphia; others for the State outside Philadel- phia; still others point to the State and insist that it is the work of the Scotch-Irish. The Welshman says he is the cause, and that William Penn was a Welshman. The Quaker, as usual, is silent and makes no claims.
NOTE .- Since this chapter was first printed, some of the deficiencies mentioned in it have been supplied. By the generosity and public spirit of Mr. Justus Strawbridge, a suitable bronze statue of Franklin has been placed on Chestnut Street in front of the Post-Office. A life of Franklin, called "The True Benjamin Franklin," has been written by a Pennsylvanian, and also a life of William Penn with a similar title.
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369
INDEX
Adolphus, Gustavus, greatest ruler of Sweden, 16.
Amish, sect of the Germans, 118.
Anne, Queen, encourages Germans to migrate to Pennsylvania, 97.
Golden Books of, 97. order as to oaths, 195.
Antinomians absorbed by the Qua- kers, 38, 39, 53.
Armstrong, Colonel, acts for Penn- sylvania claimants, 303.
deceives the settlers of Wyo- ming, 305.
his character, 304.
Atonement, doctrine of, as held by the Quakers, 49. Audubon, John James, his connec- tion with Pennsylvania, 222.
Baltimore, Lord, boundaries for his colony, 321, 324.
breaks his agreement with Penn's sons, 340, 341.
claims above Philadelphia, 331. delays the suit in chancery, 344. Dutch see weakness in his char- ter, 325.
his agreement with Mrs. Penn, 336.
his agreement with Penn's sons, 337. his charter, 319. overreaches himself, 342. petition of, dismissed, 335.
Baltimore, Lord, petitions Queen Anne, 334.
responsible for boundary dispute, 332.
sends agent to Dutch on the Delaware, 325.
unfortunate language of his charter, 322.
well informed on geography of Pennsylvania, 329.
Barton, Benjamin S., first professor of botany in America, 221.
Barton, Rev. Thomas, missionary of Church of England, 198.
Bartram, John, reputation as a bot- anist, 219.
Beaver trade, greatness of, on the Delaware, 14, 121.
Becket, William, suggests plan for advancement of the church, 195.
Beekman, Dutch governor, 20.
Beissel creates a division among the Tunkers, 79. quarrels with Sauer, 89.
Bethlehem, a garden under the Mo- ravians, 150.
in the line of travel, 151.
in the Revolution, 153, 155.
school for girls at, 154. travellers at, 152, 153. watering-place, 154.
Beversrede, trade at, 14.
Bishop, Delaware as his manor, 196. desire for one in the colonies, 196.
371
Index
Black, Chief-Justice, as a Scotch- Irishman, 182.
Boundary disputes familiar to colo- nists, 299.
Brant, Joseph, 282.
Burke, Edmund, approves of send- ing Germans to America, 99. sympathizes with colonists, 289. Butler, Indian, 281.
Butler, Zebulon, leader of Connecti- cut people, 263.
Camden, Lord, his argument on Connecticut title to Wyoming, 254.
Campbell, the poet, his “Gertrude of Wyoming," 243, 289.
Casimir, Fort, 14.
Charter of Pennsylvania, discussion of boundaries in, 259.
Christ Church founded, 188.
Churchmen, the, aristocracy of, 199. control the executive offices, 200. feeling between, and the Quakers, 189, 193. join proprietary party, 194.
learn to accept religious equality, 197. mostly in Philadelphia, 197. not satisfied with religious equal- ity, 192. numbers of, 198. persecuted by Quakers, 188.
strong position of, 188, 190.
who were the first, 189.
wish the Quakers to be deprived of Pennsylvania, 193.
Church of England, cause of the de- cline of, 190, 191.
churches of, in Pennsylvania, 197, 198. clergy of, all missionaries, 198. Quakers join, 191.
Church of England, relations of, with Swedes, 190.
Compromise Act of 1799, the, 313. accepted by Wyoming settlers, 314.
Confirming Act, the, checks new State movement, 309.
effect of repeal of, 312. failure of, 309.
good effects of, 31I.
passed by legislature, 307. repeal of, 31I. unconstitutional, 308.
Connecticut, an independent colony, 238.
attempts to possess the Dela- ware, 14, 15.
boundary of, on New York, 252. charter of, 239. claims part of Pennsylvania, 237. legal opinions as to rights of 240. liberal views of, as to land, 238. overflowed her borders, 239. overlapped by Pennsylvania, 240. people of, arrested in Wyoming, 265.
people of, continue to visit Wy- oming, 246.
people of, return to Wyoming, 266.
position of, in controversy with the Penns, 273, 274.
settlers of, in Wyoming, 297. settlers' right to their lands, 299. takes formal possession of Wy- oming, 274. title of, discussed, 25I.
title of, upheld by most writers, 250. unreasonableness of claim, 297. Cornbury, Lord, entertained in Phila- delphia by Churchmen, 193.
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Index
Cresap, Tom, supports Lord Balti- more, 335.
Crimes, capital, in Pennsylvania, 209. Crown, British, law of land-grants by, 256, 258.
Delaware, boundaries of, 337, 339, 345, 346.
Delaware River, discovery of, 7, 8. explored by Henry Hudson, 12. game on, 23. names of, 12. settlements on, 30.
De Vries, his ship fired upon, 19.
Dick, Captain, attempts to restore Wyoming, 273. Dickinson College, 185.
Dock, Christopher, a German school- master, 120.
Doddridge, Rev. Joseph, description of the Scotch-Irish, 169.
Dogmas, growth of, in Christian church, 35.
Quakers, a reaction from, 40.
Dorrance, case of, against Van Horn, 312. Drake, the poet, writes of Wyoming, 245.
Dutch, their form of government on the Delaware, 25. local names of, 26. Pennsylvania, as a language, II8. explanation of term, 89. second control of the Delaware, 25. see weakness in Lord Baltimore's charter, 325. settle on the Delaware, 7, 13. suggest a compromise with Lord Baltimore, 326, 337. Dyer, Eliphalet, his enthusiasm for Wyoming, 242.
Dyer, sent to Pennsylvania, 267.
Education, prejudice of Germans against, 119-124.
Edwards, Jonathan, description of God, 160.
Election, doctrine of, 158, 159. Elsingborg, Fort, 19, 20.
English, arrive on the Delaware, 7. 29. conquer Dutch on the Dela- ware, 26.
Ephrata, monastery of, 80. Episcopalians. See Churchmen.
Fairmount, pumping-works at, 230. False Cape, the, 338, 345.
Finn, Long, heads a rebellion on the Delaware, 28.
Forty Fort, 263.
Fox, George, founder of the Qua- kers, 54. his character, 55.
Franklin, Benjamin, effect of Boston on, 214. effect of Pennsylvania on, 215. his discovery of electricity, 216. on population of Pennsylvania, 125. Franklin Institute established at Philadelphia, 227. importance of, 228.
Gage, General, his opinion on the Wyoming controversy, 270.
Game, great quantities of, on the Delaware, 23. Gas, introduction of, in Philadelphia, 229.
Germans, the, absorbed slowly, 129. best when of mixed stock, 130. cling to their language and cus- toms, 117, 118. disease among, IOI. distribution of, 107.
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Germans, the, distrust of, 100, 125. divisions of, 72. economy of, IIO, III. education of, 119-124. effect of, as a separate nation- ality, 128.
encouraged by Penn and the Quakers, 91. English schools for, 117. famous ones in Pennsylvania, 130, 13I. French among, 95. great numbers of small sects among, 94. hatred of debt, III.
horses of, III. hospitals for, 104. immigration of, to New York, 108. to Pennsylvania, 91. in Pennsylvania, 70. in Virginia, 92. injured by not adopting English ways, 127. large numbers of, go to Eng- land, 98. largely peasants, 97. lists of immigrants of, IOI.
Lutherans among, 96. names of anglicized, 129. not colonizers, 70. not disloyal, 126. numbers of, 70, 124. origin of the sects of, 71. persecution of, 119. Reformed among, 96. regarded with suspicion, 116. regulation of traffic in, 100. Roman Catholics among, 95. roughness of, 96. sects of, in Revolution, 116. stoves of, 110. traffic in, 99, 104, 106.
Germans, the, usually farmers, 109, 132. vastness of the immigration, 99. voyage of, to America, 102. whether a benefit to Pennsyl- vania, 70.
Germantown, as established by the Germans, 85. " Gertrude of Wyoming," Camp- bell's poem of, 243. first appearance of, 244. death of, 289.
Gibson, Chief-Justice, as a Scotch- Irishman, 181.
Godfrey, Thomas, reputation as a mathematician, 221.
Golden Books, bring Germans to England, 98. of Queen Anne, 97.
Halleck, the poet, writes of Wyoming, 245. Hardwicke, 'Lord, decides in favor of Penn family, 345.
Herman, Augustine, his map, 329. Hermits, 82.
Hicks creates a division among the Quakers, 51.
Hollanders, some among the Ger- mans, 89, 91.
Hopkinson, Thomas, assists Frank- lin in experiments, 217. Hoyt, suggests reason for decision of court at Trenton, 296.
Hudson, Henry, 7. discovers the Delaware, 8, 10. explores the Delaware, 12.
Indians. See Six Nations. in Wyoming Valley, 24I. their title to land, 247, 249. Indian Summer, origin of term, 176. Inns of Moravians, 150. 374
Index
Inspiration of Scriptures, Quaker doctrine of, 52.
Johnson, Sir William, controls Six Nations of New York, 280. Jones, Sir William, attorney-general, 260.
report of, on boundaries of Penn- sylvania, 260.
Keith, George, controversy with the Quakers, 50. Kelpius, learning of, 83.
Kinnersley, Ebenezer, assists Frank- lin in experiments, 217.
Lafayette at Bethlehem, 153. Lancaster Turnpike, inns on, 208. through Welsh Barony, 207.
Latitude, degrees of, meaning of, 320. Laws of Pennsylvania very liberal, 209.
Liberty of conscience, Quaker belief in, 54.
Light, inward, doctrine of, 43.
Locomotive-Works, the Baldwin, im- portance of, 234.
Log College, the, 185. Lutherans, the, affinities with the Episcopalians, 114. arrival of, in Pennsylvania, III. disorders among, 114. in Revolution, 116. not opposed to education, 122. their belief, 112.
McKean, Chief-Justice, as a Scotch- Irishman, 179.
Manufacturing, history of, in Penn- sylvania, 231, 233, 236. in Philadelphia, 230. Markham, takes latitude of New Castle, 330.
Maryland, boundaries of, 321, 337, 339.
boundaries of, finally marked, 346. boundary disputes with, 318, 319. Mason and Dixon, line of, 347, 348. Massachusetts attempts to cut off beaver trade on the Delaware, 2I. Medicine, early study of, in Pennsyl- vania, 223.
school of, in Pennsylvania, 224. Mennonites arrive in Pennsylvania, 74, 105. doctrines of, 71. origin of, 71. persecution of, 74. protest against slavery, 73.
Mey, Cornelius, conducts expedition to the Delaware, 13.
gives his name to the capes, 13. Military men in Pennsylvania, 236. Mittelberger, description of German voyage to America, 102. journey to Pennsylvania, 102.
Molinos, the Quietist, 45.
Molly Maguires in Pennsylvania, I68.
Moravians, the, as missionaries, 142. as pietists, 137. cast lots, 138.
ceremonies and liturgies of, 137, 138. come to America, 140.
communion with Church of England, 139.
communism of, 141.
emotionalism of, 137, 139. history of, 134. inns of, 150. marriages of, 138. objection to war, 154.
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Index
Moravians, originally not Germans, 134, 136. persecution of, 135. renewal of, 139. respect for, 154. settle on the Lehigh, 140. unlike other Germans, 134, 150. Muhlenberg called a Hessian, 116.
charges against, 115.
difficulties with Lutherans, 114. with Moravians, 115. leader of the Lutherans, 113. son of, ordained in Church of England, 114.
Nassau, Fort, settled by the Dutch, 13. Natural Sciences, Academy of, founded at Philadelphia, 226. New Castle, called Fort Casimer and New Amstel by the Dutch, 18, 28.
circle round, 345. named Trefalldigheet by the Swedes, 18.
seat of government on the Dela- ware, 31.
New Hampshire grants, 300. Newlanders, their tricks, 105.
North, Lord Chief-Justice, did not rely on Smith's maps, 328, 330. draws boundaries of Pennsyl- vania, 262.
ignores Penn's agreement with Lord Baltimore, 327, 329. Nuttall, Thomas, his connection with Pennsylvania, 222.
Ogden, Amos, again tries to restore Wyoming, 268.
arrests Connecticut people, 265. besieged by Connecticut people, 265. by Butler, 272. captain of the Pennamites, 264.
Ogden, Amos, captures Durkee, 267.
destroys Wyoming settlement, 267.
surprises settlers at Wyoming, 270. surrounded in his fort, 269. swims down the Susquehanna, 272. Ogilby's " America," maps in, 260, 328.
Palatines, meaning of term, 90. Paper-making established at Ger- mantown, 232.
Pastorius, character and life, 75. founder of Germantown, 76, 77. great learning of, 75. leader of Mennonites, 75.
Patterson, Alexander, acts for Penn- sylvania claimants, 302. his troops recalled, 303.
Penn family, enforce agreement with Lord Baltimore, 343, 345.
forestall Connecticut people, 264. options from Indians, 248. owners of Wyoming, 265. reasons for failure to hold Wy- oming, 275. skill in boundary disputes, 354. Penn, William, claims part of Mary- land, 331. his charter boundaries, 327.
proposes compromise with Lord Baltimore, 332. secures Delaware, 335. wanted Delaware, 326.
Pennsylvania, advancement in sci- ence, 213.
checks new State movement, 306. claimants, Armstrong Acts for, 302. defeat of, 313, 314.
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Pennsylvania claimants, denounced by the people, 305. Patterson Acts for, 302. send commissioners to Wy- oming, 301. home of American liberalism, 210.
not interested in helping Penn family, 266.
rapid development of, 212.
Perfectionists, Quakers were, 53.
Philadelphia, home of American lib- eralism, 210.
meeting-place of the Indians, 30. site for a great city, 29.
Swedes reach present site of, 28.
Swedish church in, 28.
Philanthropy, Quakers the earliest philanthropists, 54.
Philosophical Society, American, founded at Philadelphia, 225. Physicians, famous ones in Pennsyl- vania, 325.
Pickering, Timothy, checks new State movement, 307.
Pietism, looseness of views on, 148. Pietists come to Germantown, 78.
Muhlenberg one of them, 113. Plunkett attempts to restore Wyo- ming, 276. defeat of, 278. reasons for support of, 277.
Population of Pennsylvania, 125. on Delaware, 25.
Poughkeepsie account of battle of Wyoming, 288, 289.
Presbyterians, the, contrast to the Quakers, 156, 161.
devotion of, to education, 185. Pennsylvania the home of, 156. religion of, 157. severity of belief, 159, 160.
Priestley, Joseph, his connection with Pennsylvania, 223.
Printz, establishment at Tinnicum, 18, 19. Swedish governor, 18.
Privy council orders division of Del- aware, 333. Penn and Lord Baltimore appeal to, 333.
Quakers, the, aversion of, to dog- mas, 40.
compared with Puritans, 34. condemn amusements, 56.
decline of, 66, 68. discipline of, 56.
disgusted with Presbyterianism, 161. doctrines of, 41-69.
form of government, 58.
good living of, 34.
hate the Scotch-Irish, 157.
human passions of, 42.
imprisoned, 55.
likely to control Pennsylvania, 187. numbers of, 68.
object to learning, 60. object to oaths and war, 57. 59. origin of, 33-40.
remarkable men among, 61.
substance of their faith, 52. traits of, 41-69.
wealth of, 43. went beyond the Baptists, 40. Quarry, Colonel, attempts to drive Quakers from office, 195.
judge of the Admiralty, 194. leader of the Churchmen, 194. Quietism among the Quakers, 44. in Italy, 45.
Railroads in Pennsylvania, 235.
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Redemptioners, 106. Reformation affected Pennsylvania, 34. great divisions of, conservative, 37 movement of, 35, 37. Reformed, the, arrival of, in Pennsyl- vania, III. in the Revolution, 116. not opposed to education, 122. their belief, 112.
Religious liberty in Pennsylvania, 209. Quakers hold, 54.
Revelations, immediate, Quaker doc- trine of, 53. Rioting in Pennsylvania, 168. Rittenhouse, David, next to Franklin in science, 217. observes transit of Venus, 218. Rupp, "Thirty Thousand Names of German Emigrants," IOI. Rush, Dr., as a physician, 224. great friend of the Germans, 126. his description of the Germans, 109, III.
Sacraments, Quakers reject, 48. Sauer, Christopher, his son on edu- cation, 12I. leader of the Tunkers and other sects, 87, 116. quarrel with Beissel, 88. Schlatter, Rev. Michael, organizes Reformed in Pennsylvania, II3. report on education, 117. Schwenkfelders in Pennsylvania, 93, 94. Science, advancement of, in Penn- sylvania, 213. beginning of, 213.
Scotch-Irish, the, attack traders, 166. attracted by Pennsylvania, 163. brutality of their warfare, 175. dislike for the Quakers, 157. excesses in Philadelphia, 178. hated the Indians, 164. in Cumberland Valley, 164. influence in the State, 178. in Philadelphia, 163. in the Revolution, 177. in the Whiskey Rebellion, 167. life and manners of, 171, 176. lived by themselves, 174. origin of, 161. quarrels of, 173. quieter since Whiskey Rebellion, I77. regard for human life, 167, 173. remarkable men among, 178. resist land surveyors, 165. roughness of, 165. Sargent's description of, 164. sought the frontier, 156, 162. their warfare with the Indians, 174.
Sects, distinct from each other, 33. Familists, etc., 37. small ones in Reformation, 37, 38. their belief, 39.
Sergeant, argument of, at Trenton, 296.
Ship-building in Pennsylvania, 235. Six Nations, advantages of their po- sition in New York, 279. bids for their alliance, 281. cruelties of, at Wyoming, 286. decide to take Wyoming, 281. descend on Wyoming, 283. destroyed by General Sullivan, 290. disclaim sale to Susquehanna Company, 250.
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Six Nations, displeased with Penn family, 249.
massacres of, in Cherry Valley, 282.
sell Wyoming to Susquehanna Company, 249.
Slavery, Mennonites oppose, 73. Quakers oppose, 54.
Smith, Captain John, his maps, 259, 320, 323, 328, 330. Soldiers, distinguished, in Pennsyl- vania, 236.
Soul-sellers. See Newlanders.
Spirit, the, Church of God in, Zinzen- dorf establishes, 145.
St. David's Church established, 197. used by the Welsh, 206.
St. James Church established, 197. St. Paul's Church established, 197. St. Peter's Church established, 197. St. Thomas's Church established, 197.
State, movement to make a State of Wyoming, 306.
Stewart, Captain Lazarus, takes sides with Connecticut, 268, 27I.
Stump, Frederick, murders Indians, 166.
Sun Inn, fame of, 151, 152.
Susquehanna Company, attempts to settle Wyoming, 263.
attempts to make a State of Wy- oming, 306. formed, 246.
sends deputation to Albany, 247. Susquehanna Fort, position of, 327, 330. Swedes become colonizers, 16. contests with Dutch on the Del- aware, 22. first appear on the Delaware, 14, 16.
Swedes, prosperity of, on the Dela- ware, 22, 23, 24.
purchase land, 17.
reach to Pennsylvania, 18, 21. rule of, 7, 25. title to land, 17, 18.
Syng, Philip, assists Franklin in ex- periments, 217.
Taylor, Bayard, of Quaker origin, 64.
struggles with Quakerism, 65. Tilghman, Chief-Justice, a Church- man, 201.
Title of Connecticut to Wyoming Valley, 254-263, 293. private title to soil in Wyoming, 299. Trenton, decree at, 293, 294-298.
Trinity Church established, 197. Trinity, doctrine of, as held by the Quakers, 49.
Tunkers come to Pennsylvania, 79, 84. in Germantown, 84. origin of, 78.
Upland, founded by Swedes, 18. named Chester by Penn, 18. Usselinex, William, suggests coloni- zation to the Swedes, 16.
Van Horn, case of Dorrance against, 312.
Venus, transit of, observed in Penn- sylvania, 218.
Virginia, boundary dispute with, 349-353. Voltaire, admiration for Pennsyl- vania, 210, 21I.
Washington and Jefferson Univer- sity, 186.
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Weiss, Rev. George Michael, leads Reformed to Pennsylvania, I13.
Welsh, the, agreement with Penn, 203.
as an element in the population, 206.
at first the most numerous im- migrants, 202.
exclusiveness broken up, 205. most of them Quakers, 202. names of, 205. patron saint of, 206.
possessed of means, 204.
their system of government, 204. tract, a barony, 204. situation of, 203.
Wilburites, division of the Quakers, 51.
William III. describes Delaware as belonging to Penn, 334.
Wilmington settled by the Swedes, 17.
Wilson, Alexander, first American ornithologist, 221.
Wilson, James, argument of, at Tren- ton, 295.
Woman of the Wilderness, Society of, 82.
Wounds, litany of, 138.
Wyoming, Valley of, arouses interest in England, 243.
battle of, 284, 288.
discovery of, by Connecticut, 24I.
Wyoming, Valley of, discovery of coal in, 316.
first massacre in, 247.
first settlement in, 247. histories of, 315.
moral grandeur of men of, 317. movement to make a new State in, 306.
New England school system in, 316.
not the property of people of Pennsylvania, 265.
population of, 279. settlers of, fight fairly, 310. vote against new State move- ment, 316.
York, Duke of, deed to, of New England, 26.
deed did not include Pennsyl- vania, 27.
laws of, 31. occupies Pennsylvania, 7, 27, 28. takes Dutch territory, 253.
Zinzendorf, Count, arrives in Penn- sylvania, 143.
as a Lutheran, 144.
character of, 143. controversies of, 149. converts Lutherans and Re- formed, 147.
resigns his title, 145.
restores the Moravians, 136.
romantic life of, 149.
Zwanendal, settlement of, 14.
THE END.
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