USA > Rhode Island > Providence County > History of Providence County, Rhode Island > Part 45
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In the struggle for independence there was considerable apathy shown by the people of this section, on account of their Quaker train- ing and their consequent aversion to war. Judge Peleg Arnold ap- pears to have been one of the few active in the patriot cause, and his house at the Cross roads was headquarters for those in sympathy with him. In 1780 he was chosen lieutenant colonel of the Seventh Bat- talion of Providence county; and from 1786 to 1790 he was a delegate to congress.
The war of 1812 was not heartily approved by the people of this section, who held the same view of it as the citizens of many other localities of New England. But the so-called Dorr war in 1842 aroused a wonderful amount of latent military. spirit. Each party for su- premacy in the state had its adherents in this place, and as some had developed into active partisans, Woonsocket naturally became the base of their operations. The friends of Thomas W. Dorr, of whom Aaron White, Esq., was one of the foremost, gave expression to their opin- ions in public meetings and through the columns of the Independent, which was published here in those troublous times. These means had moulded public sentiment to such an extent that the members of the State Militia Company, while in command of Captain John Worrall, transferred their allegiance and equipments to the "Dorrites." But the "Law and Order " party, not discouraged, had a volunteer com- pany rendezvous at this place to protect their interests, and for a short space of time it was feared that the rival factions might here come to the " clash of arms" instead of at Chepachet. Troops were quartered in some public buildings and in "Holder's Block." The latter had
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sheet iron shutters placed in the windows, pierced with loop-holes for the use of the musketeers; but fortunately it was not called on to afford resistance to the rebellious " Dorrites." After holding posses- sion of the town a day and a night, which was wild with rumors of attack, these troops were dispersed to their homes with the glad tid- ings that the "war " was at an end.
In the Mexican war John Glackin, John B. Batchelor, Philip and Robert Melville and a few others enlisted in Company B, Ninth Regi- ment, U. S. A., of which company Glackin was commissioned second lieutenant February 24th, 1847. He was one of the first merchants of the town, and is remembered as a gay, dashing young man when he went away, but returned broken in spirits and fortune, and died be- fore the lapse of many years.
But prior to the Mexican war, the military spirit of the place had been cultivated by the organization of militia companies. The first of these that was noteworthy was the Woonsocket Light Infantry, or- ganized about 1840, and deprived of its charter in 1842, because the members had espoused the cause of Thomas W. Dorr. In October, the same year, the Woonsocket Guards were organized as another militia company. Arnold Briggs was the first captain, and most of its mem- bers belonged to the "Law and Order " party. This soon after led to the organization of a rival company, more favorable to the other ele- ment, which received the name of the Cumberland Cadets. On the 30th of May, 1844, under the new militia law, these two companies united to organize into a skeleton regiment, taking the name of the Woonsocket Guards. There were 70 men and the following officers: Colonel, L. C. Tourtellot; lieutenant colonel, John Glackin; major, Orin A. Ballou; captain, William O. Bisbee; adjutant, E. H. Sprague; paymaster, R. P. Smith; commissary, Asa N. Holbrook.
In the summer of 1845 the state aided in building a public hall in which was the armory of this military organization, which now be- came one of the fixed institutions of the place. Colonel Tourtellot re- mained in command many years, and under his instructions a high degree of efficiency was attained, many of the principal citizens becoming skilled in military tactics, and familiar with the usages of war. Hence, when the rebellion broke out there was a quick demand for its suppression by the " Guards," a large proportion of whom became officers in the various volunteer organizations, and a number lost their lives while leading their commands into battle. The following is a list of those from Woonsocket and vicinity who served as officers in the rebellion, and nearly all had been former members of the " Guards ":
Allen, John A., mustered May 2, '61, 2d lieut., Co. K, 1st Inft; Oct. 30, '61, captain, Co. I, 4th Inft .; Nov. 20, '61, major, 4th Inft.
Ballou, Sullivan. May 2, 61, major, 2d Inft .; July 21, '61, killed Bat- tle Bull Run.
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Batchelor, J. B. May 2, '61, sergeant, Co. K, 1st Inft .; Oct. 5, '61, sergeant, Co. B, 3d Art .; July 8, '62, 2d lieut., Co. B, 3d Art .; Sept. 15, '63, sergeant, Co. B, 3d Cav.
Bartholomew, E. S. May 2, 61, corporal, Co. K, 1st Inft .; Oct. 9, '61, sergt-major, 3d Art .; May 21, '62, 2d lieut., Co. E, 3d Art .; June 16, '62, killed Battle James Island.
Brown, Stephen H. June 6, '61, 1st lieut., Co. I, 2d Inft .; Sept. 28, '61, captain, Co. D, 2d Inft .; June 9, '64, major, 2d Inft.
Brownell, D. L. Sept. 6, '62, sergeant, Co. H, 7th Inft .; June 30, '63, 2d lieut., Co. E, 7th Inft.
Capron, Adin B. June 5, '61, sergeant, Co. I, 2d Inft .; July 22, '61, sergt-major, 2d Inft .; Oct. 11, '61, 2d lieut., Co. D, 2d Inft .; July 24, '62, 1st lieut., Co. E, 2d Inft .; Oct. 14, '73, U. S. Signal Corps.
Capron, Willis C. Dec. 14, '61, 1st lieut., Co. D, 1st Cav .; Nov. 16, '63, captain, Co. D, 1st Cav.
Clark, Albert B. Oct. 5, '61, sergeant, Co. B, 3d Art .; May 21, '63, 2d lieut., Co. E, 3d Art.
Daniels, Percy. Sept. 6, '62, 1st lieut., Co. E, 8th Inft .; April 30, '63, captain, Co. E, 7th Inft .; July 5, '64, lieut. colonel, 7th Inft.
Grant, George H. May 2d, '61, ensign, Co. K, 1st Inft .; Dec. 16, '61, captain, Co. D, 5th Art.
Greene, Albert E. May 2, '61, sergeant, Co. K, 1st Inft .; Oct. 9, '61. 1st lieut., Co. B, 3d Art .; June 1, '63, captain, Co. B, 3d Art.
Greene, Charles H. Oct. 30, '61, 2d lieut., Co. B, 4th Inft; Nov. 20, '61, 1st lieut., Co. B, 4th Inft .; May 2, '63, captain, Co. B, 4th Inft.
Greene, George W. Oct. 5, '61, sergeant, Co. B, 3d Art .; July 8, '62, 2d lieut., Co. B, 3d Art .; Jan. 21, '63, 1st lieut., Co. B, 3d Art.
Hackett, John. Oct. 5, '61, sergeant, Co. B, 3d Art .; Feb, 3, '64, 2d lieut., Co. F, 3d Art .; June 22, '65, 1st lieut., Co. F, 3d Art.
Hubbard, William E. Oct. 13, '62, captain, Co. F, 12th Inft.
Jenckes, Allen. Oct. 30, '61, quartermaster-sergeant, 4th Inft .; Jan. 13, '63, 2d lieut., Co. D, 4th Inft .: Sept. 26, '63, 1st lieut., Co. D, 4th Inft.
Jenckes, Leland D. May 2d, '61, private, Co. D., 1st Inft .; July 21, '61, prisoner at Bull Run; May 23d, '62, released from Salisbury,. N. C.
Jillson, F. G. May 2, '61, corporal, Co. K, 1st Infnt .; May 26, '62, 1st lieut., Co. G, 9th Inft.
Kent, Levi E. Oct. 30, '61, captain, Co. F, 4th Inft .; Aug. 11, '62, major, 4th Inft.
Lindsey, William H. Oct. 13, '62, sergeant, Co. F, 12th Inft .; Jan- 1. '63, sergeant-major, 12th Inft .; Jan. 4, '63, lieut., 48th N. J. Inft.
Pierce, Edwin A. Oct. 30, '61, corporal, Co. E, 4th Inft .; Aug. 11, '62, 2d lieut., Co. B, 4th Inft .; Feb. 18, '63, 1st lieut., Co. G, 4th Inft.
Pierce, Henry R. Dec. 16, '61, 1st lieut., Co. D, 5th Art .; March 14, '62, killed at Newburn.
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Read, George S. Oct. 5, '61, sergeant, Co. B, 3d Art .; Sept. 1, '63, 2d lieut., Co. B, 3d Art.
Russell, E. A. June 5, '61, sergeant-major, Co. I, 2d Inft .; July 22, '61, 2d lieut., Co. G., 2d Inft .; Oct. 28, '61, 1st lieut., Co. C, 2d Inft .; Oct. 10, '62, captain, Co. A, 2d Inft.
Simpson, Peter. May 2, '61, captain, Co. K, 1st Inft.
Small, R. W. June 5, '61, quartermaster-sergeant, Co. K, 2d Inft .; Sept. 23, '64, 1st lieut. and quartermaster, 2d Inft.
Smith, S. James. June 6, '61, captain, Co. I, 2d Inft .; July 21, '61, killed at Bull Run.
Steere, Thomas. May 2, '61, 1st lieut., Co. K, 1st Inft.
Tourtellot, L. C. Oct. 3, '61, captain, Co. B, 3d Art.
Waterhouse, J. R. June 6, '61, sergeant, Co. I, 2d Inft .; Oct. 28, '61, 2d lieut., Co. I, 2d Inft .; May 19, '63, 1st lieut., Co. I, 2d Inft .; June 28, '63, captain, Co. I, 2d Inft.
Watson, Charles S. May 26, '62, captain, Co. G, 9th Inft.
Whitaker, H. J. May 26, '62, 2d lieut., Co. G, 2d Inft .; Nov. 21, '62, 1st lieut., Co. A, 2d Cav.
Wilbur, George A. Sept. 6, '62, 2d lieut., Co. E, 7th Inft .; April 30, '63, 1st lieut., Co. K, 7th Inft .; July 1, '63, captain, Co. K, 7th Inft.
Williams, Henry P. Dec. 16, '61, sergeant, Co. D, 5th Art .; Feb. 14, '63, 1st lieut., Co. H. 5th Art.
Woonsocket was keenly alive to the necessity of providing men and means to prosecute the war, and although not acting in a corpor- ate capacity at that time, its influence on the towns of which it was a part caused them to give an earnest, loyal response to all the demands made by the nation upon the state. During the war there were camps of rendezvous and instruction at the village. At Camp Tourtellot, of which Colonel Levi E. Kent was the commandant, a military muster was held December 18th, 1863, of the following troops: Ninth Regi- ment, R. I. Militia, Colonel William E. Hubbard; Smithfield Battalion of Infantry, Captain T. West; Woonsocket Cavalry Troop, Captain O. J. Rathbun; Pawtucket Cavalry Troop, Captain C. N. Mancha; Woon- socket Light Battery, Captain George A. Grant.
A line of march was formed at the P. & W. depot, which, headed by the American Band, proceeded to Camp Tourtellot, where the troops were inspected by Generals Arnold and Tourtellot. Roast beef was served, after which was a review by Governor Smith, when the troops were marched through the principal streets of the town under command of General Olney Arnold, who dismissed them at 5 o'clock. A large crowd witnessed the muster. Another military event soon fol- lowed. Company I, of the Second R. I. Regiment, visited the town June 10th, 1864, and was tendered an enthusiastic ovation; and subse- quently the citizens expressed in a public way their appreciation of, and gratitude to, the men who helped to perpetuate the Union.
Of the population of Woonsocket, in 1885, 139 had served in the
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HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE COUNTY.
Union army and seven in the navy. There were also 21 soldiers" widows, of whom 20 received pensions. Liberal support has been given to families made dependent by the fortunes of war.
After the war for the Union interest in military matters was main- tained to the extent of keeping up the organizations of three com- panies until within a few years. For their better accommodation the state erected a new armory, on. Arnold street, which was completed for occupancy in December, 1873. It was a very substantial and attrac- tive structure of brick and free-stone, having a main hall, 50 by 70 feet, which is lighted by 14 large windows. At each front corner is a large square tower, containing private rooms for the different organi- zations. The north tower is three stories high and is surmounted by a flag-staff. When first used it quartered the Woonsocket Guards, the Mitchell Guards and Sherman's Battery of Light Artillery. In 1889 the sole occupant of the armory was Company D., Second R. I. Militia. This battalion had 36 well drilled men, and its commissioned officers were: Captain, F. M. Cornell; first lieutenant, Frank M. Lally; second lieutenant, Walter I. Pierce.
Although not strictly a branch of the military service, the connec- tion is intimate enough to here permit brief mention of the musical organizations which have animated the military and other public gatherings. The United Brass Band of 16 pieces, led by Augustus Brown, supplied the music in 1845 and the years following. Later bands were, for a short time only, kept together. June 22d, 1865, was formed the Woonsocket Cornet Band, which became a very proficient organization and whose fame has been extended far beyond the limits of the state. In January, 1874, it was duly chartered by the general assembly. The first leader was E. A. Paine, under whose management it won many laurels, whose number and brightness was largely increased under the next leader, B. W. Nichols. He was the musical director many years. William Sparry and Joseph A. Emidy have also been leaders of the band, which is still successfully kept up. Among other bands of this period have been the Union, the Mechanics' and the Social bands.
Woonsocket was the first town in the state to take decisive action to erect a monument to the memory of its dead Union soldiers. In the first year after its organization, June 15th, 1868, Samuel S. Foss, F. G. Jillson and George A. Wilbur were appointed a committee to ascertain the cost of a suitable monument and to report at the September meet- ing. They recommended the erection of a monument upon land be- longing to Lysander W. Elliott, near his hotel, and the town appro- priated $5,000 to begin the work. A contract was made with J. G. Batterson, of Hartford, to erect the monument of the celebrated Westerly granite, and, a year later, the fitness of selecting him to exe- cute this work was approved by the citizens. It is a substantial pile, consisting of a heavy base, die and shaft, surmounted by a life-size
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HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE COUNTY.
figure of a Union soldier in the infantry service, standing at " a rest " and loosely enveloped in his great coat. The proportions are well preserved, and the monument stands about 35 feet high. At the base is a double curbing, of dark Cumberland granite, which was placed in position by Ariel C. Whipple, of Diamond Hill, and is in pleasing con- trast with the lighter granite of the monument. One side of the die bears the inscription of erection:
IN GRATEFUL REMEMBRANCE OF HER BRAVE SONS, WHO, DURING THE GREAT REBELLION, GAVE THEIR LIVES THAT THE REPUBLIC MIGHT LIVE, THE TOWN OF WOONSOCKET ERECTED AND DEDICATED THIS MONUMENT, MAY 28, A. D., 1870.
On the other sides of the die are cut the names of those from Woon- socket and vicinity who yielded up their lives in defense of their country, namely:
Captain: S. JAMES SMITH.
Lieutenants: HENRY R. PIERCE ERASMUS S. BARTHOLEMEW.
Sergeants: HENRY A. GREENE GEORGE J. HILL JOEL F. CROCKER. Corporals: THOMAS J. KELLEY JOHN FORD.
Privates: WILLIAM H. ACKLEY HENRY C. DAVIS JOHN HARROP HUGH MELVILLE LEANDER A. ARNOLD PATRICK KELLEY MATTHEW QUIRK ALBERT H. BALL EDWIN JOSLIN PATRICK O CALLAHAN ABNER HASKILL, JR. SAMUEL S. SMITH JOHN PRAY GEORGE W. STEARNS EMERY FISKE ROSWELL HATCH MICHAEL BURNS MICHAEL DRENMAN GEORGE REIO THOMAS GRAY WILLIAM FARRAR
.
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HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE COUNTY.
HENRY CONBOY ISAAC W. GREENUP DANIEL W. BURNHAM MARCUS L. SMITH HENRY E. TESTON BERNARD HOGAN JOHN BURKE LEVI SIMMONS NEHEMIAH K. SHELDON THOMAS LEWIS.
The shaft bears the names of the battles in which the foregoing were killed: Bull Run, Fredericksburg, Winchester, Salem Heights, Gaines' Mill, James Island, Newbern, Fort Pulaski.
The monument was dedicated with impressive ceremonies on the 28th of May, 1870. Early in the morning of that day the arrival of Governor Padelford and his staff was announced by a salute of 15 guns, fired by the Woonsocket Light Artillery. After this the following procession was formed, by the chief marshal, Colonel L. C. Tourtellot: Police, Under command of Chief B. A. Slocum. Military Escort, Colonel J. R. Waterhouse, Commanding. Woonsocket Light Artillery, Captain H. J. White, 4 guns, 70 men. Woonsocket Cornet Band,
B. W. Nichols, leader, 25 pieces. Woonsocket Guards,
Captain Albert E. Greene, 48 muskets. Company " E," R. I. Guards, Captain J. A. Seddy, 38 muskets. Smithfield Rifles, Captain P. D. Hall, 32 rifles. Grand Army of the Republic, Department Officers, Smith Post, No. 9, &c., &c. Mechanics' Cornet Band,
T. Hudson, leader, 20 pieces. Rescue Engine Company, Captain N. F. Chase, 40 men. Eagle Hose Company, Captain Philip E. Thayer, 20 men. Social Hose Company, Captain James Pickford, 12 men. Citizens.
After parading through some of the principal streets the concourse proceeded to the Harris Institute, where patriotic speeches were made by distinguished citizens.
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HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE COUNTY.
The monument has been enclosed by an iron railing and was placed under the care of L. W. Elliott, who has been its custodian since its erection. Its presence in this locality has changed the nomenclature of the buildings and the square, the name of the latter being changed from Mechanic to Monument Square, which has become one of the most attractive public places in the city.
Not long after the Grand Army of the Republic began its work of banding together the survivors of the rebellion, a post was established at Woonsocket and named for Captain S. James Smith, who was killed at the battle of Bull Run. But this first attempt to maintain a Post was, for various causes, so little encouraged that after a few years the charter was surrendered, in spite of the fact that interest in these matters still prevailed. An Association of Veterans was next organized, in 1879, which continued its meetings several years, until the purposes of the G. A. R. became better understood in this community, when the Smith Post was reorganized, September 1st, 1884. The hopes of the friends of the order have been fully realized in No. 9. A large membership has been gathered (more than 200 belonging), and in the treasury has been accumulated a fine fund for the purpose of erecting a memorial hall. About $7,000 of this fund was netted at a fair held in May, 1888. At present the meetings are held in a neat hall on Main street, and in 1889 the officers were: P. C., Seth S. Getchell; C., James H. Rickard; S. V. C., Thomas A. Buell; J. V. C., James Proctor; chap- lain, Leonard S. Allen; surgeon, John S. Simmons; adjutant, Peter Reilly; Q. M., Stephen H. Brown.
Camp No. 10, Sons of Veterans, was established at the hall of Smith Post, January 11th, 1889, with 31 members and the following princi- pal officers: Captain, George R. Smith; first lieutenant, William S. Preston; second lieutenant, Walter R. Williams; first council, Fred. E. Whittaker; second council, H. C. Pierce; third council, Charles E. Wheelock; first sergeant, A. A. Hudson; aid on state staff, Charles S. Parish. The Camp has had an encouraging increase of members and appears to be established on a permanent basis.
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES.
JOSEPH BARTON ALDRICH .-- Moses Aldrich, of Mendon, Mass., the remote ancestor of the subject of this biography, was a noted preacher in the Society of Friends. His son, Robert Aldrich, came to Cumber- land, R. I., about the year 1740, and settled on the old homestead. He was one of the owners and treasurer of the Old Forge, located at Woon- socket before the war of the revolution. His son Amos married Sally Cook, of Warwick, R. I., one of whose eight children was Joseph C. Aldrich, born in Cumberland April 13th, 1787, died June 21st, 1851. He married Aseneth Gaskill, of Blackstone, Mass. The fifth child among a family of twelve children was Joseph Barton Aldrich, the subject of this biography.
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HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE COUNTY.
He was born December 30th, 1824, on the homestead in Cumber- land, now embraced in the city of Woonsocket, and has during the whole of his life resided at or near the scene of his birth. He was employed on the farm in summer and attended the district school during the winter months until the age of 16, continuing thus engaged until the spring of 1852, when he devoted several months to travel in the West.
In September, 1853, he opened a store in Woonsocket, very soon established a prosperous trade, and continued his career as a merchant until 1863, the year of his retirement from trade. Since that date Mr. Aldrich has not been engaged in business, but has found active employment in the management of his real estate interests and in the settlement of various estates, notably that of the late George Law, of Woonsocket. This embraced several charitable bequests, one of which was conditional. Through the influence of Mr. Aldrich, the sum of $28,000 was donated to the Woonsocket Hospital, of which he is a trustee. Much of his time has been devoted to the interests of this charitable institution. He was formerly a director of the Citizens' and Globe Banks, and is a trustee of both the People's Savings Bank and the Oak Hill Cemetery. Mr. Aldrich was in early life a demo- crat, but previous to the war gave his allegiance to the republican party. He has never aspired to office, and only from a sense of duty served in the town council and as assessor: He is a member and was formerly one of the prudential committee of the Universalist church of Woonsocket.
Mr. Aldrich was married on the 9th of May, 1855, to Marcia A., daughter of William Law, of East Killingly, Conn., who died August 29th, 1867. He was a second time married June 9th, 1870, to Cyrena J., daughter of the late Willis Cook, of Woonsocket.
Victor Allaire, born in 1844 in St. Ours, Richelieu county, Quebec, came to Woonsocket the same year that President Buchanan was elected, and with the exception of three years, has been a resident of Woonsocket. He learned the blacksmith trade and worked at that for seven years, and in 1866 took up the mason's trade, which lie has since carried on. He is now contractor and mason, and has contracted to furnish all the stone for the Woonsocket Rubber Works. He has been a member of the town council. He married Malvina Aubin, of St. Felix, Valoix, Quebec, in 1865.
Cyrus Arnold, son of Cyrus and Ruth (Arnold) Arnold, was born in 1815 in Smithfield, and was educated in the public schools. He came to Woonsocket in 1842. He first went into the grocery business, and afterward in the mill in 1847, and was superintendent for George C. Ballou for about thirty years. He served seven terms as member of the general assembly, five terms in town council, and was president once. He is vice-president of the Citizens' National Bank and direc-
Joseph B. Alerich
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tor in the Woonsocket Machine and Press Company. He married Celia, daughter of George C. Ballou, in 1846.
Samuel K. Bailey, son of Henry and Mary (Kerton) Bailey, was born in England in 1832, and came to America in 1843 with his parents, who located first in Southbridge, Mass. His father followed farming for 20 years in Dudley, Mass., but was brought up in the woolen busi- ness and for a number of years before was boss spinner for George Marsh, at Burrillville. Samuel K. was boss finisher 12 years in Bur- rillville; afterward superintendent for C. H. Whipple, Plainville; then superintendent of the Babcock & Morse Steam Woolen Mill at Wester- ly four years; superintendent at Versailles, Conn., six years; superin- tendent for the Rock Manufacturing Company, Rockville, Conn .; superintendent for the Empire Woolen Mills, Clayville, N. Y., for six years, and since 1883 superintendent of The Lippitt Woolen Com- pany's Mills, Woonsocket. He married in 1853 a daughter of William Cogswell, of England. His present wife is Alma, daughter of Thomas Harrington, of Killingly, Conn. He married her in 1884.
Charles E. Ballou, son of Eliab M. and Mary (Cushman) Ballou, was born in 1846 in Woonsocket. He has been connected with the Woonsocket National Bank and the Woonsocket Institution for Savings since 1864, is treasurer of the Woonsocket Business Men's Association, treasurer of Morning Star Lodge, No. 13, and treasurer of the Masonic Mutual Relief Association. He married Emma G., daughter of Reuben O. Cooke, of Woonsocket, in 1868. His father learned the trade of a mason, which he followed for many years, and later he became a partner in the Woonsocket Baking Company and died in 1857.
LATIMER W. BALLOU, the son of Levi Ballou and Hepza Metcalf, was born at Cumberland, R. I., in what is known as the Ballou neigh- borhood, March 1st, 1812. He was educated in the schools and acade- mies in the vicinity of his native town, and at the age of 16, finding the employments of the farm neither suitable to his strength nor con- genial to his tastes, repaired to Cambridge, Mass., and learned the art of printing in the office of the University Press. In 1835, in company with Messrs. Metcalf & Torry, he established the Cambridge Press, and continued it until 1842, the date of his removal to Woonsocket, where he engaged in mercantile pursuits. In 1850 he was chosen cashier of the Woonsocket Falls Bank, and treasurer of the Woonsocket Institu- tion for Savings, which positions he continues to hold. These institu- tions owe much of their prosperity and present standing to his wise administration. Brought by his official position into close relations with the business and economic interests of the town and state, he has had, during a whole generation, a continually increasing share in the shaping of them. As counsellor or as arbitrator his services have been for many years in almost constant demand. He is the president of the Oak Hill Cemetery, and was sole trustee of the Ezekiel Fowler Hospital Fund, which has since .been absorbed in the Woonsocket
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