USA > Rhode Island > The Jews of New England (other than Rhode Island) prior to 1800 > Part 2
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Joseph B. Felt. Ecclesiastical History of New England. Boston, 1862. Vol. 2, p. 265.
"J. Hammond Trumbull. The Memorial History of Hartford County, Conn. Boston, 1886. Vol. 1, p. 321.
" Collections of the Connecticut Historical Society. Hartford, 1897. Vol. VI, p. 133:
"There remaineth in Dan Prats hand due to the Towne.
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More in John Allyns hand for the Jews 0-10-0 paid to Mr. Jon Alen for a debt ye Tone owed him formrly."
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. another under date September 2, 1661: "The same day ye · Jews which at present live in John Marsh his house have liberty to sojourn in ye town for 7 months." 1 They prob- ably continued to reside there, for mention is made of them subsequently, although strangely enough Hartford had no synagogue prior to 1847.2
In 1670 Jacob Lucena was tried at Hartford and fined £20, "to be imprisoned until the fine is paid and immediately on his discharge to leave the colony."" His offense was probably Sabbath-breaking, for a subsequent entry recites that "upon the humble petition and submission of Jacob Lucena the Court see cause considering he is a Jew to show him what favor they may and abate 10 pounds of his fine." ' Lucena, however, obtained the influence of the well-known New York burgher, Asser Levy, in his behalf, and an entry in the Hartford Records, 1671, informs us that "upon the petition of Mr. Assur Levy, this Court see fit to cause to abate five pownds of Jacob Lucenoe's fine as a token of their re- spect to the sayd Mr. Assur Levy." "
Jews figure repeatedly as litigants in the Connecticut rec-
1 Collections of the Connecticut Historical Society. Hartford, 1897. Vol. VI, p. 135. Hartford Town Votes September 2, 1661: "The same day ye Jewes wch at prsent live in Jon Marsh his house, haue liberty to soiorne in ye Towne for seaven months." See also J. H. Trumbull, The Memorial History of Hartford County, Conn. Vol. 1, p. 422. Also Connecticut Histor- ical Collections, by John Warner Barber, New Haven, n. d., p. 46.
2 Trumbull's Memorial History, &c. Vol. 1, p. 422.
¿ Colonial Records of Connecticut. Vol. 2, p. 144. (October 11, 1670.)
Also Records of the Court of Assistants (1669-1701), p. 7.
'Colonial Records of Connecticut. Vol. 2, (1665-1677), p. 144. Hartford Court, 1670.
" Ibid., p. 154. See also paper on Asser Levy; A Noted Jewish Burgher of New Amsterdam, by the present writer in No. 8, A. J. H. S. Pub., p. 9, &c.
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ords during the early portion of the 18th century. In this way we meet Moses Levy 1 and Isaac De Medina in 1723,' Jacob Franks, Abraham Pinto ' and Asser Levy, the son of the New York worthy, in 1724,5 and Isaac Jacobs in 1725.6 These early Jews did not all reside in the same town, but curiously enough were scattered throughout the colony. Thus Abraham Pinto is described as a resident of Stratford," De Medina of Hartford, and Isaac Jacobs of Brandford.' In 1728, however, De Medina in a suit over a bond of £4000 is described as a resident of New York.1º A grant of land to David Jacobs is recorded in 1708.11 Jacob Franks figures as a litigant in Connecticut as late as 1750.12
The Isaacs family, while not Jews, are repeatedly referred to as of Jewish descent. Its members, particularly Samuel, Benjamin, Isaac and Ralph Isaacs, figure prominently in Colonial annals from 1748 to the close of the Revolution.1
1 Colonial Records of Connecticut. Vol. (1717-1725), p. 423.
2 Ibid. Also in 1725. See Ibid., pp. 576, 577. Again James Poisson vs. Isaac Demedina, May, 1728. Ibid., Vol. 7 (1726-35), p. 188. See also p. 255.
' October, 1724. Ibid., Vol. (1717-1725), p. 488.
' Ibid., p. 488, and in 1725. Ibid., p. 577.
· Ibid., pp. 488, 576, 577.
" Ibid., pp. 548, 577.
" Ibid., p. 577.
* Ibid., p. 577.
' Ibid., pp. 548, 577.
1º Colonial Records of Connecticut. Vol. 7 (1726-35), p. 202.
11 Ibid., Vol. (1706-10), p. 60.
12 At that time however he is described as a resident of New York. See Ibid., Vol. 9, p. 544 (1744-1750).
13 (Samuel.) Ibid., Vol. 9, p. 362. Vol. 10, p. 123. (Benjamin). Ibid., Vol. 11, p. 552. Vol. 12, pp. 417, 558. Vol. 13, p. 182. (Isaac.) Ibid., Vol. 10, p. 472. Vol. 11, p. 99. (Ralph.) Ibid., Vol. 9, p. 306, Vol. 11, p. 533. Vol. 12, pp. 69, 643. Vol. 13, pp. 34, 143, 208, 257, 310. Vol. 14, pp. 66, 155, 321. The Isaacs family belongs to Norwalk. References to Ralph Isaacs, who was a prominent Tory, are so frequent that his name may be found
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Judah Hays, of New York, is mentioned as a litigant at Fairfield in 1747 and 1749.1 Isaac Solomons, a Jew of Mid- dleton, figures in 1748 in connection with his petition re- garding the duty on certain goods imported by him from London.' Hulda Levi is mentioned at Guilford in 1772.3
Mr. Kohut has heretofore called attention to the fact that Ezra Stiles in his diary under date 1760 says that " on inquiry it seems there are no Jews in Connecticut," and in 1762- he mentions the absence of Jews in Bristol and New Haven."
Even as late as 1772 when Stiles mentions the arrival from the West Indies of a Jewish family at New Haven, he says : " They are the first real Jews at that place with the excep- tion of the two Jew brothers Pinto who renounced Judaism and all religion. Should there hereafter be a synagogue in New Haven it must be dated from this." "
in the index of almost any work dealing with Connecticut Revolutionary History. See also A Historical Collection from Official Records of the Part Sustained by Connecticut During the War of the Revolution. Compiled by Royal R. Hinman, Hartford, 1842, pp. 302, 404.
The Jewish origin of Ralph Isaacs is referred to in Biograph- ical Sketches of the Graduates of Yale College with Annals of the College History. Vol. II, May, 1745-May, 1763, by Franklin Bow- ditch Dexter, M. A. N. Y., 1896, pp. 233, 699. Also Note by Dr. Cyrus Adler in 6 Am. J. H. S. Publ., p. 151-3.
1 Colonial Records of Connecticut. Vol. 9 (1744-50), p. 483.
2 Ibid., p. 522.
* Ibid., Vol. 13, p. 659. (1768-72.)
" The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, edited with notes, by F. B. Dexter. 3 vols. N. Y., 1901. See also Erra Stiles and the Jews, by Rev. G. A. Kohut. N. Y., 1902, pp. 109, 110.
Under date January 6, 1762, Stiles writes: "I learn in con- . versation with Capt. Jno. Nichols that there are no Jews in New Haven." A similar statement appears in 1763 on the authority of his father-in-law, Dr. Hubbard.
" The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles. Vol. I, pp. 283-4 (Itinerary). See Mr. Kohut's Ezra Stiles and the Jews, p. 109-10. The family referred to came originally from Venice.
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Stiles' statement was certainly inaccurate, for besides the references already given,' there seems to have been quite a number of Jewish residents at Norwalk as early as 1760. The most prominent of these was Michael Judah, who figures as a litigant in the records,' and succeeded in reversing a judgment rendered against him at Litchfield in 1763.3
The most influential Jewish family, however, in Connecti- cut, both during Colonial and Revolutionary times, were the Pintos. Isaac Pinto, of Stratford, figures as early as 1748," Jacob and Solomon Pinto were inhabitants of New Haven as early as 1759,5 and figure repeatedly in the court records between 1765 and 1773. One Jacob Simon (whom I can- not identify as a Jew) is mentioned as a Justice of the Peace in 1773 and 1775.'
The Jewish residents of Connecticut are found on the patriot side in the Revolutionary annals.8 In fact, when in
2 Many other pronouncedly Jewish names appear in con- nection with New Haven during the Revolutionary Period. Thus in 1777, we find advertisements by Jacobs and Israel of New Haven. See Conn. Historical Collections, p. 179.
2 Colonial Records of Connecticut. Vol. 11 (1757-62), p. 476. (October, 1760.)
' Ibid., Vol. 12, pp. 225. (1762-67.)
* Colonial Records of Connecticut. Vol. 9 (1744-50), p. 406.
" Ibid., Vol. 11, p. 325. (1757-62.)
· Ibid., Vol. 15, (1775-6), pp. 68, 153, 154 (Pinto vs. Todd. Pinto vs. Kettletas). Ibid., Vol. 13 (1768-72), pp. 37, 609. Vol. 14 (1772-75), pp. 68, 153-4. Vol. 15 (1775-6), p. 610. In 1776, Jacob Pinto was appointed to appraise land. Vol. 15, p. 350.
" Ibid., Vol. 15 (1775-6), pp. 10, 279. Also The Part Sustained by Connecticut During the War of the Revolution. Compiled by R. R. Hinman. Hartford, 1842, p. 28.
8 It may be interesting to note that while Silas Deane was delegate from Connecticut to the Continental Congress at Philadelphia, he became quite intimate with Jews in that city. A Miss Levy figures repeatedly in his correspondence with his
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August, 1776, Gershom Seixas, the patriot New York minis- ter, induced his congregation to close the synagogue and re- move rather than continue under British auspices, many of his flock went to Connecticut.1 Solomon Simson, for in- stance, went to Danbury and there in 1780 was born his son Sampson Simson, the subsequent founder of Mount Sinai Hospital.' Solomon Hays, who also went to Connecticut, died there before the close of the war. Among the patriot refugees from Long Island we find Moses Simons,4 Aaron Isaacs and his son." Attention has been called by Mr. Kohler
wife and also in the correspondence of Samuel B. Webb. See Conn. Hist. Society's Publications. Vol. 2, pp. 176, 189.
Among the pronouncedly Jewish names in the Connecticut Revolutionary line, though they cannot be identified as Jews, are Solomon Jacobs, in Trumbull's Co., 1777. Ibid., Vol. VII, p. 220. Benedict Aaron (Record of Services of Connecticut Men in the War of the Revolution, compiled by authority of the General Assembly. Hartford, 1889, p. 453. Samuel Abraham, who was made prisoner by the British in 1781. Ibid., p. 578. Daniel Manuel a corporal in 1776. Ibid., p. 469.
1 See N. Taylor Phillips The Levy and Seiras Families 4 Am., J. H. S. Publ., p. 205. Also paper by the present writer on " Gershom Seixas " in Jewish Comment, Baltimore, January 10, 1902. Also reprint in Amer. Hebrew, March 27, 1903.
" The father of Solomon Simson also went to Conn. and Ezra Stiles mentions visiting him in 1782. He describes him as aged 86, a refugee from New York, residing in Wilton in Norwalk, Conn. Stiles seems to have been intimate with the members of Simson's family and corresponded with them. See The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, edited with Notes, by F. B. Dexter, 3 vols., N. Y., 1901. Vol. II, p. 553. Vol. III, pp. 3, 32-3. Also Ezra Stiles and the Jews, by G. A. Kohut, pp. 106-7.
See also valuable sketch of Sampson Simson, by Hon. Myer S. Isaacs in 10 Am. J. Hist. Soc. Publications, p. 110.
' This appears from an old MSS. a copy of which I obtained through the kindness of Dr. S. Solis Cohen, of Philadelphia.
+New York in the Revolution (Supplement), being a Compil- ation by Erastus C. Knight, Comptroller, Albany, 1901, p. 133. " Ibid., p. 132.
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to the fact that a daughter of Aaron Isaacs married out of her faith and her son was John Howard Payne, the com- poser of " Home, Sweet Home."1
Most of the New York refugees went to Norwalk, probably because it already had a Jewish settlement.2 Gershom Seixas himself when leaving New York took with him the sacred Scroll of the Congregation and settled in that town. There he remained until 1780.3 Benjamin Etting died at Nor- walk in 1778.'
During the Revolutionary War the British made frequent raids on Norwalk. In October, 1777, we find a petition signed by its most prominent citizens addressed to the Coun- cil of Safety, reciting the fact that the British frequently enter the harbor, fire the houses of the patriots and plunder the community. Their efforts to guard their shores are also given in detail; their request is that "a well fitted vessel of about 8 guns may be purchased to cruise the sound as a pro- tection to the shore." Among the signers to this petition are Myer Myers, Solomon Simson and Benjamin Jacobs, all well-known Jewish names.3
David Judah was a member of Capt. Gregory's company in the Connecticut Line as early as 1776.ª
1 Some Early American Jewish Poets, Actors and Dramatists (still unpublished).
" Some of the births and deaths of Norwalk Jews are re- corded in the Record Book of Congregation Shearith Israel, of New York. Thus at p. 57 I find, "1776, born Rebcka, daughter of Myer Myers of Norwalk, Conn."
3 See The Levy and Seixas Families, by Hon. N. Taylor Phillips, 4 Am. J. H. S. Pub., p. 205.
Dr. S. Solis Cohen. David Hays and Esther Etting in 2 Am. J. H. S. Publ., p. 66.
" A Historical Collection from Official Records of the Part Sus- tained by Connecticut during the War of the Revolution, compiled by Royal R. Hinman. Hartford, 1842, p. 598.
Record of Service of Conn. Men in the Revolution. Hartford, 1889, pp. 486, 724.
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In 1777 Michael Judah petitions the Council of Safety for leave to bring a quantity of sugar from Rock Hill for the inhabitants of Norwalk, which is granted.1
In 1779 appears an order to Joel Moor Clark, of "ye 2nd Co. of Alaram list in Sunbury," directing him to notify cer- tain persons "to aquipt themselves with arms and acouter- ments and hold them in readeynes to march at ye shortest notice for ye defence of this state." Among those named is Juda Hays.2
The most important Jewish names in the Revolutionary annals of Connecticut are those of Jacob, Solomon and Abra- ham Pinto.' Jacob Pinto appears to have been a member of an important political committee at New Haven in 1775.1
In 1776 the patriots of New Haven petitioned the Gov- ernor and Council of Safety for the removal of certain Tories. A portion of this petition is as follows: " We should esteem ourselves very unfortunate should we in our zeal for the preser- vation of our liberties entertain jealousies of any that are really friends of our country. We are every night exposed to be destroyed by our open enemies; our internal enemies, intimately acquainted with our harbors and our defenseless situation, can introduce themselves into our houses, can in- volve us, our wives and our little ones in ruin." The petition
1 A Historical Collection from Official Records of the Part Sus- tained by Connecticut during the War of the Revolution, compiled by Royal R. Hinman, Hartford, 1842, p. 459.
" Collections of the Connecticut Historical Society. Vol. VIII, p. 203.
3 In the Letter from the Secretary of War transmitting a Report of the Name, Rank and Line of every person placed on the Pension List pursuant to the Act of March 18, 1818, Washington, 1820, Vol. 4, appear the following Jewish names as Revolutionary Pensioners in the Connecticut Line: Solomon Pinto, Ensign; Benjamin Hart, Private; Benjamin Aaron, Lieut. As to Jacob Pinto, see also Colonial Records of Connecticut, Vol. 15, p. 350.
See also Connecticut Historical Collections, by John W. Barber, New Haven, n. d., p. 176.
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was granted and among its patriot signers were Jacob and Abraham Pinto.1
Abraham Pinto was a member of the 10th Company, 7th Regiment of the Connecticut Line as early as 1775.' William Pinto, also of New Haven, and in all likelihood a brother of the foregoing, appears as a volunteer in 1779 and 1781.3
In connection with the attack on New Haven by the British, July 5 and 6, 1779, the records state that both Abraham and Solomon Pinto were among the wounded on the patriot side.“
The most conspicuous of the Pinto brothers, however, was Solomon Pinto, above referred to, who was an officer in the Connecticut Line. He was appointed ensign from civil life ' and served with distinction throughout the war. As a member of Captain Baldwin's company (2nd Regiment),
1 A Historical Collection from Official Records of the Part Sus- tained by Connecticut during the War of the Revolution, compiled by Royal R. Hinman, Sec. of State, Hartford, 1842, p. 567. See also Peter Force's American Archives, 5th Series, Vol. 2, p. 375.
2 Record of Service of Connecticut Men in the War of the Revo- lution, compiled by authority of the General Assembly. Hart- ford, 1889, pp 84, 553, 746.
& Ibid., p. 631.
* The History of Connecticut, by G. H. Hollister, New Haven, 1855. Vol. 2, p. 377.
Also A Historical Collection, &c., of the part sustained by Con- necticut, &c., by R. R. Hinman.
Also Connecticut Historical Collections, by J. W. Barber, p. 170, (mentions Abraham Pinto only).
See also The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, Vol. II, p. 365.
Also Record of Service of Connecticut Men in the War of the Revolution, compiled by authority of the General Assembly. Hartford, 1889, p. 553.
" Record of Service &c., p. 218. He also appears to have served as an officer in the 7th regiment, Connecticut Line.
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1777-1781, he served to June, 1783,1 when he "retired with the army."" Under the act of 1818 he subsequently became a pensioner.3
Solomon Pinto has the additional distinction of having been one of the original members of the Society of the Cin- cinnati in Connecticut,' composed of meritorious Revolu- tionary officers. His name is appended to the original rec- ord now in possession of the Connecticut Historical Society.
Turning now to the remaining New England States, Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont, investigation yields but slight results. Members of the Moses family," a name common throughout New England and one remotely of Jew- ish origin, are, it is true, met with in all three. None of these three States, however, had a Jewish community prior to 1800, though individual Jews seem to have traded there. In connection with Portland, Maine, mention is made in 1804 in a letter of Commodore Preble, of a Lieutenant Joseph Israel who fell before the walls of Tripoli,' but there is nothing to show whether he was a Jew. In Maine the earli-
1 Record of Service of Connecticut Men in the War of the Revolu- tion, compiled by authority of the General Assembly. Hartford, 1889, p. 325.
2 Ibid., p. 360. & Ibid., p. 636.
Ibid., 373. The original record reads "Society of the Cin- cinnati. We the subscribers, officers of the American army do hereby voluntarily become parties to the foregoing institution and do bind ourselves to observe and be governed by the prin- ciples therein contained, for the performance of which we do pledge to each other our sacred honor."
5 Rev. M. T. Runnels. History of Sanbornton, N. H. Boston, . 1881. Vol. 2, p. 527. With very few exceptions the name of Moses as a family name appears more extensively than other names in New England Records.
6 W. D. Williamson in his History of the State of Maine, Hal- lowell, 1832, in detailing concerning Religious Sects, makes no mention of Jews. The same is true of histories of New Hampshire and Vermont.
" The Maine Historical and Genealogical Recorder. Vol. 7, p. 234.
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est mention of a Jew was one Susman Abrams, a native of Hamburg, who settled there during the Revolutionary War and resided successively at Waldborough, Thomaston and for many years at Union, where he conducted a tannery."1
In Vermont in 1782 mention is made of one Benjamin Jacobs, who obtained permission to pass through Windsor on his way to Quebec to negotiate an exchange of prisoners:2
One interesting item in this connection is closely associated with the career of Alexander Hamilton. What is now Ver- mont had been claimed by New York throughout the entire Revolutionary period and this claim was strongly urged even after the war. In 1789 Hamilton inspired a movement to have New York relinquish its claims and have Vermont ad- mitted as a separate State into the Union. For this purpose he obtained the co-operation of the most influential New Yorkers who were most heavily interested in Vermont lands and their petition on the subject was presented to the Legis- lature, February 13, 1789. I venture to give its opening paragraph :
" Memorial of John Jay and others to the Hon. the Legislature of the State of New York.
" That in the opinion of your memorialists the present situation of the district called Vermont and the peculiar disposition and circumstances of its inhabitants strongly oppose a re-union under the government of this State.
"That this consideration renders your memorialists ex- ceedingly desirous to see proper and constitutional means taken for securing the said district into the American Con- federacy as a free and independent State.
. 1 John Langdon Sibley. A History of the Town of Union in the County of Lincoln, Me. Boston, 1851, pp. 110, 74, 127, 154. Abrams married a Christian woman and was a constant attendant at the Christian Church. He died in 1830 aged 87.
' Records of the Governor and Council of the State of Vermont. Vol. 2, p. 156.
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" That although your memorialists are interested in lands in said district and have well founded claims on the justice of this State, yet they will be content to receive justice in any manner which the nature of the case and the situation of public affairs may point out as most expeditious."
There are about sixty signatures to this petition, compris- ing the most representative names in New York. John Jay, Robert Troup, Thophilact Bache, and Alexander Hamilton. Among these we also find the name of Benjamin Judah.1
The bill passed the Assembly but was defeated in the Senate and Vermont was not admitted until two years later.2
In New Hampshire the Moses and the Abrams family are constantly met with in the records and are classified by some writers as " Descendants of Jewish Christians."
Of the former, the earliest mention occurs in 1693 when Aaron Moses, of New Castle, is referred to. Runnels in his history of Sanbornton, New Hampshire, indexes the Moses and Abrams families under the title "Jewish Descendants at Sanbornton."' He tells us that the Abrams family "as its name indicates is of Jewish origin," and as tradition has it, is descended from two brothers "Christian Jews, who came from Palestine to New England at an unknown date, their names being William Abrams, who was a ship's carpenter and fell into the sea and was drowned, and John, the other broth- er, who settled at Amesbury, Massachusetts."'
Several other Jewish names appear in the early New Hampshire records. Thus in 1770 in the list of grants to
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1 Records of the Governor and Council of the State of Vermont, edited by E. P. Walton. Montpelier, 1875. Vol. 3, pp. 447-448.
2 Ibid.
3 Runnels, Rev. M. T. History of Sanbornton, New Hampshire. Boston, 1881. See also Ibid., Vol. 2, p. 527, as to the Moses family.
* Ibid., Vol. 2, p. 7. Runnels also states that the Abrams family by marriage is related to the family of General Putnam and of Daniel Webster.
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settlers on the road between Wolfsborough and Leavits Town (Ossipee) Grant No. 11 was made to Joseph Levy 1 (the con- dition of these grants was that each settler had to give a bond for £30 that a house would be erected by him within a year).
Again in 1777 mention is made of William Levi of Somers- worth as a private in the 2d New Hampshire Continental Regiment.2
The sole mention of a Jew as such in New Hampshire prior to 1800' is that of Abraham Isaac, the Jew of Portsmouth, who settled there about the close of the Revolution and was exceedingly active in Masonic affairs. So appreciative is the account of him given in Brewster's History, that I ven- ture to give it in full.
" Abraham Isaac and his wife were natives of Prussia and Jews of the strictest sect. They were the first descendants of the venerable Patriarch that ever pitched their tent in Portsmouth, and during their lives, were the only Jews among us. He acquired a good property and built a house on State street. Their shop was always closed on Saturday. Mr. Isaac died February 15, 1803, and on the stone which marks his grave in the North Burying Ground may be seen the following epitaph written by our poet J. M. Sewall :
"Entombed beneath where earthborn troubles cease A son of faithful Abraham sleeps in peace;
1 State Papers of New Hampshire, compiled by Albert Still- man Batchellor, Concord, 1896, Vol. 28, p. 138. Also Masonian Papers, Vol. 7, p. 96.
2 State Papers, &c. of New Hampshire, Vol. 14, p. 615.
' There appears express mention that there were no Jews in Portsmouth, N. H., in 1741-2. See Historical Magazine, edited by Dawson, June, 1870, Vol. 7, 2d series, p. 353.
" Town Papers &c., of New Hampshire, compiled by Isaac W. Hammond, Concord, 1884, Vol. 13, p. 306. Abraham Isaac was among the Petitioners of St. John's Lodge, F. and A. M., of Portsmouth, N. H., for incorporation in 1799.
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In life's first bloom he left his native air A sojourner as all his fathers were. Through various toils his active spirit ran, A faithful steward and an honest man.
His soul, we trust, now freed from mortal woes Finds in the patriarch's bosom sweet repose." 1
Sewall, the writer of the foregoing was one of the leading poets of the Revolution and his song " Vain Britons boast no longer," was sung in every camp throughout the country.2
1 Charles W. Brewster. Rambles about Portsmouth, N. H. (2d Series), Portsmouth, 1869, p. 230.
See also same work. Portsmouth, 1859, p. 336.
Brewster also gives an account of the widow of Abraham Isaac and of her adopted son, who resided at New Ipswich, N. H. See Ibid., 208, 230, 232 (2d Series, 1869).
2 Ibid. (2d Series), Portsmouth, 1869, p. 232.
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