USA > Tennessee > Shelby County > Memphis > A history of the yellow fever : the yellow fever epidemic of 1878, in Memphis, Tenn., embracing a complete list of the dead, the names of the doctors and nurses employed, names of all who contributed money or means, and the names and history of the Howards, together with other data, and lists of the dead elsewhere > Part 9
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The homeopathic commission quote, as an endorsement which they seem to lay particular stress upon, the treatment followed by Dr. Charles Belot, of Havana, Cuba, who has passed through eighteen epidemies, and has treated about a thousand patients annually. That gentleman says: "One very good auxiliary, which should never be neglected in resisting local congestion, and to diminish the plasticity of the blood, is the tincture of aconite. This remedy, given in doses of six drops in twelve ounces of water. administered by spoonfuls every hour, has a truly magical power. The pulse becomes softer, and its fre- queney diminishes, whilst the heat of the skin subsides as perspiration is estab- lished. It should never be neglected in the first or congestive period." Dr. Belot has also discovered that arsenic, pronounced by the concurrent voice of all our physicians to be the best remedy in the second stage, is, in reality, a magnificent remedy in the malignant cases of yellow fever. Hear him again: "Towards the end of the second period, when the vomiting can not be arrested, when the patient has continual nausea, when the vomit contains bile or mucosities, filled with blackish or sanguinolent streaks, there is no better remedy than arsenic. Prescribed under fitting circumstances, arsenic often brings unhoped-for ame- lioration. As for arsenic, whilst it may be difficult to appreciate its action in theory, its happy intluence in this case is as certain as that of sulphate of quinine in intermittent diseases."
The Rev. C. K. Marshall, of Vicksburg, a gentleman who enjoys the confi- dence of all who know him: who has always been held in the highest esteem by his fellow-citizens of Mississippi, and who has had a life-time experience with yellow fever, warmly endorses the homeopathic treatment, aud predicts its triumph over all others in the future He says, writing in 1878: " The result of my observation is, that no treatment yet compares with the homeopathic. I will give some facts: One lady here has treated from fifty to seventy cases without the loss of one. She is a brave, womauly woman, who had never had the fever, and went among her neighbors, colored and white, because physicians could not be had, until stricken down herself, and her husband also. But they were treated by the same method, and recovered. I know several other ladies of elear heads, cool and calm spirits, who have done the same thing, only not to the same extent, but with success. Our regular homeopathic physicians were Wxh originally allopaths. They both are quite advanced in years, but somehow
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have not faltered on account of years, though one of them fell sick of the fever; but he is all right again. They have been most laborious; and probably no two physicians have seen as many patients or lost as few, for no remedies can save.all. One of these physicians had three sons. young men, away in busi- ness in places where the fever had not planted its black banner. He sent for them, one at a time, to come home and be sick, have the fever, and pre- pare for more useful lives as physicians. They came, and he has got all through but one, and he is waiting, as confident his father will bring him through as he is of his name. Indeed, I could fill pages with interesting facts about this treatment. But it will be treated with respect hereafter; and why not ? The allopathic physicians have each a method of eure. Of forty together, it is doubtful if five practice alike. The populace see this. Dr. Chopin, of great and just celebrity, says to the physicians of New Orleans : ' Experiment ! ex- periment!' The people have seen, what they call by pretty hard names, the sacrifice of valuable lives by these dreadful ' experiments.' Is it to be wondered at that they are trying experiments with the ' little sugar pellets that amount to nothing?' The system makes converts here daily."
It was remarked by Dr. Dowell, and other well known medical experts. who practiced in Memphis in 1878, that the yellow fever of that year was peculiarly virulent and violent, and particularly fatal. Most of the methods of treat- ment given in this chapter were resorted to, and often with gratifying results. Others not here reported, which were of a thoroughly heroic character, were in some cases remarkably successful. But generally, the treatment set forth by Dr. Mitchell was that resorted to, and which proved most satisfactory in its results and most successful. In New Orleans, also, experience forced the con- viction that the visitation which last year afflicted so large a scope of country was not only wholly unparalleled, but phenomenal. The veteran of half a dozen epidemies did not pretend to disguise his amazement. "The disease," the New Orleans Times reported, "admitted the bewildered disciple of Esculapius into entirely new realms. Tenets which in that region had been articles of faith for more than half a century, suddenly collapsed and vanished into thin air. No sooner did the astonished believer in the immunity of all who were . to the manner born' find himself confounded by the death of half a score of native patients, than he is met with the new heresy-judicious nourishment is not a death warrant. From a time when the memory of man runneth not to the con- trary, it had been an axiom in this city, that an era of convalescence is an era of starvation. Bronze John invariably came in the orthodox way: light fever, gradual delirium, a sharp tussel, slow convalescence, and almost total abstemi- ousness. The convalescents of 1853 went for three months without daring to eat a full meal. . Maintenant nous avons chunge tout cela.' There were patients of the epidemic of 1878. on the contrary, who ate the leg of a broiled spring chicken forty-eight hours after the fever made his conge. The popular belief in blankets seemed to be completely extinguished. Light covering, often a single sheet, and perfect ventilation, appeared to be the triumphal path towards rapid recovery and wholesome recuperation. The reasons set forth for this phenomena are thus set forth by a physician : 'I,' he says, "can divide my
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cases into two general classes -- wet and dry. All are different, but this subdi- vision separates them sufficiently to be clearly understood. A sick person with a moist skin yields readily to the ordinary treatment, and can be purged and quinined to one's heart's content ; but the dry skin and hot fever is a dangerous subject. and a physician is justified in adopting any method that will take him out of that dilemma. Sheets dipped in hot water, fanning, constant sponging. if they will diminish temperature, should be resorted to; but, very naturally, each individual requires special treatment, and that is the only general rule.' An- other successful practitioner gave light nourishment, even at the risk of slightly increasing the temperature, insisting that the patient should be sustained to withstand a fearful drain upon the vitality. There were many physicians who clung to the ancient methods, insisting upon low diet with as much tenacity as they did thirty years ago. Many of these were successful, but all conceded that the disease which afflicted the South in 1878 was extremely dangerous in type, peculiar in character, and, in short, wholly different from the yellow fever as heretofore experienced and known." There is not a word of this that those who have experienced the fever, or who have had experience in yellow fever epidemics, will not endorse, and with it the following very positive utterances of Dr. Chopin, as to remedies : " We know of nothing in the way of remedies which will check the disease. I know of none. Every kind of treatment meets with about equal success, or the results vary very little. Of course, common sense in the application of the treatment will do more than could be obtained without its exhibition. Yet we are at a loss to know how to check the ravages of the fever when it attacks the human body."
CHRONOLOGY OF YELLOW FEVER.
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CHRONOLOGY OF YELLOW FEVER.
THE visitations of yellow fever to this and other countries, whether epidemic or not, so far as any record of them has been preserved, follow in regular sequence, its origin, causes, methods and means of propagation and of trans- mission, diagnosis, and cure. It has never made its appearance in Asia nor in Australia; nor in any of the Islands of the Pacific Ocean; and it has only been felt sporadically on the Pacific coast of North and South America. Jn Europe it has invaded Spain, Portugal, Italy, France, and England. In South America it has prevailed in British Guiana, Columbia, Peru, Bolivia, Buenos Ayres, and the Brazils. In North America it has invaded Honduras, Mexico, all the West India Islands, Canada, and the following States of the Union : Maine, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, New York, Delaware, Maryland, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, Ohio, Kentucky, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, Florida, Texas; also the Indian Territory. It is said to have originated in Africa ; but of this we know nothing. Except the reference to Hertado, by Dowell, we have not a word with which to hinge that continent to the scourge. We have no data of its ravages on the "dark continent," no record of its visit- ations. So far as these have been preserved, they are confined to Europe, to North and South America. and to the West India Islands, as will be seen from the following chronological statement :
1596 to 1699.
The first authentic record we have of the appearance of the yellow fever is that which occurred in Central America in 1596. Subsequently we hear of it in New England among the Indians in 1618. After that in the Island of St. Lucia in 1664, where it killed over 1, 411 ont of a population of 1,500 soldiers, being in the ratio of 1 in 1.06 of the whole number. We next hear of it in the same place in 1665, when, out of 500 sailors, 200 died, being 1 in 2.5; and again in 1666, when every man, woman, and child of 5,000 died. New York, in 1668, was visited by it for the first time; Boston in 1691, and again in 1693. Philadel- phia was visited, for the first time, in 1695. In 1699 it again visited that city, the mortality being given as 220, which no doubt was very heavy, as the inhabi- tants were but few in numbers, the place being then only seventeen years old.
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A HISTORY OF THE YELLOW FEVER.
having been laid out by William Penn in 1682. Charleston, S. C., was also visited for the first time this year, but what the mortality was we have no means of knowing.
1702 10 1799.
1702 .- The yellow fever broke out in New York and raged with great fury until the thirtieth of September, the mortality reaching 570. It also appeared at Biloxi, Miss., in that year, which was it- first visitation on the Gulf coast.
1705 .- Mobile, and at the same time in Cadiz, Spain-its first appearance in Europe.
1728 .- Charleston, S. C.
1731 .- Cadiz again suffered.
1732 .- Charleston. S. C. In this year it commenced in May and continued until October, a period of nearly four months, some weeks beyond the limit it usually takes-ninety days.
1733 .- Cadiz.
1734 .- Cadiz; also in St. Domingo, where the mortality was as high as 1 in 5 of the population, and 1 in 2 of the number of cases. Charleston also suffered in that year.
1739 .- Charleston, S. C.
1741 .- Philadelphia suffered a loss of 250. New York was also visited in that year; and the village of Holli-ton, Middlesex County, Mass., twenty-five miles from Boston, suffered a loss of 15 souls.
1742 .- New York and Philadelphia were both visited.
1743 .- New York and Philadelphia again visited, the former losing 217 per- sons. New Haven, Conn., had this year its first visitation, and Catskill on the Hudson River.
1744 .- It appeared almost simultaneously in Philadelphia and Cadiz.
1745 .- Charleston, S. C., New York, and Stamford, Conn., were invaded.
1746 .- Albany, N. Y., commencing in August.
1747 .- New York and Philadelphia; also Norfolk, Va., for the first time.
1748 .-- New York and Charleston again, the latter after an interregnum of two years.
1753 .- Charleston, S. C.
1755 .- Charleston, S. C.
1761 .- Charleston, S. C.
1762 .- New York, Charleston, and Philadelphia. In the latter cityit began in August and continued until November.
1763 .-- Nantucket Island, Mass., lost 259 persons by it, which must have been a very severe mortality.
1764 .- Pensacola, Fla., received its first visitation. Cadiz also received a call.
1765. - It broke out afresh in Pensacola, Fla., and carried off 125 persons. Mobile also suffered from it during that year.
1766. - Mobile again.
1768 .- Charleston. 1769 .- New Orleans.
1770 .- Charleston.
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1790 .- New York, commencing in August and ending October 15th.
1791 .- New York, New Orleans, and Philadelphia.
1792 .- Charleston and New York.
1793 .- In New Grenada it appeared among the sailors, the proportion of deaths to cases amounting to 1 in 3 of sailors; soldiers and white inhab- itants, to 1 in 5; and of a total of 1,130 of the soldiers alone, 630 died, being in proportion to population 1 in 1.8. It also visited New York, New Orleans, Southwark, and Kensington, both the latter in Philadelphia County, Pa .; also the city of Philadelphia, commencing there in the month of August and ending in December, the deaths footing up the fearful total of 4,041 ; the ratio of mortality being 1 in 10 of the population.
1794 .- It occupied a wide extent of territory-Catskill, N. Y., New York City, New Haven, Conn., Providence, R. I. Philadelphia, Norfolk, Va., Charleston, S. C., New Orleans, and Baltimore. The same year it prevailed in Havana, Cuba, where the mortality in proportion to numbers was 1 in 1.1 on some ships, and 1 in 1.1 in proportion to the whole number of cases. It also this year (1794) attacked Sir Ch. Grey's Army, in the Windward and Leeward Islands, and of an estimated population of 12,000, there was a mortality of 6,012-being 1 in 2.
1795 .- It appeared for the first time in West Neck, Suffolk County, N. Y., and in New Orleans, Baltimore, Boston, Charleston, Norfolk, Va., and New York. In the latter eity there was a mortality of 730. In Hunt- ington, Suffolk County, on Huntington Bay, N. Y., the disease also appeared, and at Bristol, R. I., on Narragansett Bay; also at Providence, R. I.
1796 .- It appeared for the first time in Chatham, Middlesex Co., Conn., commencing in August, and resulting in a mortality of 9. New Orleans also suffered that year, Dowler says, for the first time. Newburyport, Mass., was also visited this year for the first time; and Boston, Mass., commencing in August; also New York, and Gallipolis, Ohio, on the Ohio River, where half the garrison and many of the French settlers died in ten days. It also appeared in Philadelphia, Bristol, R. I., Charleston, S. C., Norfolk. Va., Wilmington, N. C., and St. Nicholas in the Island of San Domingo, where the mortality is set down as 1 in 2; also the Island of Guadaloupe, where, out of a population estimated at 20,000, there was a mortality of 13,807, being a proportion to population of 1 in 1.47. In the same island (in 1796), out of 367 artillerymen there was a death-list of 129, being a proportion to population of 1 in 2.8. It also prevailed in New Grenada that year.
1797 .- It prevailed in New Orleans and Baltimore, commencing in August and ending in November; also in New Design, St. Louis Co., twenty miles below St. Louis, Mo., where 57 deaths resulted, being more than one- fourth of the inhabitants. In New York, Charleston, S. C., and Philadelphia. commencing August 1st and ending October 15th, with a mortality of 1.300 - 1 in 50 of the entire population. In Norfolk. Va., Bristol. R. I., and Providence, R. I., commencing at this last mentioned point August 13th, and ending the same month, with a mortality of 45.
1798 .- It prevailed in Hartford, Conn., New London, Coun., on Thames 6
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A HISTORY OF THE YELLOW FEVER.
River, three miles from the ocean, commencing August 26th and ending November, with a mortality of 81. Also in Norwalk, Conn., Stonington, Conn., on Long Islan 1 Sound; New Castle and Wilmington, Del. The last-mentioned place suffered a loss of 255 persons. Baltimore also lost 200 persons. Boston and Salem, Mass., were visited; also Portsmouth, N. H., three miles from the ocean, commeneing in August and ending in October, mortality, 100. , It swept Burlington, N. J., twenty miles from Delaware Bay; also Port Elizabeth, N. J., commencing August 9th and ending in September, with a mortality of 6. Woodbury, N. J., Albany, N. Y., Greenfield, Sara- toga Co., N. Y., far inland, Huntington, N. Y., New York City, cont- mencing in August and ending in November, the mortality being 2,080. Chester, Pa., on Delaware River, mortality 50. Marcus Hook, Pa., on Delaware River, Philadelphia, Pa., commencing August 1st and ending . November 1st, with a mortality of 3,500, being 1 in 15.50 of the entire popu- lation. Westerly, R. I., on Pawcatuck River, Charleston, S. C., Norfolk, Va .; Petersburg, on AAppomattox River, Va., also City Point, on James River, Va., both for the first time; also the Island of St. Domingo, where, out of a popula- tion of 25,000 soldiers, the mortality in proportion to population was 1 in 1.14.
1799 .- New Orleans, Baltimore, New York, commencing in July and ending in November, mortality 76. New Berne, N. C., on the Meuse River, for the first time. Bald Eagle Valley, in the center of Pennsylvania, Nittany, Centre Co., Pa., far inland, Philadelphia, commencing in July and ending in November, with a mortality of 1,000; the Island of Guadaloupe. Charleston suffered a mortality of 239. Norfolk, Va., was also visited. This year, on the ship Delaware, where the number of cases reached 40, there was a mortality of 20, being a proportion of 1 in 2.
1500 to 1579.
1800 .- This year the yellow fever appeared in Hartford, Conn., New Orleans, Baltimore, Boston, New Bedford (on Buzzard Bay), Mass., New York, com- meneing in September and ending October 14th. The mortality in the Marine Hospital in that city was 21. Washington, N. C., on Tar River, Philadelphia, Pa., Providence, R. I., where 134 died; Charleston, S. C., which suffered a mor- tality of 184; Norfolk, Va., commencing July 26th, ending October 30th, mor- tality 250; Wilmington, N. C., Vera Cruz. In Cadiz, out of a population of 71,491, 57,499 remained in the city. The number of cases was 48,520, the mor- tality 7,387, being in proportion to the entire population 1 in 9.56, and to popu- lation remaining 1 in 7.67. The deaths, in proportion to cases, were 1 in 6.42. In the Cadiz Hospital, the proportion of deaths to cases was 1 in 2. At Zeres, Spain, with a population of 33,000, the number of cases aggregated 30,000, mortality 12,000 to 13,000, being in proportion to population 1 in 2.54, and to cases 1 in 2.5, or 1 in 3. At Puerto Santa Maria, counting a population of 20,000, the mortality was 400, being 1 in 50. At San Lucas, with a population of 18,000, the mortality was 3,000-1 in 6. At Ecija, containing 40,000 inhabitants, the number of cases was 400, mor- tality 100-1 in 4. At Seville, with a population of 80,568, the number
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of cases is recorded at the extraordinary figure of 76,488, the mortality being 14,685; in proportion to population, 1 in 5.5, in proportion to cases, 1 in 5.21. At the General Hospital, in the same city, the number of cases was 2,365, mortality 1,556, being 1 in 1.45. At Santa Caridad (Seville) the number of cases was 81, mortality 44, proportion 1 in 2. In Havana, 9,977 perished from yellow fever.
1801 .- New Orleans, Baltimore, and New Bedford, Mass., were visited; also New York, commencing September and ending October; mortality, 16. One hundred and forty died, in October, at Queensborough, Orange Co., N. Y. Philadelphia, Pa. (sporadic), Black Island, R. I., on Long Island Sound, some continuing for nearly six months, commencing in June and ending in Deceni- ber. Norfolk, Va. At Seville, number of cases 1,100, of which 660 resulted fatally, being a proportion of 1 in 1.75. Savannah, Norwich, Conn., Charles- ton; Havana, population within and without the walls 95,000, mortality 2,366. Vera Cruz, Jamaica, St. Domingo, Medina, Sedonia (Spain). At Leghorn, Italy, 150 died daily for several months.
1802 .- Portsmouth, N. H., deaths, 10; Wilmington, Del., mortality 86; New Orleans, Baltimore, Boston, mortality 60; New York, mortality (at Marine Hospital) 2; Philadelphia, mortality 307; Charleston, S. C., mortality 96- more than half the attacked recovered; Norfolk, Va .; St. Domingo, population 40,000 (principally soldiers), estimated number of cases, 27,000, mortality 20,000; proportion, 1 in 2, proportion to cases, 1 in 1.33, 1 in 1.2; Martinique, population, 11,085 (principally soldiers), estimated number of cases, 8,673, mortality, 2,891; proportion to population, 1 in 3.8; proportion to cases, 1 in 3; Guadaloupe (1802), 7; population, 16,363, mortality 5,057; proportion to population, 1 in 3.2. Mortality (in 1802) in West Indies, among French troops, 57 per cent. Vera Cruz, 428 cases admitted into the Hospital of St. Sebas- tian, of which number 60 died; in the city 1,500 died of fever.
1803. - Alexandria, Va., commencing August 1st, mortality 200; New Haven, Conn., New York, commencing July 18th and ending in October, mortality 6,700; Lisburn, Pa., nine miles from Harrisburg, commencing in August; Philadelphia, mortality 195; Charleston, S. C., 200 to 300 deaths: Winchester, Va., Norfolk, Va., Catskill, N. Y., commencing August 10th and ending September 28th, mortality 8. Martinique, last six months of 1803 and first six months of 1804,* number of cases, 2,462, mortality 546; proportion to cases, 1 in 4.5; Guadaloupe, 3,500 troops, mortality 2,700; proportion to population, 1 in 1.3. Out of 3,700 population 2,900 died. Vera Cruz (hospital), population 16.000 to 17,000; number of cases 428, mortality 69: proportion to population, 1 in 2.40, proportion to cases, 1 in 6.2; total mor- tality, 1,310. Mortality in West Indies (in 1803) among French troops was 35.7 percent. At Malaga, 48,015 inhabitants remaining out of 51, 745, 16,517 cases resulted, of which 6,884 proved fatal, being 1 in 4.1 of remaining popu- lation, and 1 in 2.4 of cases. Some accounts say that 12,000 to 13,000 died. At Barcelona, of 73 cases 30 died. being 1 in 2.43. In Havana 4,766 died.
" This is the most extraordinary of all the extraordinary freaks of this terrible disease.
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1804 .- At Cadiz the number of cases is stated to have been 5,000, and the mor- tality from 2,000 to 2,800, being about 1 in 2. At Ecija the mortality was 3,802, being in proportion to population 1 in 10. At Carthagena, with a pop- . ulation of 33,222, the mortality amounted to 11, 445; other accounts say 14,940. At Malaga, out of a population remaining in the city of $6,054, 11,464 died, being 1 in 1.67. Other accounts say, out of a population of 110,000 only 7,000 escaped --- 26,000 dying in four weeks. At Alicant, population 13,000, number of cases, 9,000; the mortality was 2,471, being 1 in 3.64 of number of cases. The population of Spain diminished one million ; the official report of deaths from yellow ferer amounted to 124,000 jur the year .* At Gibraltar, the population being estimated at 10,000, the mortality reached 5,946, being a proportion of 1 in 2. At the hospital in Gibraltar, out of 2,754 cases 894 proved fatal, being 1 in 3.1; other accounts say, out of a population of 15.000 nearly 2 out of 5 fell victims. At Leghorn 48,000 inhabitants out of 60,000 remaining in the city, there was a mortality of 655. In the hospital (same city) number of cases, 164; 56 died, being 1 and 3. In Spain (during 1804) not less than twenty-five cities and towns were visited by the fever, the population of which amounted to 427,228, of which 52,559. or 1 in 8.12 perished. In some places, the number of persons affected amounted to 1 in 2.78 of the population, the extreme being 1 in 1.18 and 1 in 5. In twenty-one, the average proportion of deaths to the number afflicted was 1 in 3,087, the extreme being 1 in 1.3 and 1 in 6.42, while two hospitals gave a mortality of 1 in 2.15 of the number admitted, with extremes of 1 in 11 and 1 in 2.82. New Haven, Conn., New Orleans, West Point, N. Y., Charles- ton, S. C., Norfolk, Va., Winchester, Va., twenty miles from the Blue Ridge Mountains, during the month of July. The mortality in the West Indies, among the French troops, was 29.3 per cent.
1805 .- New Haven, Conn., Baltimore, Boston, Gloucester City, N. J., on Delaware River, New York, commencing in June and ending in October, mortality 340 (302). Quebec, near the 47th parallel of north latitude, more than 300 feet above tide-water, was for the first and last time invaded by the fever in the middle of August; but September setting in very cold, the disease was not of long duration, though it was nearly as severe as that of the West Indies in malignity, especially among the troops. Of one company of 55, belong- ing to an English regiment, all perished except six. In Barbadoes, of 278 soldiers recently arrived from England, 70 died in 23 days. Chester Co., Pa., on Del- aware River, Philadelphia, mortality 3,400. We-terly, R. I., on Paweatuck River, Charleston, S. C., Norfolk, Va. Mortality in the West Indies, among French troops, 40.4 per cent. Providence, R. I., commencing July 19th ending August, 30 cases, 10 deaths. In Havana, 85 out of 100 American seamen died.
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