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This parole, signed by the paroled BRIG .- GEN. WILLIAM H. JACKSON, COMMISSIONER FOR C. S. A. officer, was approved and signed by the two commissioners. The Commissioner for the United States appended the following: "The above-named officer will not be disturbed by United States authorities as long as he observes his parole, and the laws in force where he resides."
Forrest's troops received their paroles at Gainesville, Alabama. Each regiment was mustered, and the command was given, "Ground arms." At the word, the tears and the muskets of the soldiers fell together to the ground. Thus disarmed, they began the homeward march.
423. An Incident .- As the Tenth and Eleventh Tennessee Regi- ments, commanded by Col. D. W. Holman, marched towards the Ten- nessee River to met the transports which would convey them across, the men conversed anxiously as to their future prospects. Would they be permitted to live in peace ? Would they be subjected to military rule, insult, and oppression ? Sore and dejected, they drew near to a Federal camp. where they had been ordered to stop to draw supplies.
The Federal soldiers could be seen assembled in long lines on both sides of the road to view "Forrest's Cavalry." Anticipating insult. they felt deeply their unarmed and helpless condition. It was not thus that they were accustomed to approach a Federal garrison. As they passed between the rows of Federal soldiers, a few camp followers, who had gathered in a group, noting the tattered dress and dejected de- meanor of the men, and the worn and bespattered condition of the horses, and not aware that the best blood of Tennessee flowed in the veins of those ragged men and those jaded horses, began a series of
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HISTORY OF TENNESSEE.
taunts and jeers. The blood of the Confederates rushed to their faces. Spontaneously, they rose erect in their saddles, and instinctively their hands sought the places where their weapons used to be. But there was no need.
The Federal soldiers, with one impulse, rose against the miscreants who had offered the insults, and silenced them in shame. They crowded around the Confederate column with outstretched hands and expressions of warmth and praise. All discipline was laid aside. The late foemen mingled as brothers, and parted with sentiments which only the brave can feel .. This incident had a great effect upon the Confed- crate soldiers, and they continued the journey with revived spirits and brighter anticipations for the future.
CHAPTER XXXIX.
TENNESSEANS IN OTHER STATES.
424. In Mississippi .- When it became necessary to defend the Mississippi River, some of the best Tennessee troops were assigned to that duty, although their services were badly needed at home. The brigade of Gen. John C. Vaughn did valiant service at Chickasaw Bayou. In the repulse of Sherman at that point, December 29, 1862, the able and distinguished commander of the Confederate forces, Gen. Stephen D. Lee, warmly testified that this brigade had contributed largely to his victory. Another brigade, under General Gregg, gained great distinction at Raymond, May 12, 1863. The brigades of Gen. A. W. Reynolds, and of Gen. John C. Vaughn, rendered eminent service in the Vicksburg campaign. The First Tennessee Heavy Artillery, under Col. Andrew Jackson, Jr., sustained the brunt of the fight in the siege of Port Hudson, Louisiana.
425. Tennessee Troops in Virginia .- In July, 1861, the brigade of Gen. Daniel S. Donelson, and the brigade of Gen. Samuel R. Ander- son, marched into Virginia, and served in the Cheat Mountain campaign under Gen. Robert E. Lee. Subsequently, Donelson's Brigade was sent into South Carolina, and Anderson's brigade, January 1, 1862, became a part of the command of Stonewall Jackson, and served under him with distinction. February 13th, the First Tennessee regiment, under Col. George Maney, was ordered to Tennessee. This regiment
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TENNESSEANS IN OTHER STATES.
became famous in the western army. After the promotion of Colonel Maney to Brigadier General, it was commanded by Col. Hume R. Field. who won the title of "the bravest of the brave."
The remainder of the brigade, serving, successively, under General Anderson, Gen. Robert Hatton, Gen. J. J. Archer, Gen. H. H. Walker. and Gen. William McComb, participated in all the campaigns of the Army of Northern Virginia, and maintained a reputation second to that of no brigade which followed the great commander. Robert E. Lee. This brigade gained especial distinction in Pickett's famous charge at Gettysburg, and in the defense of "the angle," near Spottsylvania Court House. In this battle, Lieut. F. S. Harris, commanding the sharp- shooters, was commended for gallantry.
The brigade, commanded by Gen. Bushrod R. Johnson, served with distinction in the Southwest, and was engaged in the battle of Chicka- mauga, and in the siege of Knoxville. Retiring with Longstreet into Virginia, this brigade subsequently participated in the battle of Drewry's Bluff, May 16, 1864. In this battle, the brigade won for itself high reputation, and for its commander, promotion to the rank of Major General.
The command devolved on Col. John S. Fulton. During the operations around Petersburg, a Tennessean, Lieut. F. M. Kelso, accon- plished one of the most remarkable feats of the war. With seventeen men, he made a bold movement, and captured a Federal force of over four hundred men, with the flags of three regiments. June 30th. Col. Fulton was killed. and the command devolved on Col. John M. Hughes. The brigade took conspicuous part in the famous battle of "the crater," July 30th.
Early in 1865, all the Tennessee troops remaining with General Lee's army were united in one brigade under the command of Brigadier General William McComb. The consolidated Tennessee brigade was actively engaged in battle nearly every day, and bore an honorable part in the last battle of the Army of Northern Virginia. It was included in the troops surrendered by General Lee, at Appomattox Court House. April 9, 1865, having attained undying fame.
Dibrell's brigade, formerly a part of "Forrest's Cavalry," serving with Wheeler after the Battle of Chickamauga, accompanied Gen. Joseph E. Johnston in the despairing campaign against Sherman. In this campaign, General Dibrell and Colonel Baxter Smith gained great reputation.
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HISTORY OF TENNESSEE.
CHAPTER XL.
TENNESSEE'S RECORD IN THE WAR.
426. The Volunteer State .- In the Confederate War, Tennessee fully maintained her title as the "Volunteer State.". It was demon- strated that, though her people might be divided in sentiment, they were ready, on their respective sides, to fight for their principles through victory and defeat, in prosperity and in adversity. To the Confederate side, Tennessee furnished more than 115,000 volunteers. On the Fed- eral side, more than 31,000 volunteers were enlisted in Tennessee organizations, and more than 7,000 were enlisted in Kentucky organiza- tions, making a total of 153,000 troops in the two armies, furnished by Tennessee.
It is impossible to determine with any accuracy the number of colored troops enlisted from Tennessee, for the reason that they were not formed into State organizations, but enlisted in the service of the United States direct, and no record was kept of their State residence. It is estimated that the enlistment of colored troops from Tennessee amounted to about 17.770.1
427. Battles in the State .- According to some authorities, 408 battles were fought in the State. Others place the number at 296. Phisterer's Statistical Record enumerates 298 battles. The list given in Volume XII of the Confederate Military History, pp. 453 to 468. is compiled from official sources, and names each battle and skirmish, with location and date. This list enumerates 774 battles and skirmishes. The difference between the authorities arises from the different methods of counting. Some include small skirmishes which are not counted by others. All agree that the battles of Tennessee are next in number to the battles of Virginia. But the battles fought in their own State were not all in which Tennessee troops were engaged.
428. Admiral David Glasgow Farragut, the illustrious hero of the Federal navy, was born in Knox County, Tennessee, July 5, 1801. His father, George Farragut, was a Spaniard of unmixed blood, whose
1 Confederate Military History, Vol. VIII - Tennessee -by James D. Porter, p. 254; Report of James P. Brownlow, Adjutant General. 1866, p. 9.
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TENNESSEE'S RECORD IN THE WAR.
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FEDERAL MILITARY LEADERS.
ADMIRAL DAVID G. FARRAGUT.
MAJ .- GEN. SAMUEL P. CARTER.
MAJ .- GEN. ALVAN C. GILLEM.
MAJ .- GEN. JOSEPH A. COOPER.
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HISTORY OF TENNESSEE.
CONFEDERATE LEADERS .*
LIEUT .- GEN. A. P. STEWART.
LIEUT .- GEN. N. B. FORREST.
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COMMODORE MATTHEW F. MAURY.
MAJ. - GEN. B. F. CHEATHAM.
MAJ .- GEN. J. P. MCCOWN.
- * The portraits of Maj .- Gens. John C. Brown and William B. Bate are at the heads of their respective administrations as Governors of Tennessee.
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TENNESSEE'S RECORD IN THE WAR.
CONFEDERATE LEADERS.
MAJ .- GEN. D. S. DONELSON.
MAJ .- GEN. C. M. WILCOX.
PRIVATE SAM DAVIS.
MAJ .- GEN. B. R. JOHNSON.
MAJ .- GEN. W. Y. C. HCMES.
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HISTORY OF TENNESSEE.
ancestor, Don Pedro Farragut, had been distinguished under King James I, of Arragon, in the wars against the Moors. George Farragut was born on the island of Minorca, September 29, 1755, which island had come under the dominion of Great Britain, and he thus became a British subject. He emigrated to America in March, 1776, and subse- quently became one of the Tennessee pioneers, and was commissioned as Major of the Cavalry Regiment of Washington District, by Governor Blount, November 3, 1790, and subsequently became an intimate friend of Gen. Andrew Jackson. David Farragut entered the United States
Navy as a midshipman when only nine years old. He gained distinc- tion in the war of 1812, and subsequently, in a cruise under Commodore In 1855, he was commissioned captain in Porter, against the pirates. When the Civil War broke out, he was residing in Norfolk. the navy.
Virginia. He took the part of the Union, and became the most famous of the commanders in the Federal navy. December 21, 1864, he was appointed Vice-Admiral. July 25, 1866, he was appointed to the newly created office of Admiral. He died at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. August 14. 1870.2
429. Federal Army Leaders .- The officers from Tennessee of high rank in the United States Army were:
MAJOR GENERALS BY BREVET - Samuel P. Carter. Alvan C. Gillem, Joseph A. Cooper. These officers held the regular rank of Brigadier General. In addition to these were the following :
BRIGADIER GENERALS - Andrew Johnson, William B. Campbell. James G. Spears.
BRIGADIER GENERALS BY BREVET - James P. Brownlow. George Spalding, William J. Smith.
430. The Confederate Leaders .- The officers from Tennessee of high rank were:
LIEUTENANT £ GENERALS - Alexander P. Stewart and Nathan Bedford Forrest.
MAJOR GENERALS - Benjamin Franklin Cheatham. John Porter McCown, Daniel S. Donelson, Cadmus M. Wilcox, William Brimage Bate, Bushrod R. Johnson, John Calvin Brown, W. Y. C. Humes.
" American Historical Magazine. Vol. II. p. 229; National Cyclopedia of American Biography. Vol. II, p. 97; Life of Admiral Farragut, by Cap :. A. T. Mahon, U. S. Navy.
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TENNESSEE'S RECORD IN THE WAR.
[NOTE TO TEACHERS .- The long list of Brigadier Generals includes some of the most honored names in Tennessee. It is given below for reference, and is placed in the text in preference to an appendix. The pupils should not be required to memorize the list.]
BRIGADIER GENERALS.
John Adams.3
Robert Hatton.‘
James E. Rains.5
Samuel R. Anderson.
Benjamin J. Hill.
Preston Smith.
Frank C. Armstrong.
Alfred E. Jackson.
Thomas Benton Smith.
Tyree H. Bell.
William H. Jackson. Oscar F. Strahl.3
Alexander W. Campbell.
William McComb.
Robert C. Tyler.6
William H. Carroll.
George Maney.
Alfred J. Vaughan.
John C. Carter.3
Joseph B. Palmer. John C. Vaughn.
H. B. Davidson.
Gideon J. Pillow.
Lucius M. Walker.7
George G. Dibrell.
Lucius E. Polk.
Marcus J. Wright.
John W. Frazer.
William A. Quarles.
Felix K. Zollicoffer.8
George W. Gordon.
431. The Confederate Privates .- History has not room on her page to record the names of the great body of soldiers. It has, how- ever, recorded that their heroism has never been surpassed in the annals of warfare, and it names a few, who, like Forrest, rose from the ranks to high command, and a few others, who, like Sam Davis, displayed qualities which touched the world with sympathy and admiration.
A few steps from the home of his boyhood, in Rutherford County, Tennessee, rest the remains IN of the gallant youth, whose tombstone bears the Memory of SAMUEL DAVIS A memberof the ist Tenn Regt. of Volunteers Born Oct. 6. 1842 Died Nov. 27 1863 - Aged 21.Yes 1Month & 2 1 Days simple inscription here represented, but whose prouder epitaph is written on the brightest page of history. Condemned as a spy, offered liberty and rewards if he would betray the friend who Helaid downhislife For his Country furnished him information, he replied, "If I had a thousand lives, I would give them all before I A Teuer Soldier, & purer Patmot, a braverman, neues Lived. He Suggered death on The grobet ratherthan Bessayhis friends and Country would betray a friend." Calmly, without fear, without excitement, the noble boy met his fate. No friend was near to sustain his resolution, or to bear testimony to his heroism. The enemies who surrounded him were touched with pity and admiration, and have given the generous testi-
3 Killed at Franklin. November 30, 1864.
+ Killed at Seven Pines, Va., May 31, 1862.
3 Killed at Murfreesboro, December 31, 1862.
Killed at Fort Tyler, Ga., April 16, 1865.
7 Killed in duel, 1863.
8 Killed at Fishing Creek, January 19, 1862.
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HISTORY OF TENNESSEE.
mony which places his name high on the roll of fame, as the hero of honor and duty, and the type of the Confederate soldier.9
432. Tennesseans in the Confederate Navy .- The most illustrious Tennessean in the Confederate navy was the world-renowned Matthew Fontaine Maury. A native of Virginia, he removed while yet a child to Tennessee. When nineteen years of age, he entered the navy from Tennessee. His reputation was gained before the war, and he was recognized as the greatest of naval scientists. At the beginning of the war, Commodore Maury resigned, and entered the Confederate navy, where his services were employed more in scientific construction than in battle.
The following Tennesseans were graduates of the United States Naval Academy, served in the United States navy previous to the war, and subsequently became distinguished in the Confederate service :
Lieutenants George W. Gift, John W. Dunnington, W. P. A. Campbell, Thomas Kennedy Porter, A. D. Wharton. George A. Howard, W. W. Carnes, Dabney Minor Scales. In addition to these, two other Tennesseans gained distinction as naval officers - Lieutenants Henry Melvil Doak and John F. Wheless.
CHAPTER XLI.
RECONSTRUCTION.
433. Steps to Organize Civil Government .- After the retreat of Hood's army, the most sanguine Confederate was convinced that Ten- nessee would never again be permanently occupied by Confederate troops, and many citizens of Confederate sympathy felt it to be their duty to cooperate in the restoration of civil government. Nothing now prevented Governor Johnson from resuming his measures of recon- struction. The Union convention, whose meeting had been postponed. reassembled January 9, 1865, at Nashville. This was a peculiar con- vention, originating from a party organization, and without any definite basis of representation. It proceeded, however, under the exigencies of the situation, to assume the work of reorganization.
434. The Constitutional Amendments .- The convention proposed two amendments to the Constitution of the State; the first, abolishing
"American Historical Magazine, Vol. IV, pp. 195-207, July, 1899.
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RECONSTRUCTION.
slavery, and the second, prohibiting the General Assembly from making laws recognizing the right of property in man. The schedule proposed repealed Section 31 of the Constitution, the Ordinance of Secession, and the League with the Confederate States, declared void all acts of the Harris government since May 6, 1861, ratified the acts of Governor Johnson, provided for an election February 22d, at which the people should vote on the ratification of the proposed amendments and schedule, and another election March 4th, for the choice of a Governor and General Assembly. A resolution was adopted, requiring all who voted on the amendments to take the "iron-clad oath." The elections were held. The amendments were ratified, and W. G. Brownlow was elected Governor.
435. Governor Brownlow .- March 4th, the day of the election, Governor Johnson was inaugurated as Vice-President of the United States, and there was an interregnum in Tennessee. The Legislature assembled on the first Monday in April, and unanimously rati- fied the thirteenth amendment to the Federal Constitution. Governor Brown- low was inaugurated April 5th, and Tennessee was again under civil govern- ment. The paroled Confederate soldiers now returned home, and, if allowed to vote, would soon be the controlling factor in the State government. Gov. W. G. BROWNLOW.
436. The Factions of the Union Party .- The Confederate soldiers. dejected and disfranchised, showed at first but little disposition to mingle in politics. Governor Brownlow and the Radical majority in the Legislature, however, seemed to apprehend danger from them. series of enactments speedily followed, which were strongly opposed by the Conservative wing of the Union party, and which led to sentiments of animosity more bitter than the feelings engendered by the war. Happily, these feelings have passed away. Mutual confidence and
kindly sentiment have taken the place of anger and distrust. Not par- ticipating in the passions of that day. we can not. if we would, omit the recital of this painful period of our history. Reason and justice pointed out. in 1865, the true lesson which experience demonstrated later - that conciliation was the logical and necessary result. Had the parties of that day been able to look into the future as clearly as we can look back
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HISTORY OF TENNESSEE.
upon the past, much irritation, anxiety, and conflict would have been saved to the people of the State. But it required the assuaging hand of time to still the passions, and the logic of events to reach the con- clusion.
437. Legislation .- The Legislature was in session when President Lincoln was assassinated, April 14th. This deplorable event exas- perated the Union men and strengthened the Radical wing. At the , same time, it deprived the Confederates of a powerful and magnanimous friend. The Legislature proceeded at once to pass severe laws. One of these laws practically disfranchised all persons except those who had always been unconditional Union men.
Another law prescribed penalties for any person who should be convicted of uttering any seditious word or speech or writing against the State or Federal government. Another law empowered the sheriff of each county to establish a patrol of twenty-five men, and to summon. as a posse, an unlimited number of loyal men. A reward of $5.000 was offered for the apprehension of Governor Harris. Among many remarkable bills offered, but which failed to pass, was a bill to require women to take an oath of allegiance to the United States, before they could obtain marriage license. Governor Brownlow followed these legislative enactments by a series of proclamations, which aroused the indignation of the Confederate sympathizers.
438. The Second Session of the Legislature .- The second session of the Legislature was stormy. The breach between the two wings had passed beyond the stage of reconciliation. The Radicals proposed an amended franchise bill, which would exclude from voting, not only Confederate sympathizers, but many Union men. The Conservatives opposed tliis bill at every stage of progress. and delayed its passage by a bold strategem. Twenty-one members resigned, and thus broke the quorum. An election was held to fill the vacancies, a quorum was declared, and the bill became a law, May 3, 1866. Just before its pass- age, May Ist, a serious riot occurred in Memphis between the whites and blacks. This led to the passage of the Metropolitan Police law, May 14th. While intended for Memphis, this law, also, applied to Nashville and Chattanooga. Not only restrictive laws, but unnecessary and irritating resolutions were passed, among others. a resolution that "Jefferson Davis and his accomplices have justly forfeited their lives." The Legislature adjourned May 28th. At the extra session of this Legislature. July, 1866, the question of quorum was renewed. Williams, of Carter County, was arrested and confined in the Capitol.
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RECONSTRUCTION.
Upon application to Judge Frazier, Williams was ordered to be released, upon habeas corpus. The Legislature refused to acknowledge the authority of the Court, and Williams was held in arrest and counted present. Subsequently, Judge Frazier was impeached for his action, and convicted. Later, when the Conservatives came into power, the disabilities of Judge Frazier were removed. The Fourteenth amend- ment to the Federal Constitution was ratified and a resolution was passed petitioning Congress for the admission of Tennessee into the Union.
439. Tennessee Admitted to the Union .- July 23, 1866, Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, had the satisfaction to sign the bill which had passed both houses of Congress, readmitting Tennes- see into the Union. The restoration of Tennessee had been the cher- ished object of his ambition during his administration as Military Governor. It was reserved to crown his Presidential administration.
440. Relations of Tennessee to the Union .- From its earliest history, the relations of Tennessee to the Union have been peculiar. Her earliest settlers founded independent governments in the wilder- ness, with no State or Federal connections, until North Carolina asserted jurisdiction, on the petition of the independent settlers. When ceded by North Carolina to the United States, in 1790, her people furnished the only instance of any large body of people who were reduced from the condition of citizens of a State to that of inhabitants of a Territory. She was the first State formed from Federal Territory. She abrogated her territorial government, and performed all the functions of statehood, nearly three months before receiving the consent of Congress. She was the last of the Confederate States to secede, and the first to be reädmitted.
Her relations to slavery were peculiar. She was the only one of the seceded States to abolish slavery by her own act. The Cession Act of North Carolina provided, "that no regulations made or to be made by Congress shall tend to emancipate slaves." In accepting the cession. the United States was bound by this condition. Whether this consid- eration influenced President Lincoln in issuing his Emancipation Proc- lamation, does not seem to be positively known. The fact is, however, that Tennessee is not named in the Proclamation.
From the beginning of the slavery agitation, there was a strong abolition party in Tennessee. Many petitions were presented to the Legislature and bills looking to emancipation were offered and debated. April 30, 1820. the Emancipator, the first abolition journal in the United
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HISTORY OF TENNESSEE.
States, was published by Elihu Embree, at Jonesboro. Slavery was abolished in Tennessee by the vote of the people, February 22, 1865, ratifying the amendments to the State Constitution, which amendments were re-ordained in the Constitution of 1870.
441. Bitterness Increases .- Tennessee was now again a State of the Union, but its reconstruction was not complete. Far-seeing states- men knew that no government in this country could rest on a stable foundation as long as a majority of its people are disfranchised. The contest over the elective franchise was yet to come, and was the most bitter of all the contests.
The Legislature assembled November 5, 1866, and continued in session until March 11, 1867. At this session was passed an act which was wise and patriotic, and which reflects honor upon its framers. This was the Act for the Maintenance of Common Schools. This was the only wise act of this partisan Legislature.
The Omnibus bill, "to issue State bonds to railroads," largely increased the public debt, and led to disastrous results. The act to "disfranchise all who had fought on the Confederate side during the Civil War of the Rebellion," was but a continuation of the former policy. The act to confer on negroes the right of suffrage was expected, and was but a logical sequence of the Fourteenth amendment, soon to be enforced by the adoption of the Fifteenth amendment. The act which caused the Confederates the most profound alarm and irritation was the act which became known as "Brownlow's Militia Law."
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