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GEN
ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 01801 5971
n
American Commonwealths.
EDITED BY
HORACE E. SCUDDER.
GENEALOGY 975.5 C77R
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1
American Commonwealths al VIRGINIA
A HISTORY OF THE PEOPLE
BY JOHN ESTEN COOKE
VIRGINIA
CEN CDAT
QUINTVM
BOSTON HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY New York : 11 East Seventeenth Street The Riverside Press, Cambridge 1900
1 Copyright, 1883, By JOHN ESTEN COOKE.
All rights reserved.
The Riverside Press, Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A. Electrotyped and Printed by H. O. Houghton & Company.
THE AUTHORITIES.
VIRGINIA and New England were the original forces of American society, and shaped its development. This arose from natural causes. Both races were vigorous offshoots of the same English stock, arrived first in point of time, and impressed their characteristics on the younger societies springing up around them. Each was dominant in its section. New England controlled the North from the Atlantic to the Lakes, and Virginia the South, to the Mississippi.
This supremacy of the old centres was a marked feature of early American history, but it was not to continue. Other races, attracted by the rich soil of the Continent, made settlements along the seaboard. These sent out colonies in turn, and the interior was gradually occupied by new communities developing under new con- ditions. The character of these later settlements was modified by many circumstances - by distance from the parent stems, their surroundings, the changed habits of living, and the steady intermingling of diverse nationali- ties. Now, a vast immigration has made America the most multiform of societies. But the impetus of the first forces is not spent. The characteristics of the orig- inal races are woven into the texture of the nation, and are ineradicable.
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THE AUTHORITIES.
To understand the history of the country it is there- fore necessary to study the Virginia and New England of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In the case of New England this study has been prosecuted with enthusiasm ; in the case of Virginia it has been very much neglected. The result is that the great pro- portions of the Puritan character have been fully ap- preciated, and that little is known of the Virginians. The men themselves have never been painted, for among the many histories of Virginia it is impossible to find a history of the Virginia people. And yet this history is essential, if for no other reason than that some of the greatest events in the annals of the country are incomprehensible without it. Accepting the general theory of the character of the race, these events are contrary to experience, and spring from causes which ought not to have produced them. The Virginians have been described as "aristocrats and slaves of church and king ;" but the aristocrats were among the first to pro- claim that "all men are created equal ; " the bigots overthrew their church; and the slaves of the king first cast off his authority, declared Virginia an independent Commonwealth, and were foremost in establishing a re- public.
To unravel these apparent contradictions it is neces- sary to understand the people, and to do so we must go close to them and study the men of every class: the ruffled planter in his great manor-house or rolling in his coach, the small landholder in his plain dwelling, the parish minister exhorting in his pulpit, the "New Light" preacher declaiming in the fields, the rough waterman of the Chesapeake, the hunter of the Blue Ridge, and beneath all, at the base of the social pyramid, the in-
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dented servant and the African slave. To have a just conception of the characters of these men we must see them in their daily lives going about their occupations among their friends and neighbors. The fancied dig- nity of history must be lost sight of. The student must come in contact with the actual Virginians ; dis- cover their habits and prejudices ; how they dressed and amused themselves on the race-course or at the cock- fight; see them at church in their high-backed pews, while the parson reads his homily, or listen to them dis- cussing the last act of Parliament at the County Court. If this study is conscientiously pursued, the Virginians of the past will cease to be wooden figures ; they will become flesh and blood, and we shall understand the men and what they performed.
The work before the reader attempts to draw an out- line of the people, and to present a succinct narrative of the events of their history. For the portrait of the Virginians, the general histories afford little assistance. The material, and above all, the coloring must be looked for elsewhere - in the writings of the first adventurers, which are the relations of eye-witnesses or contempo- raries ; in forgotten pamphlets, family papers, the curi- ous laws passed by the Burgesses, and in those traditions of the people which preserve the memory of events in the absence of written records. It appeared to the writer that this was the true material of history, and that he ought not to go to the modern works as long as it existed. The likeness of the Virginians is only to be found in these remote sources ; and the writer has patiently studied the dusty archives, and endeavored to extract their meaning, with no other object than to as- certain the truth, and to represent the men and events in their true colors.
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The history of Virginia may be divided into three periods - the Plantation, the Colony, and the Common- wealth. These periods present society under three dif- ferent aspects. In the first, which extends from the landing at Jamestown to the grant of free government, we see a little body of Englishmen buried in the Amer- ican wilderness, leading hard and perilous lives, in hourly dread of the savages, home-sick, nearly starved, torn by dissensions, and more than once on the point of sailing back to England. In the second, or Colonial period, reaching to the Revolution, we have the gradual formation of a stable and vigorous society, the long struggle against royal encroachments, the armed rebel- lion against the Crown, and all the turmoil of an age which originated the principle that the right of the citi- zen is paramount to the will of the king. What follows is the serene and picturesque Virginia of the eighteenth century, when society at last reposes, class distinctions are firmly established, and the whole social fabric seems built up in opposition to the theory of republicanism. Nevertheless that theory lies at the very foundation of the Virginia character. For five generations the peo- ple have stubbornly resisted the king ; now they will wrench themselves abruptly out of the ruts of prescrip- tion, and sum up their whole political philosophy in the words of their Bill of Rights, "That all men are by nature equally free and independent, and have certain inalienable rights, namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety." When the issue is presented whether the country is to fight or submit, the king- lovers and aristocrats will instruct their delegates to propose the Declaration, and the Commonwealth and
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the Revolution will begin together. This third period embraces the events of the Revolutionary struggle, the adoption of the Federal Constitution, the occurrences of the post-Revolutionary epoch, and the gradual trans- formation of society into what is summed up in the term modern Virginia.
The original authorities are full and curious, espe- cially for the periods of the Plantation and Colony. The chief of these authorities are, -
I. For the Plantation : -
1. " A True Relation of Virginia," by Captain John Smith, 1608, the first work written by an Englishman in America.
2. " A Discourse of the Plantation of the Southern Colony of Virginia," by George Percy, one of the orig- inal adventurers, which gives the fullest account of the fatal epidemic of 1607.
3. " The General History of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles," a compilation of the various narratives by the first settlers up to 1624, edited by Captain John Smith.
4. " A True Repertory of the Wrack and Redemp- tion of Sir Thomas Gates Knt., upon and from the Isl- ands of the Bermudas, his coming to Virginia, and the estate of that Colony then and afterwards, under the Government of the Lord de la Warre," by William Strachey, Secretary of the Colony, who was wrecked in the Sea Venture, and wrote his narrative in Virginia in 1610.
5. "The History of Virginia Britannia," by the same writer, after his return to England.
6. "A True Discourse of the present Estate of Vir- ginia till the 18 of June, 1614," by Raphe Hamor, who
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was also Secretary of the Colony, giving curious details in reference to Powhatan and Pocahontas.
7. " Good News from Virginia," by William Whita- ker, who was parish minister at Varina, in the time of Sir Thomas Dale.
8. "Proceedings of the first Assembly of Virginia, 1619 ;" a valuable record discovered among the Eng- lish archives.
II. For the period of the Colony extending from the beginning of the reign of Charles I. to the Revolution, the chief works are : -
1. " The Statutes at Large, being a Collection of all the Laws of Virginia," by William Waller Hening, in thirteen volumes, the most important authority on social affairs in Virginia. The unattractive title does not sug- gest the character of the work. It is full of interest, and of paramount value from its official accuracy. It is the touchstone verifying dates, events, and the minutest de- tails in the life of the people for nearly two centuries. Where events are disputed, as in the case of the sur- render to Parliament, and the restoration of the royal authority, it produces the original records, and estab- lishes the facts. As a picture of the Colonial time it has no rival in American books; and the whole like- ness of the early Virginians may be found in these laws made for the regulation of their private affairs.
For the history of Bacon's Rebellion, the most re- markable American occurrence of the century, the authorities are, -
2. "The Beginning, Progress, and Conclusion of Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia in the years 1675 and 1676," by one of the Burgesses, signing himself "T. M.," who witnessed the events.
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3. " A Narrative of the Indian and Civil Wars in Virginia in the years 1675 and 1676," by an unknown writer.
4. " An Account of our late Troubles in Virginia," written in 1676 by Mrs. An. Cotton, of Q. Creeke.
5. " A Review, Breviarie and Conclusion," by Her- bert Jeffreys, John Berry, and Francis Morrison, Royal Commissioners, who visited Virginia after the rebellion.
6. " A List of those who have been Executed for the late Rebellion in Virginia, by Sir William Berkeley, Governor of the Colony."
7. "The History of Virginia," by Robert Beverley, is often inaccurate, but contains a full and interesting account of the government and society of the Colony at the beginning of the eighteenth century. Stith's "History of Virginia " to the year 1624 is remarkable for its accuracy, but it is avowedly based on Smith's "Gen- eral History." Keith's is of no original authority.
8. Coming to the eighteenth century we have, for the administration of Spotswood, one of the ablest of the early Governors, the official statement of his collisions with the Burgesses, printed in the " Virginia Historical Register ; " for his march to the Blue Ridge with the Knights of the Horseshoe, Hugh Jones' " Present State of Virginia ; " and for the personal picture of the man in private life, the " Progress to the Mines," by Colonel William Byrd of Westover.
9. For Braddock's Expedition, the Journal of Cap- tain Orme, the letters of Washington at the time, and Mr. Winthrop Sargent's history of the Expedition from original documents.
10. For Dunmore's Expedition to the Ohio, and the Battle of Point Pleasant, the memoirs by Stuart and Campbell.
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THE AUTHORITIES.
11. For the settlement of the Valley, and life on the frontier, Kercheval's "History of the Valley of Vir- ginia."
12. For the struggle between the Establishment and the Non-conformists, Bishop Meade's " Old Churches, Ministers, and Families of Virginia," Dr. Hawks' " Ec- clesiastical History," Dr. Rice's "Memoir of President Davies," Foote's " Sketches of Virginia," and Sem- ple's " Virginia Baptists."
III. For the period beginning with the middle of the eighteenth century and reaching to the present time, the authorities are the writings of Washington, Jeffer- soll, the Lees, and other public men ; books of travel and observation in America, like the work of the Mar- quis de Chastellux ; and memoirs of special occurrences.
It seemed possible to the writer to draw, with the aid of this material, a faithful likeness, if only in outline, of the Virginians. He has written, above all, for the new generation, who, busy in keeping off the wolf of poverty, have had little time to study the history of their people. What this history will show them is the essential man- hood of the race they spring from ; the rooted convic- tion of the Virginians, that man was man of himself, and not by order of the king ; and that this conviction was followed by the long and strenuous assertion of personal right against arbitrary government. Begin- ning in the earliest times, this protest continued through every generation, until the principle was firmly estab- lished by the armed struggle which resulted in the foun- dation of the American Republic.
CONTENTS.
I. THE PLANTATION. PAGE
I. THE GOOD LAND .
1
The First Voyagers; Spain and England in America;
Gilbert's Shipwreck; The Roanoke Tragedy.
II. THE TIMES . 8 The Reformation; Shakespeare; The Unrest of the Period; Aims of the English Adventurers.
III. THE OLDEST AMERICAN CHARTER 13
The Virginia Enterprise; John Smith; The King's Charter ; Its True Intent; The Sailing of the Ships. IV. JAMESTOWN 16
The Adventurers ; Arrest of Smith; The Landing; The First Church; The Council; An Indian Attack ; The First Jury Trial in America.
V. THE TERRIBLE SUMMER OF 1607 22
The Fever; Percy's Description of it; Wingfield At- tempts to Escape; Smith in Command; The Pin- nace again Seized; Arrest of the Mutineers; The Fever Disappears ; Smith Sails for the South Sea. VI. THE ANCIENT VIRGINIANS
26 The Virginia Savage; The Women; The One Alone, called Kiwassa; The Priesthood; A Future Life; Language and Customs; The Land of Powhatan; The Emperor.
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VII. POCAHONTAS · . Smith is Captured ; Preserved by Pocahontas ; His Re- turn to Jamestown; The Mutineers Again; The Colonists Starving; They are Saved by Pocahon- tas ; Disorganization; The Cause of the Trouble.
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CONTENTS.
VIII. A YEAR OF INCIDENTS 40
Newport Returns; Imperial Trading; The Gold Fe- ver; The Chesapeake Voyages; Ratcliffe Deposed and Smith President; Pocahontas and her Troop; King Powhatan I .; The Monacan March; Smith's "Rude. Answer."
IX. THE STRONG HAND AT LAST 48 Snow and Famine; The Raid on Powhatan; Smith is Warned by Pocahontas; Seizes Opechancanough; The Indians Subdued; Smith and the Idlers; The Stone House; The Fall of the House-Builders ; Ar- gall's Intelligence; A New Charter; Sailing of the Fleet; The Storm.
X. THE SEA-VENTURE 57 The Bermudas; Shakespeare's " Tempest " ; Life on the Islands ; The Patience and Deliverance; Death of Admiral Somers.
XI. THE LAST WRESTLE OF THE FACTIONS 62 The Old Disturbers Back; The Factions; Arrest of the Leaders; Despair of Smith; He Founds Nonsuch; Is Wounded ; Returns to England.
XII. THE FIRST AMERICAN RULER AND WRITER . 68 Smith's After-Life; Attacks on Him; The "General History "; The Question of the Rescue; His Char- acter as Man and Author ; IIis Vision of the Future. XIII. VIRGINIA ABANDONED 76 Jamestown at the End of 1609 ; What was Wanted; Ratcliffe's Death; The Starving Time; Cannibal- ism; The Bermuda Ships; Jamestown Deserted; Arrival of Delaware
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XIV. THE LORD DE LA WARRE 84 Virginia Under Delaware; His Splendor ; Ceremonies at Church; He Returns to England ; His Death.
XV. DALE'S CITY OF HENRICUS . 88
The Iron Hand; Breaking on the Wheel ; An Alarm ; Varina; The City and Life There.
XVI. ROLFE AND POCAHONTAS .
93
· Capture of Pocahontas; Dale goes to the York; Poca- hontas and Her Brothers; Rolfe's Passion; His Curious Letter; Marries Pocahontas ; Dale's Em- bassy to Powhatan.
XVII. LAST DAYS OF POCAHONTAS AND POWHATAN . . . Pocahontas in England; Smith's Letter to Queen
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CONTENTS. xiii
Anne; His Interview with Pocahontas; The Question of their Relations; Her Death; De- scendants; Powhatan's Old Age; His Death and Character.
XVIII. VIRGINIA UNDER A WATCH-DOG AND A HAWK . . 106 The High Marshal; The Acadian Affair; A New Land Law; Argall; The Case of Brewster; Flight of Argall; Representative Government. XIX. THE FIRST AMERICAN ASSEMBLY AND CONSTITUTION 113 The King and the Company; The Great Grant; The First Assembly; Its Proceedings; The Constitu- tion.
THE MAIDS AND FIRST SLAVES 119 The Maids ; How they were Selected; How Married; The Result; Indented Servants; The First Slaves. XXI. THE MASSACRE . .
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Virginia at Peace; Opechancanough ; His Conspir- acy; The Attack; The Retaliation of the Virgin- ians.
XXII. THE FALL OF THE COMPANY 129 The London Courts; Virginia Unmasked; Arrest of the Officers; The Commission to Virginia; The Company Overthrown ; Death of James I. XXIII. THE FIRST VIRGINIA AUTHORS 133 Effect of their Surroundings; Character of their Style; Smith's Writings; The Early Relations; Strachey's " Wrack of Sir Thomas Gates "; Ha- mor's "Present Estate of Virginia "; Whitaker's "Good News"; Sandys' Translation of Ovid; Importance of the Early Books.
XXIV. OUTLINE OF VIRGINIA UNDER JAMES I. . 141 James River the Highway; The Upper Settlements; The Planter at Home; His Opinions; A Curious Offense; Harrying the Indians; The Burgesses; Some of their Laws; The Pillory; To the Ocean ; Up the York; Virginia Society; The Love of Country Life; English Character of the Virgin- ians.
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II. THE COLONY.
I. THE NEW ERA .
158 Virginia Under Charles I .; Cavaliers and Ronndheads ; What the Virginians were; Their Controlling Idea.
II. THE THRUSTING OUT OF SIR JOHN HARVEY . 162
Wyat's Battle with the Indians; Trial of Pott for Cat- tle Stealing ; Harvey's Outrages ; He is Deposed; Significance of the Event: The Arrival of Berke- ley.
III. THE PURITANS 167
The Shires Laid Out; Prosperity of the Colony ; The . First Free School in America; Ministers ; The Oath of Supremacy; Charles I. and the Assembly; Habits of the Planters ; Persecution of the Puri -- tans; Intolerance of the Time.
IV. CLAYBORNE THE REBEL 176 Baron Baltimore; Visits Virginia; Is Insulted at Jamestown; Maryland Founded; Clayborne; He Settles on Kent Island; Fight on the Potomac; Drives Calvert from Maryland; Is Expelled in Turn; The Meaning of the Struggle.
V. THE LAST EMPEROR 182 Sir William Berkeley; Greenspring ; Berkeley's Char- acter; Charles I. Recognizes the Assembly; Berke- ley's Persecutions; Attack on the Colony; Ope- chancanough's Death and Character.
VI. A PERFECT PICTURE OF VIRGINIA 188 An Earthly Paradise; Agriculture and Trade; Intru- sions on the Soil; Stuyvesant and Berkeley; The Storm in England; The Distressed Cavaliers ; Their Reception in Virginia; Execution of Charles I.
VII. THE SURRENDER . · The Feeling in Virginia; The Cavalier Exiles; Action of the Burgesses; Charles II. recognized as King of England and Virginia; The Parliament Ships ; Preparations to Fight ; The Surrender of the Col- ony; The Terms.
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VIII. VIRGINIA UNDER THE COMMONWEALTH 199 Berkeley at Greenspring; The Absence of Rancor; The Burgesses Elect a Governor; The War on the At-
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CONTENTS. XV
torneys; Worthy Governor Matthews; The Three Days of Revolution ; Death of Matthews.
IX. THE BATTLE OF THE SEVERN . 208
The Ricahecrians; Catholics and Puritans; Tolerance and Intolerance; Clayborne Reduces Maryland; Course of Cromwell; The Trial of Strength; The Puritans in Power; The Restoration ; Clayborne's Character.
X. THE KING'S-MEN UP AGAIN 216 The Rejoicing in Virginia; Berkeley's Invitation to Charles II. ; The Interregnum; Berkeley and the Assembly ; The King Proclaimed.
XI. VIRGINIA ON THE EVE OF THE REBELLION 220
The " Oliverian Plot "; Persecution of the Quakers; Of the Baptists; Laws of the Time; The Ducking- Stool; The Suffrage, History of Legislation ; Vir- ginia in 1670; The Growth in Population and the Cause; Why the Cavaliers Came; Servants and Felons; The Family Origin of the Revolutionary Leaders.
XII. THE HIDDEN FIRES 230 The General Discontent; The Navigation Laws; The Patent to Culpeper and Arlington; The Virginia Protest; The Reply of Charles II .; Suffrage and the Indians; Batte's Expedition; Attack on the Maryland Fort; Indian Outrages ; Berkeley's Un- popularity; The People Ripe for Rebellion; Vir- ginia in 1676.
XIII. THE OUTFLAME 237
Three Presages; Nathaniel Bacon; The Indian Inroad; Bacon Marches against Them; Is Proclaimed a Traitor; Routs the Indians at Bloody Run. XIV. BACON'S ARREST 244
Virginia in Rebellion; Bacon Elected to the House of Burgesses; Is Arrested at Jamestown ; His Inter- view with Berkeley; His Submission and Restora- tion to the Council.
XV. A SCENE IN THE BURGESSES ·
250 The Old Assemblymen; Humors of the Time; The Queen of Pamunkey; Thoughtful Mr. Lawrence; Bacon Escapes ; Marches on Jamestown. XVI. IN FRONT OF THE STATE HOUSE 258
Berkeley Appeals to the People; They make no Re-
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sponse; Bacon's Violence; IIis Address to the Burgesses; Is Appointed General; The Assembly Dissolved; Bacon is again Proclaimed a Traitor. XVII. THE OATH AT MIDDLE-PLANTATION 264 Berkeley takes Refuge in Gloucester; His Reception There; Crosses to Accomac; Bacon Returns ; The Prime Gentlemen; The Oath ; Enthusiasm of the People; Bacon's New Indian Campaign. XVIII. THE WHITE APRONS AT JAMESTOWN . 274 Berkeley in Accomac; Attempt to Capture Him; Bland and Carver Betrayed; Berkeley's Treat- ment of Them ; He Sails for Jamestown; Takes Possession ; Bacon Marches against Him; The Arrest of the Ladies ; The White Aprons; Berke- ley Attacks; Is Defeated and Flies; Jamestown Burnt.
XIX. THE DEATH OF BACON . . 283 Bacon Marches to meet Brent; Is taken Ill; Brent's Forces Disband ; Bacon and the Gloucester Men ; His Feverish Impatience; His Sudden Death; The Charge of Assassination ; His Mysterious Burial; His Character.
XX. BERKELEY'S VENGEANCES . 292 Ingram; His Surrender ; Fate of Hansford and Others ; Berkeley and Mrs. Cheeseman ; Drum- mond Executed; Lawrence Escapes; A Revel of Blood ; Sarah Drummond; Berkeley Returns to England; His Death.
XXI. THE LAST YEARS OF THE CENTURY 298 Virginia after the Rebellion; Protest of the Bur- gesses; Culpeper's Legal Tender Proclamation; James II. and the Church; The Papist Alarm; Risings in Stafford and Accomac ; The Lord and Lady of Virginia; Governor Nicholson; IIis Arrogance; Affair of Miss Burwell ; Williams- burg the New Capital; William and Mary Col- lege ; Its Charter; Commissary Blair ; The College Burned and Rebuilt; Old Regulations ; Professors Forbidden to Marry ; Celebrated Graduates ; Popu- lation of Virginia; Characteristics of the People ; The Huguenots; Queen Anne; The Governor's Address.
CONTENTS. xvii
XXII. THE TUBAL-CAIN OF VIRGINIA 311
Alexander Spotswood; Magna Charta in Virginia ; Spotswood's Energy ; The Trial of Grace Sher- wood; Spotswood's Visit to Christanna; His March to the Mountains; The Knights of the Horseshoe; Spotswood and the Burgesses ; Black- beard the Pirate; Postal System in Virginia; Spotswood and the Vestries; Colonel Byrd's Description of Germanna; Of Spotswood's House there; Of Spotswood as a Husband; Temple Farm; Spotswood Commander of the Virginia Forces ; His Death and Place of Burial.
XXIII. THE VIRGINIANS OF THE VALLEY . 322
The Valley ; The German Lutherans; Their Man- ners and Customs; St. Patrick and St. Michael; Birthplace of Andrew Jackson; The Scotch-Irish Presbyterians; Their Characteristics ; Church of England Settlement around Greenway Court ; The Virginia Arcady; A Bird's-eye View; The Valley and Tidewater; Gooch, Governor; Car- thagena; Richmond and Petersburg; The First Virginia Newspaper.
XXIV. THE NEW LIGHTS 331 Lethargy of the Church; The Clergy ; Whitefield; His Early Life; His Definition of Methodism; Visits Williamsburg; The Presbyterians; They Attack the Establishment; Are Persecuted; New Sides and Old Sides; Samuel Davies; Henry's Opinion of Him ; Secures the Extension of the Toleration Act; His Views of the Episcopal Arti- cles; Founds the Presbyterian Church in Vir- ginia.
XXV. FRANCE AND ENGLAND IN THE GREAT WOODS . . 340 Their Claims ; The Youth of Washington; His Asso- ciation with Lord Fairfax; Effect on His Charac- ter; His Expedition beyond the Ohio; Adven- tures on His Return; The Surrender at Great Meadows.
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