USA > Virginia > Prince Edward County > Prince Edward County > A history of Prince Edward County, Virginia: from its formation in 1753, to the present > Part 22
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The well-to-do got their clothes, and their wines, and some of their furnishings from England, but the poorer peo- ple wore home-spun. The "ladies" had their imported linens and silks, which, because they were most excellently made and because there were but few occasions for them being worn, were handed down to their daughters who were not ashamed to wear them. The planters wore broadcloth on
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public occasions, with short breeches, knee buckles, and silk stockings. Pewter, even amongst the well-to-do, was much commoner than china, or than silver.
The negro women were taught to card, spin, and weave, and to cut and make the clothes of the children and ser- vants. The negro men were taught to make the rude utensils of the farm or of the household, and to raise the farm crops.
Far more attention was paid to the morals of the peo- ple then than is given today. The Church wardens kept a sharp eye for sinners, bound out orphans, and the children of parents who did not take proper care of them, kept down immorality as well as they could, and appear to have taken their responsibilities in these respects rather seriously. Men were taken before the Grand Jury for Sabbath-breaking; were prosecuted at law for not attending Church; were publicly whipped for cheating at cards and were severely punished for swearing.
Educational facilities in those days were few and very simple, but so far as it went, education was of a practical and very thorough character. Ordinarily the "three R's" would constitute the curriculum, but Latin was taught to all who wished, or were required by their parents, to learn it. Many of the rich had private tutors and both in these private schools, and in the more public institutions of learning, the birch and the ferrule were more or less generously adminis- tered. For the most part the boys received a better educa- tion than fell to the lot of the girls. The girls were usually taught music and the old fashioned "spinnet," a sort of primitive piano, was the instrument played.
The chief agricultural products of these early days in Prince Edward county, were cereals, hay, and tobacco, which were carried, either by ox-cart to Richmond, or by batteau down the Appomattox to Petersburg.
The earlier records are somewhat prolix in the number
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of the crimes and their punishments that they contain. Many of these punishments would today be called excessive and barbarous, but they were identical with those inflicted in England itself. A crime of a servant against his master ; or of a wife against her husband, when of a grave nature, was called "petty treason" with correspondingly severe pun- ishment; most often death. Hog stealing appears to have been so persistent that special penalties were provided for it. That punishment came at last to take the form of death. Then, as now, hogs seemed to have a special fascination for the negro and many of them suffered the extreme penalty.
The crime against women, though of much rarer occur- rence than today, was by no means unknown as has been asserted.
One of the most unique laws, at least to us of these lax days, was that prescribed for habitual absence from Church; 50 pounds of tobacco or its equivalent in cash, defaulting which, the penalty was to be "Ten lashes on the bare back." That was the law for about forty years, 1680-1720 !
Though the severity of the punishment was somewhat abated, it was still a misdemeanor for many years later, as evidenced by the fact that the Grand Jury at the May Court, 1755, amongst others, made a presentment against one "John Conneson for not going to any Place of Worship in one Month." All of which is suggestive of the close watch set by the officials over the morals of the community life of Prince Edward county in those "good old days." One can scarce refrain from wondering what would be the meas -- ure of official duty if the same care were to be undertaken today !
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History of Prince Edward County
A PATHETIC LETTER
The following most interesting letter is on file at the Court House in Farmville. It is exceedingly illuminating as showing the conditions under which our progenitors lived in those now far distant days. Taken in connection with the court proceedings which are appended, it is very sugges- tive of the severity of our fathers.
The manuscript is as follows:
THE FOLLOWING LETTER
WAS WRITTEN BY FREDERICK BRIGGS TO HIS WIFE, WHILE UNDER SENTENCE OF DEATH, FOR HORSE STEALING; AND WHO WAS EXECUTED, TO- GETHER WITH HIS COMRADE, M'ELHENEY, ON THE 16th OCTOBER, 1789, IN THE COUNTY OF PRINCE EDWARD. IT PRESENTS AN ARTFUL WARNING TO THOSE WHO LIVE DISHONESTLY, AND WHO WICEKDLY TRANSGRESS THE KNOWN LAWS OF GOD.
"My Dear Wife-
The hand of Justice has arrested me in Virginia, at a great distance from you and my other dear friends, whom I never more expect to see; I do, therefore, write this to acquaint you with my lamentable fate, and to convey a wretched father's last request and charge to the children whom my bleeding heart cherishes with a fondness that only death can destroy .- On the 3rd of August, I was taken up, together with my companion, M'Elheney, in Nottoway County, charged with carrying off the horses of a Mr. Spen- cer, in Charlotte, about fifty miles from the place of our capture. From the jail of Nottoway, we were sent, on the 13th of the same month, for trial, to Charlotte county; where we were detained in prison till the 30th, and then, by the examining court, were sent down to Prince Edward, to be
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tried before the District Court; on the 1st of September, our trial came on, and the jury having brought us in GUILTY, on the 9th, we received the awful sentence of DEATH!
What a melancholy scene does the history of a few days present to your view ! Surely I must have been infatuated to have brought myself into a situation where every day's anguish of mind would more than balance the follies and fancied pleasures of all my past days of dissipation; and, yet these distressful days are the prelude to the tremendous day of my execution, and the most tremendous day of stand- ing at the bar of the eternal God, in judgment.
Oh! my dear, what shall I do? My soul shudders at the Catastrophe to which I am reduced, and which I am un- able now to prevent. O! that I had contented myself at home in industrious labor, with you and my dear, DEAR children-then I might have enjoyed peace, with the most homely fare; whereas, now, I am torn violently from you all, forever ! and have brought distressing ignominy and reproach upon myself and family. But this regret is useless now-I have no prospect of any relief, but from the God of mercy and compassion. To Him, I have been attempting to turn my distressed thoughts, and to seek His mercy and grace, ever since my confinement in Charlotte. But the thought of you and my poor dear children, so overwhelms and over- burdens my distressed mind, that I scarce can command one calm reflection.
My dear creature; as I never more expect to see you in this world, I beseech and charge you to take care of our poor children as well as you can-let me entreat you, by the love and affection that always subsisted between us, not to suf- fer any person to use them ill, if you can help it. I hope that the dying words of a husband that loves you, will pre- vail with you to keep the children out of the way of bad com- pany, lest the untimely wretched fate of their poor father
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should be their's. Let me also beseech you, to take more care of their precious immortal souls, than we both have done; and that you may the better succeed in this, be engaged for your own salvation-for death may be as near you as it is me; it may seize you, at home and in security, as well as it has unexpectedly approached me-and I am sure, if you saw the grim messenger, as plain as I now view him, ready to grasp you in his dreadful arms, you would feel your need of a change of heart, and an interest in Jesus Christ, who, only, can save the lost. O! fly, fly from the wrath to come, and warn our beloved children, also, to escape the terrors of the law. Bring them up in the fear of God, and keep them from the vile practices of a sinful world; so may you look for a blessing from that merciful God, who is the widow's guardian and the orphan's friend. Oh; if I were a faith- ful servant of that God, how easily I might leave you under His protection and fatherly care; for He hath promised, in Jeremiah, 49 ch. 11v., "Leave thy fatherless children, I will preserve them alive, and let thy widow trust in me." Now, my dear, let my entreaties prevail with you to seek the Lord for yourself and for your children; and when I am dead and forgotten, as I soon shall be, let me be considered as yet speaking in this mournful letter. Call my dear fatherless children around you, to hear what their miserable father has to say to them :
Come, my fatherless, unfortunate little ones : come, listen to your dying parent's last request and charge. I have been too negligent of your precious perishing souls, while I was with you-I now confess it, before God and you, and would try to make one feeble attempt, before I die, to say some- thing to you for your good. I beseech, I conjure, I command you all, to seek the Lord in the days of your youth; quit the follies of the idle and thoughtless, and try to give your- selves up to God in time, lest His wrath burn fiercely against you forever. Don't give way to frolicking and company-
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keeping; these ruin and destroy many a soul. Be resolved to seek God's mercy, let others do what they will; pray much, avoid the wicked, and all of you carefully associate with people of good characters. Be industrious, for idleness leads into bad company, extravagance and wickedness of every kind; it often leads into dishonesty and RUIN. My dear daughter, by beloved Nancy Goodrich, I think I see you weeping by your mama's side, while she reads; let me ad- dress you particularly; you are grown up to be a woman; remember that virtue and religion will be your greatest orna- ments. If you behave well and shun bad company, you may be happy and esteemed, though your unfortunate father is not. Assist your dear distressed mother; obey her, and try to comfort her in her afflictions-may the almighty God bless you, my dear child, and make us meet in a better world. How can I support under the grief that wrings my heart while I bid you a long farewell. My poor Howell and Edward, will you remember your poor father's words; my heart bleeds for you, my poor dear fellows, lest you should live wickedly and die miserably-resolve to be good boys, and obey your poor dear mother in all things; do your best to help her, in an honest way. If you behave well, and be industrious, you will always be encouraged by good people. Never associate with idle, wicked company, lest you come to the unhappy end of your unfortunate father-my poor boys, seek and serve the Lord, and He will bless you. Oh! that He will pity your youth and teach you His ways-farewell, my dear fellows, farewell! Clerimon and Dolly, little Tommy and Queen Polly; dear babes and children, how I could press you to my bosom, if you were here; but, oh no, my rough irons would hurt your tender limbs. Oh, for one parting kiss from my dear children, but that cannot be; I am to die without seeing you; then, remember what your dear daddy says to you-be good children, pray to God every day, do what your mama bids you, and as you grow up, help her
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with all your might to provide and maintain you all in an industrious way. My sweet little children, I am not fit to bless you, but I hope the God of Mercy will.
My blessed wife, if you have had another child since I left home, let it also know my fate when it gets old enough, and warn it thus to avoid an end like mine. Tell my poor mother, that her hapless son is just about to be hurried out of this world-I expect she will be shocked and distressed, but I hope God will support her. I hope my brothers and sisters will have compassion on my distressed family, and not grudge to do them every kindness in their power-the Lord will reward their kind hearts, if they act thus and also serve Him. I here bid them all an affectionate farewell. My dear soul; it is but justice that, with my dying hands, I record how I regard you, and declare, that I never saw a woman on whom I could better depend. May God reward your FAITHFULNESS.
Let Howell be bound apprentice, when about nineteen, to some trade; let him have his choice. If you ever marry again, bind out all the boys; but if you live a widow, you cannot do without them-keep what little there is together, for your needy rising family. And now, as it appears prob- able that we shall never see each other in the face again in this world, let us try to cast ourselves into the arms of God's mercy, and seek His favor, that we may be allowed to meet in a happier world hereafter. And now, my dearest love, how shall I take my last leave of you on earth! Oh, how shall I say that we must meet no more, until the Heavens and the Earth pass away-there must we meet before the JUDGMENT SEAT! How can I bear to think that I am dead to you forever! My God, support my wife-and, oh, have mercy upon her wretched, but most affectionate hus- band. FREDERICK BRIGGS."
"P. S. The time appointed for our execution, is the
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16th October. Keep this letter to show to the children as they grow up, and take a copy of it, which I wish you, for my sake, to read often to them. Farewell, my dearest wife, farewell !
F. Briggs."
The first Order in this case stands under date of Tues- day, September 1, 1789, as follows: "William Mackelhany and Frederick Briggs, late of the Parish of Cornwall, in the County of Charlotte, labourers, who stand jointly indicted for felony, were led to the Bar in the custody of the Jailor. and thereof arraigned and severally pleaded not guilty to the indictment, and for their trial put themselves upon God and their country, whereupon an jury," etc.
They were then remanded to jail, and on the 9th, Sep- tember, at the same court, the following entry occurs: "Wil- liam Mackelhany and Frederick Briggs, late of the Parish of Cornwall, in the County of Charlotte, labourers, who stand jointly convicted of Horse Stealing, were again led to the Bar, and, being asked what they had to say why sentence of Death should not be pronounced against them according to law, severally answered they had nothing to say further than they had already said. Therefore it is considered by the Court that the said William Mackelhaney and Frederick Briggs, for their offense aforesaid, be severally hanged by the neck until they be dead, and command is given to the Sheriff of Prince Edward County, that he do execution of this judgment at the public gallows on Friday the Sixteenth Day of October next, between the hours of ten o'clock in the forenoon, and four o'clock in the afternoon."
And it was done accordingly.
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History of Prince Edward County
AN OLD COURT ORDER
The following page of an old Court Order, is interesting, as illustrative of the method of doing the county business at that time in vogue:
"At a Court in the County of Prince Edward, the Twen- ty-ninth Day of November, 1754, for laying County levy.
PRESENT: John Nash, James Wimbish, David Flour- noy, James Erwin, and Thomas Haskins, Gentlemen, Justices.
lbs. Tobacco.
To the Clerk, for his Ex Officio
1248
To the Sheriff's for Ditto 1248
To Mr. Clement Read, King's Attorney 936
To John LeNeve, for laying off Ten acres Land, Prison bounds 350
To Honourable, the Secretary for Commission Peace and Dedimus and writ of election of Burgesses 357
4139
To John Le Neve for two Record Books at 43s each
To John Le Neve for one Record Book at 26s £5.12.0
To Honourable, the Secretary for the second
Commission of the Peace and Dedimus
112
112
To John LeNeve for sending for a Commission of the Peace, etc. £1.10.0
To Richard Washburn for one old Wolf's Head certified by George Walker 100
To Abraham Baker for one old Wolf's Head certified by James Wimbish 100
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History of Prince Edward County
To William Searcey for one young Wolf's Head certified by George Walker 50
250
To the Sheriff for Sundry Services, Gross, 300 240 To the Clerk for Sundry Services, Gross, 90 63
To Captain Anderson, for Guarding Abraham .Womack 25 days, 750
To Captain Anderson for Guarding Timothy
Sullivant 19 days,
570
1623
To William King, 17 days Guard over Womack To William King, 6 Days Guard over Chapman 690
To Joel Stubblefield, 29 Days a Guard 870
To Alexander LeGrand, 6 Days a Guard 180
To John Philips, 6 Days a Guard 180
1920
To Captain Anderson, for the use of his kitchen as a Prison, 49 Days £4.0.0
To Captain Anderson for changing for Court House 300
300
To Mr. Nash, for paid John Bentley, Sending for Books £2.10.0
To Richard Perryman, for Prison Chimney £1 .6.0
· To Captain Anderson, for Labouring Diet
and Time
£1.15.0
£6.13.0
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History of Prince Edward County
To Tobacco to be sold for Discharge Money Debts 22593 To Sheriff's Commission at six per cent on 33040 1982
33040
To the County Credit by 826 Tithes at 40 lbs. per Pole 33040
Ordered that the Sheriffs of this County Collect of every tithable person in this County, 40 pounds Tobacco per Pole, and in case of non-payment, to Distrain.
And it is ordered that the Sheriff enter into Bond next Court. Mr. John Nash is appointed to receive of the Sheriff of this County 22593 lbs. of Tobacco as Collected and Dispose of the Same at the Best Price he can get, and that he account with this Court for the same when required .-
Jno. Nash."
It will be observed that Tobacco served as a common medium of exchange, doubtless because of the shortage of money, in "those good old days," hence we have no monopoly of that distressing ailment.
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History of Prince Edward County
WONDER BOOKER
WONDER BOOKER, celebrated negro character, living in the County, attained the advanced age of 126 years, dying within the County in 1819.
He was a slave and belonged to Mr. George Booker. He received the name "WONDER" "from the circumstance that his mother was in her 58th year at he time of his birth. He was of great strength of body, and his natural powers, which were far superior to those of color in gen- eral, he retained in surprising degree. He was a constant laborer in his master's garden until within eight or ten years of his death."
A notable feature of the minutes of the early days of the County, contained in the Order Books of the County Court, is the large space given to cases respecting property rights in negro slaves, and many cases of felony and mis- demeanors committed by negroes. That all was not an un- clouded Paradise in the days of slavery, is thus made very manifest, for then, as now, a disproportionate part of the time of the Court was taken up with cases arising from the colored element of the population.
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History of Prince Edward County
CROWN DEED FROM GEORGE THE SECOND
Doubtless there are very few families in Prince Edward County in position to boast of continuous residence upon land devised directly from the British Crown in the days of the Georges, Second and Third. There are fewer still who have retained, and can produce, the original Sheep- skin Deed.
Numbered amongst these few are the Elams of the western section of the county. Mr. William Carter Elam holds title to a part of such a grant, with possession of the original Crown Deed, written on genuine "sheep-skin." He is a direct descendant of the Lodwick Elam to whom the grant was made and the property so devised has never wanted one of that descent and bearing that honorable name, to own and reside upon the land. He owns, lives upon, and works, a part of the original grant which has never been out of the family. Mr. Elam's post office address is Prospect, Virginia. A married sister, Mrs. Robert H. Reynolds, also resides upon another section of the original grant.
Two parcels of land were devised to Lodwick Elam; the first, containing four hundred acres, under date of March 20, 1745, in the nineteenth year of the reign of the Second George; the second, for three hundred and ninety-five acres, bearing date of May 23, 1763, in the third year of the reign of the Third George; the king of the Revolutionary period.
Believing that the student of history will be interested in these rare documents, we have ventured to re-produce the earlier one of the two deeds.
"GEORGE THE SECOND, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, &c.,
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History of Prince Edward County
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS MAY COME, Greetings :
KNOW YE, that for divers good causes and considera- tions, but more especially for and in consideration of the sum of FORTY SHILLINGS, of good and lawful money for our use Paid to our Receiver General of our Revenues in this our Colony and Dominion of Virginia.
WE HAVE Given, Granted, and Confirmed, and by these Presents, for us, our heirs and successors, Do Give, Grant, and Confirm unto Lodwick Elam, one certain Tract or Parcel of Land containing Four Hundred Acres, lying and being in the County of Amelia on the Head Branches of the North Fork of Falling Creek and bounded as fol- lows, to wit:
BEGINNING at a corner white oak on the north side of the said fork; thence South eight Degrees, West one hundred and sixty-nine Poles, crossing the fork to a corner red oak. Thence West eight Degrees, North three hundred and eighty Poles to a corner large white oak in a Branch of Vaughans Creek, Thence North eight Degrees East one hundred and sixty-nine Poles to a Corner white oak, Thence East eight Degrees south three hundred and eighty Poles to the beginning.
WITH ALL Woods, Underwoods, Swamps, Marshes, Low Grounds, Meadows, Feedings, and his due share of all Veins, Mines and Quarries, as well discovered as not dis- covered, within the bounds aforesaid and being Part of the said Quantity of four hundred Acres of Land, and the Rivers, Waters, and Water Courses therein contained, to- gether with the Privileges of Hunting, Hawking, Fishing, Fowling, and all other Profits, Commodities, Hereditaments whatsoever to the Same or any Part thereof, belonging, or in any wise appertaining.
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History of Prince Edward County
TO HAVE, HOLD, Possess and Enjoy the said Tract or Parcel of Land and all other, the before-granted Premises and every Part thereof with their and every of their Appur- tenances unto the said Lodwick Elam, and to his Heirs and Assigns forever, To the only use and behalf of his, the said Lodwick Elam, his Heirs and Assigns forever,
TO BE HELD of us, our Heirs and Successors as of our Mannor of East Greenwich in the County of Kent, in free and common Soccage and not in Capite or by Knights Service.
YIELDING AND PAYING unto us, our Heirs and Successors for every fifty Acres of Land and so proportion- ately for a lesser or greater Quantity than fifty Acres, the Fee Rent of one Shilling Yearly, to be paid upon the Feast of Saint Michael the Arch Angel and also Cultivating and Improving three Acres Part of every fifty of the Tract above-mentioned within three Years after the Date of these Presents.
PROVIDED always that if three Years of the said Fee Rent shall at any time be in Arrears and Unpaid, or if the said Lodwick Elam, his Heirs or Assigns do not within the Space of Three Years next coming after the Date of these Presents, Cultivate and Improve three Acres Part of every fifty of the Tract above-mentioned, Then the Estate hereby Granted shall Cease and be Utterly Determined and there- after it shall and may be Lawful to and for us, our Heirs and Successors to Grant the same Lands and Premises with the Appurtenances unto such other Person or Persons as we, our Heirs, and Successors shall think fit,
IN WITNESS whereof we have Caused these our Let- ters Patent to be WITNESS our Trusty and well-beloved Wil- liam Gooch, Esquire, our Lieutenant Governor and Command- er-in-Chief of our said Colony and Dominion at Williams-
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History of Prince Edward County
burgh, Under the Seal of our said Colony, the twentieth Day of March, one thousand seven hundred and forty-five, In the nineteenth Year of our Reign .-
William Gooch."
(Endorsed on the back, "Lodwick Elam's Patent for 400 acres, Amelia")
The reader will, of course, bear in mind the fact that Prince Edward County was not yet divided from Amelia county; that was done by act of 1753; the property above- described was, however, situated in that part of Amelia County afterwards cut off to constitute Prince Edward County.
But little punctuation was done in this original docu- ment, laboriously transcribed by hand, most of what appears has been done by the author where thought necessary to make clearer the intent of the patent.
The writing was done in splendid penmanship style and remains in a condition of remarkable legibility despite the many intervening years.
L
Chapter Nineteen Bibliography
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History of Prince Edward County
BIBLIOGRAPHY
The following books, papers, and magazines have been called into requisition in preparation of this work:
Howes' "Historical Collections of Virginia."
Chandler and Thames' "Colonial Virginia."
McDonald's "Life in Old Virginia."
Ridpath's History of the United States.
Henning's "Acts of the Legislature."
State Library Papers on the House of Burgesses and Delegates.
State Library List of Revolutionary Soldiers of Vir- ginia, 1912.
Virginia State Library, Ninth Annual Report of the Library Board and State Librarian, 1911, 1912.
McAllister's "Virginia Militia of the Revolutionary War."
Virginia Historical Magazine.
Captain John Smith's History of Virginia. Two vol- umes.
Meade's "Old Churches and old Families of Virginia." Foote's "Sketches of Virginia."
John Randolph's Address. The war of 1812.
McGuire and Christian, "The Confederate Cause and Conduct in the War Between the States."
"The Rebellion : Official Records of the Union and Con- federate Armies."
"William and Mary College."
Adams' "Thomas Jefferson and the University of Vir- ginia."
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History of Prince Edward County
"The Virginian." Normal School, Farmville, 1909.
Sarah Dorsey's, "Recollections of Henry Watkins Allen." Tyler's "Life of Patrick Henry."
"The Life of General Joseph E. Johnston."-
"A Sketch of Dr. John Peter Mettauer of Virginia." Dr. G. B. Johnson.
Jeter's "Life of Daniel Witt, D. D."
Bennett's "History of Methodism."
Semple's "Baptists in Virginia."
Unitel State Census reports; Department of Agriculture "Handbook of Virginia"; Files of the "Farmville Herald"; "Manual of West Hanover Presbytery;" etc. etc.
And, in addition, I am gratefully indebted to generous help received from Dr. H. R. McIlwaine, State Librarian of Virginia; Dr. W. A. Harris of Richmond University; Judge G. J. Hundley, Farmville; Judge J. M. Crute, Farmville; Mrs. Roberta H. Large; Senator Robert K. Brock; Dr. J. D. Eggleston, President of Hampden-Sidney College; Mrs. George Ben Johnson, Richmond; Dr. J. L. Jarman, State Female Normal School, Farmville; to the State Officers, and to a kindly host of friends, who in various ways have as- sisted in the compilation of this work.
The County Records and Deed Books, which were found to be in a remarkably good state of preservation, have been most diligently searched, in which arduous labor most cheer- ful and timely assistance was rendered by Mr. Horace Adams, County Clerk, and Mr. Gordon E. West, Deputy County Clerk.
FINIS.
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