USA > Vermont > Rutland County > Rutland > Centennial celebration of the settlement of Rutland, Vt., October 2d, 3d, 4th and 5th, 1870, including the addresses, historical papers, poems, responses at the dinner table, etc. > Part 1
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Gc 974.302 R93w 1771800
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REYNOLDS HISTORICAL GENEALOGY COLLECTION
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ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 01100 3289
1770. RUTLAND 1870.
Centennial Celebration
OF THE
SETTLEMENT OF RUTLAND, VT.,
October 2d, 3d, 4th and 5th, 1870,
INCLUDING THE ADDRESSES, HISTORICAL PAPERS, POEMS, RESPONSES AT THE DINNER TABLE, ETC.
COMPILED BY CHAUNCY K. WILLIAMS.
RUTLAND : TUTTLE & COMPANY, PRINTERS. 1870.
.
ELI
paroles
1271800
OFFICERS OF THE CELEBRATION.
WILLIAM Y. RIPLEY, PRESIDENT.
VICE-PRESIDENTS,
JOHN B. PAGE,
EDWIN EDGERTON,
FRANCIS SLASON,
THOMAS J. ORMSBEE,
JOHN CAIN, LORENZO SHELDON,
LUTHER DANIELS, JAMES BARRETT,
JAEMS MCCONNELL, CHARLES CLEMENT,
H. HENRY BAXTER, . AZOR CAPRON,
JOHN PROUT, WILLIAM Y. W. RIPLEY.
CHAUNCY K. WILLIAMS, RECORDING SECRETARY.
HENRY HALL, CORRESPONDING SECRETARY.
HENRY F. FIELD, TREASURER. EDWARD H. RIPLEY, CHIEF MARSHAL. LEVI G. KINGSLEY, JOIIN A. SALSBURY, R. M. CROSS, ASSISTANT MARSHALS.
3478
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INDEX.
Addresses.
Alvord, Benjamin
81
Butler, James Davie
46, 89
Cain, John
100
Dunton, Walter C.
93
Grige's, J. Grafton
101
Hall, Henry
16
Nicholson, David E.
81
Ripley, Win. Y.
15
Ripley, Win. Y. W.
80
Smith, Warren H.
: 87
Tuttle, George A.
96
Venzey, W. G.
79,119
Williams, Chauncey K.
25
Aiken, Rev. Silas Antiquarian Museum,
104
Ball, Rev. Heman-Notice of
32
Baptist Church,
38
Barrett, James -- Response of
73
Butler, James D .- Oration of
46
Butler, James D .- Response of
S9
Chin. John-Response of
100
Carpenter. Rev. A .- Notice of
35
C.cholic Churches,
42
Century, The Dead (Poem)
Circular of Invitation,
viii
Committees,
vi
Congregational Church, East Rutland,
31
Congregational Church, West Rutland,
27
Convert, Promenade,
102
Cunningham, Rev. O .- Notice of
30
D. Porations, 116
Dantur.
Dorr. Mrs. J. C. R. (Poem) 70
Durv. Rev. Amos-Notice of 30
.... ... Valter C .- Response of 93
Eirly History of Rutland, - 16
25
Ende-Intical History of Rutland, Episcopal Church, 35
French Catholic Church, Fuller, F. A .- Response of -
42
78
Griggs, J. G .- Response of 101
33
iv
RUTLAND CENTENNIAL.
Hall. Henry-Address of 15
Haynes, Rev. Arus-Notice of - 38
Has: es, Rev. Lemuel-Notice of - 29
Hicks, Rev. John A .- Notice of 36
Hop .: ins, Rt. Rev. John Henry-Notice of 36 Howard, Rev. Leland-Notice of 39
Howard, Rev. Roger S .- Notice of 37
Invitation, Circular of - viii
Johnson, Rev. J. G .- Notice of 34
Liberal Christian Society, 43
Methodist Church, - 40
Mills, Rev. Edward-Notice of
40
Mitchell, Rev. William-Notice of
32
Museum, Antiquarian 104
Nicholson, A. A. (Poem) 95
Nicholson, D. E .- Response of
81
Officers of the Celebration,
ii
Orange Parish,
34
Old Folks' Concert,
44
Pavilion, 1
115
Poem-Butler, Rev. J. D.
90
66 Dorr, Mrs. J. C. R. 70
Nicholson, A. A. 95
V
Procession,
76
Proctor, Rev. Hadley-Notice of
38
Promenade Concert,
102
Ripley, Wm. Y .- Address of Welcome of
15
Ripley, Win. Y. W .- Response of 80
Rockwood, Rev. J. M .- Notice of - 38
Roots, Rev. Benajah-Notice of 28
k Rutland, Early History of - 16
Rutland, Ecclesiastical History of 25
Seaver, Rev. Norman-Notice of 34
Sermon of Rev. Dr. Todd,
3
Smith, Rev. Francis --- Notice of
39
Smith, Warren H .- Response of
87
Thrall, Rev. S. C .- Response of 78
Tilden, Rev. L. L -. Notice of
30
Tod.l, Rev. John-Sermon of
3
Tuttie, George A .- Response of
96
Universalist Church, 42
Veazey, W. G .- Response of 79, 119
Walker, Rev. Aldace-Notice of 30
Response of 87
Walker, Rev. Charles-Notice of - 32 .. .6 Death of 43
W "come, Address of
15
Williams, Chauncy K .- Address of
.
25
4
Preliminary Proceedings
PRELIMINARY PROCEEDINGS.
The propriety of celebrating, in a suitable manner, the one hundredth anniversary of the Settlement of the Town of Rutland, was the subject of frequent conversation for some time before any formal action was taken in the matter. Finally, in the month of July, the following notice, signed by several gentlemen, appeared in the Rutland Daily Herald :
THIE CENTENNIAL OF RUTLAND.
The undersigned hereby invite the citizens of Rutland to meet at · the Opera Hall this (Tuesday) evening, the 12th July, at eight o'clock, to consider the propriety of celebrating the Centennial Anniversary of the first settlement of our town, to appoint a com- mittee of arrangements, etc.
The growth of Rutland, during the last one hundred years, from the wildness of nature to its present prosperity, the liability of los- ing much of the materials of our yet unpublished, early history ; our own satisfaction, a regard for those who shall come afterwards, all suggest the eminent fitness of our appointing a family gathering . of the sons and daughters of the town, when reminiscences of the past bubbling up from living memories, and culled from rare old books and manuscripts, shall cheer, thrill and delight alike the young and the aged; those whose homes are now here, and those whose homes are far, far away.
Let us leave our occupations for that evening, hear and confer together about that which arouses our memories of the past and our hopes of the future.
In response to this call, a large number of gentlemen assembled at the Opera House at the time designated, and organized by choos- ing William Y. Ripley, Chairman, and Chauney K. Williams, Secretary.
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RUTLAND CENTENNIAL.
The subject of an appropriate celebration of the Centennial Anniversary of the Settlement of Rutland was freely discussed, and a committee was appointed to make all necessary arrangements.
The Committee of Arrangements, as finally constituted, consisted of-
William Y. Ripley, H. H. Paine,
Chauney K. Williams, Chauncey Thrall,
Henry Hall, G. C. Hathaway,
J. W. Cramton,
H. H. Baxter,
Henry Clark,
Francis Slason,
John Cain, Nahum Johnson,
Dr. L. Sheldon,
F. Chaffee,
Edward H. Ripley,
T. J. Ormsbee,
H. R. Dyer,
P. K. Osgood,
J. L. Billings,
William Gilmore,
Reuben R. Thrall,
A. H. Post,
B. R. Greeno,
Augustus Reed,
J. A. Salsbury,
B. F. Blanchard,
B. K. Chase,
Dennis Smith,
Azor Capron, James Barrett,
J. N. Baxter,
J. M. Mead,
William Y. W. Ripley,
M. Goldsmith,
J. McConnell,
Charles H. Joyce,
R. Barrett,
L. Chatterton,
Jared Long,
G. A. Merrill,
Porter Howe,
Moses Hayward,
J. B. Page,
Moses Hawkes,
Jirah Vaughn,
R. R. Mead,
W. G. Veazey,
Amasa Pooler,
John H. Hazleton,
Alonzo Kelley,
John Strong,
Evelyn Pierpoint,
Joseph A. Deland,
S. W. Rowell,
Horace H. Dyer,
Luke Ward,
H. F. Field,
J. M. Hall,
E. Boardman,
Eli Farmer,
L. G. Kingsley,
Judson Gorham,
Isaac C. Reynolds,
Chester Kingsley,
Jacob N. Bailey, J. G. Griggs,
John Engram,
Charles Sheldon,
James B. Porter,
John A. Sheldon.
George Graves,
B. W. Marshall,
Alanson Dyer,
J. C. Dunn,
Franklin Billings, James L. Gilmore. Walter C. Landon, John Landon, 1 Harry Mussey,
Judah Dana,
..
Erastus Wells,
M. G. Everts,
Luther Hayward,
Henry Hayward, Z. V. K. Wilson, Charles Clement, B. H. Burt, Albert Landon,
This Committee organized by the election of William Y. Ripley, Chairman, Chauney K. Williams, Recording Secretary, and Henry
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RUTLAND CENTENNIAL. -
Hall, Corresponding Secretary, and appointed from their own num- ber an Executive Committee of thirteen, to whom they committed all the details of the celebration.
The Executive Committee consisted of William Y. Ripley, President ; Chauncey K. Williams, Recording Secretary ; Henry Hall, Corresponding Secretary ; John Cain, Lorenzo Sheldon, Ben K. Chase. Horace H. Dyer, John M. Hall, Levi G. Kingsley, Geo. C. Hathaway, Henry R. Dyer, William Gilmore, and William Y. W. Ripley.
.
The Executive Committee, at one of their earliest meetings, ap- pointed the following Sub-Committees :
Finance-John W. Cramton, Levi G. Kingsley, William Gil- more, Horace H. Dyer, John M. Hall, Henry F. Field.
Invitation and Reception-Henry Hall, George A. Merrill, Henry Clark, Edward H. Ripley, Charles Sheldon. To which were subsequently added, to assist in reception of guests, George A. Tuttle, William A. Burnett, Gershom C. Ruggles, Geo. H. Cheney, J. Grafton Griggs, William Y. Ripley.
Order of Exercises-John B. Page, William Y. W. Ripley, John N. Baxter, Charles Clement, Wheelock G. Veazey.
Relics-Lorenzo Sheldon, Ben K. Chase, James C. Dunn, R. R. Mead, Henry R. Dyer, Alpha H. Post, Albert Landon, Thos. J. Ormsbee.
Decorations-George C. Hathaway, Edward H. Ripley, B. W. Marshall, Frederick Chaffee, Henry F. Field, Chester Kingsley, R. M. Cross.
"Salutes-Henry R. Dyer, Franklin Billings, Martin G. Everts, Chester Kingsley, Charles H. Joyce.
Music-John N. Baxter, Henry F. Field, John Strong.
Location of Tent, etc .- George C. Hathaway, Henry R. Dyer, Horace HI. Dyer.
On Trades-N. L. Davis, N. F. Page, Newman Weeks, Albert II. T.
To Prepare Posters, etc .- Ben K. Chase, Chester Kingsley.
The Executive Committee met once each week, and some weeks twice, from the time of their appointment until the day of celebration, for the purpose of making and perfecting arrange- ments.
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RUTLAND CENTENNIAL. -
The following circular of invitation was issued and signed by the General Committee, and by the Sub-Committee of Reception and Invitation.
·
RUTLAND CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION.
To the former Residents of Rutland, Ft., and their descendants:
You are hereby cordially invited to attend and participate in the celebration of the centennial anniversary of the first settlement of Rutland, to be held the 2d, 3d, 4th and 5th days of October next. The order of exercises will be substantially as follows, viz. :
Sunday Evening, Oct. 2d .- Sermon by the Rev. John Todd, D. D., of Pittsfield, Mass., with appropriate music.
Monday, Oct. 3d .- Reception of Guests.
In the evening, Old Folks' Concert, at the Opera Hall, in ancient costume, with ancient music, vocal and instrumental.
Tuesday, Oct. 4th .- Visit to the Quarries, and other places of interest.
In the evening, Address by Henry Hall. Subject: "The Early History of Rutland." Address by Chauncy K. Williams. Sub ject : "The Ecclesiastical History of Rutland."
Wednesday, Oct. 5th .- Forenoon. Procession. Oration by Rev. James Davie Butler, LL. D., of Madison, Wisconsin. Poem by Mrs. Julia C. R. Dorr. Dinner in the pavilion.
Afternoon-Toasts, responses, addresses, anecdotes, biographies, etc.
Evening-Fireworks, Promenade Concert.
It is desirable to know if your attendance is probable. Ancient documents and relics gladly received.
WILLIAM Y. RIPLEY, President.
CHAUNCY K. WILLIAMS, Recording Secretary.
HENRY HALL, Corresponding Secretary.
-
R utland
entennial.
FIRST DAY.
The opening services connected with the Centennial Celebration of the settlement of Rutland took place at the Congregational Church, Sunday evening, October 2d, 1870. At an early hour the people began to assemble from all sections of the town, and from the neighboring towns, until the Church was filled long before the services commenced. At least fifteen hundred persons were seated in the audience room. In the arch, in the rear of the pulpit, were the figures 1770-1870, wrought in evergreens. The former, trimmed with stars of white, emblematic of the past, and the latter with stars of red, emblematic of the active, lively present. On the table, in front, were three beautiful boquets, and others were distributed about the desk, and rare plants decorated the pulpit, giving a pleasant, agreeable and cheerful appearance. Among these was particularly noticeable a "Century Plant," a beautiful and appropriate reminder of the Century, the completion of which was to be commemorated.
At 73 o'clock the services were commenced by the rendering of the voluntary by the choir, accompanied by the children occupying the balcony, near to the orchestra, which lasted nearly half an hour.
Ros. James Davie Butler, LL. D., of Madison, Wisconsin, a native of the town, then read selections of Scripture, being
PSALM CXXII. T A Song of Degrees of David.
1. I was glad when they said unto me, Let us go into the house of the Lord.
2. Our feet shall stand within thy gates, O Jerusalem.
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RUTLAND CENTENNIAL. -
3. Jerusalem is builded as a city that is compact together :
4. Whither the tribes go up, the tribes of the Lord, unto the testimony of Israel, to give thanks unto the name of the Lord.
5. For there are set thrones of judgment, the thrones of the house of David.
6. Pray for the peace of Jerusalem: they shall prosper that love thee.
7. Peace be within thy walls, and prosperity within thy palaees.
8. For my brethren and companions' sakes, I will now say, peace be within thee ..
9. Because of the house of the Lord our God I will seek thy good.
The following hymn was then sung by the choir, being 363 of the Sabbath Hymn Book:
Lift up your heads, eternal gates ! Unfold, to entertain The King of Glory ; see! he comes With his celestial train.
Who is this King of Glory-who ? The Lord, for strength renowned; In battle mighty ; o'er his foes Eternal Vietor erowned.
Lift up your heads, ye gates ! unfold, In state to entertain The King of Glory ; see! he comes With all his shining train.
Who is the King of Glory-who ? The Lord of hosts renowned ; Of glory He alone is King, Who is with glory crowned.
Prayer was offered by Rev. Aldace Walker, D. D., of Wallingford, formerly for many years the honored pastor of the Congregational Church in the West parish. He gave thanks that the fathers planted here in our history the institutions of religion, and that they had been bequeathed to the children even to our day, and for all the mercies vouchsafed to this people through these hundred years.
1
Dr. Walker then read the following hymn, (36 Sabbath Hymn Book,) which was sung by the choir:
Come, sound his praise abroad, And hymns of glory sing : Jehovah is the sovereign God, The universal King.
He formed the deeps unknown ; He gave the seas their bound ; The watery worlds are all his own, And all the solid ground.
Come, worship at his throne, Come, bow before the Lord : We are his work and not our own ; He formed us by his word.
To-day attend his voice, Nor dare provoke his rod ; Come, like the people of his choice, And own your gracious God.
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RUTLAND CENTENNIAL. -
The venerable Rev. John Todd., D. D., of Pittsfield, Mass., a native of Rutland, then delivered an eloquent and instructive discourse, as follows :
DR. TODD'S SERMON.
Yon are aware, my friends, that your beautiful town, lying under the shadows of the Green Mountains, far above the tide waters- now just one hundred years old-famed for its beautiful scenery- the quiet home of intelligence, refinement, and all that makes life pleasant, is destined very fast to lose its old appearance and change its character. Enterprise has pushed business into it; wealth has been sleeping under your fields, waiting only for skill and labor to come with the mallet and chisel, and awaken it into beautiful forms, and it is fast becoming a new thing. The chrysilis state between a quiet town and a city is fast developing into a city-in name as well as in reality.
Your children will never remember the place as you have done. When the town began its existence, it early introduced an orthodox ministry, and also free schools. I want to take this occasion, of the birth-day of the town, to recall to your minds what the gospel has, through this and similar towns, done for the world, and lead your thoughts to look on the fact that here is a Christian mountain town, which, for one century, has been throwing out its influence- one town among the hundreds of similar ones in New England. I invite your thoughts to the sacred words found in
PSALMS LXXII : 3.
" The mountains shall bring peace to the people."
It is remarkable that the mountains are brought into notice so often, while God was making His revelation to our world. Their hoary peaks were often illuminated by the Divine Presence, and were the places on which the Most High set his feet, or paused in His chariot of power. Your minds at once turn to them, as you see how flinty Sinai stands, as if awe-struck by what he had witnessed ; as Pisgah looms up silent and solitary, the watcher over the Prophet's grave; as mighty Lebanon lifts up his huge form, which Moses pronounced "goodly ;" and as 'Carmel looks off into the blue sea. still holding the spot in his shadows, where Baal and God met, and a nation was brought back from idolatry. You think,
.
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RUTLAND CENTENNIAL.
too, of Tabor and Hermon-the latter, the spot on which spirits of just men made perfect, met the Son of God and talked of his death, which he was to accomplish at Jerusalem-while the glories of a , deathless world surrounded him ; of Olivet, over which His weary feet often trod, and from which, when His work was done, He went home. You are thinking of the mountains where he prayed all night-where no ear heard, but the ear of the Father; and you seem to wonder how it was that mountains seem to occupy so prominent a place in your Bible. To such places David fled from his persecutor, and in their caves and dens, those of whom the world was not worthy often hid, and in their solitudes, trembling piety had to pray and sing in a hushed voice.
Men have always loved mountains. Perhaps, the reason is to be found in our natural love for what is grand, mysterious, solitary and unknown. We all know that there is no rank vegetation on their sides to decay, and, therefore, the air that plays around their tops is pure; that the streams that come from their heights, tinkling like the sound of golden balls in a silver cup, are so clear that they re- mind us of the river of life ; that the little lakes and reservoirs hid in the recesses of the mountains are the head-waters of fertility and beauty, as they grow into rivers ; that every particle of the hard rock which the lichen gnaws out, rolls down to fertelize the land ; that the mountains are the physical sources of peace, the barriers of invasion from hostile armies, and thus bring " peace to the people;" and we know they are sources of peace in a moral sense, in that the human mind cannot but feel the effects of their lofty grandeur,- the passions hushed in their solitudes and silence. Mountain people have ever been noted for the fleet foot, the strong, nervous, elastic form, the cheerful face, the bright eye, and the clear intellect. The last people with whom you would want to measure physical strength, or meet in battle, would be men who, from infancy, have breathed the mountain air. And in the intellectual and moral battles of life. they fall behind none. It is not the Swiss merely who long to re- turn to us- their huge swelling Alps, and their deep, almost sunless
valleys, but all, who have or onent their childhood under the shadows of a great mountain, long, when absent, to return to them. You see but a part of the mountain, but the imagination rounds ont the unseen side. You see only its outline, but you know that it has
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RUTLAND CENTENNIAL. -
rocks and caverns within, and the wild animals to creep, and the wild birds to sing, on its sides, so covered with its curtain of blue.
But our text looks to something higher yet. The mountains may fling their shadows over the plain where peaceful homes are nest- ling-where families may grow up untempted, and uncontaminated by vices, where the tastes may remain simple, where the mind may receive its first impressions from nature-and a beautiful manhood may be developed-but this is not all! The mountains where the Prophet saw, were gilded by the light of the latter day, and they become enobled, as does everything which the light touches. How everything on earth, or in the heavens, is enobled by this dispen- sation ! The sparrows and the lilies are dignified into teachers. The coin in the fish's mouth teaches all natives that they must pay their taxes and support civil government. "The King's Son," spoken of in our Psalmn, has but to call the fishermen from their little boats, and they became Apostles. He sends his messengers into heathenism, and turns and raises heathen into churches, to whom such profound Epistles as that to the Romans are addressed. His Gospel raises the poor and the lowly into disciples and martyrs and missionaries, and the feeble became as the house of David, and the house of David as the angel of God. It leads you to the manger to sec Him whom the star points out. It takes you to the snows of the North, and to the burning sands of the Equator, and shows you noble men and women, counted by hundreds, who leave home and the comforts of civilization that they may tell the story of Redemption to the heathen. It creates a self-denial that knows no limits, even to the laying down of life.
If, then, the tendency of the Gospel is thus to raise and dignify small things, so that the little chest, called the ark, shall be held in everlasting remembrance-so that the soiled and weary feet coming over the mountains to bring peace, shall be "beautiful"-so that a cross of wood shall be more honored than all the carvings of art- so that volume containing God's words shall be the book of the human race, you will not then deem me perverting that text, if I lead your minds at this time to consider the blessings which the Gospel conveys to the world by and through a single mountain- town.
Many of our New England towns are one hundred years old at
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RUTLAND CENTENNIAL. -
least. Many of our western towns are fifty years old-others not half of that ; but the time will come, when all this will be called the early history of our country, and all these cities and villages , will seem to have been built at the same time, and the whole country settled together. What are a few centuries in a nation's life ?
·
Now go back a century-when the white man plunged trembl- ingly into the forest, and came to the spot where the beautiful town now stands. His first object is to find a spring of water-near which he is to erect his little log cabin. There are no roads, but the trail of the Indian. There are no neighbors-no forests yet cut down, no fields sown, no mills to grind his food or saw his lum- ber ; no trading post where he may relieve a want; no physician when he is sick ; no school for his child ; no property by which he can supply his necessities. His music is the ring of the axe, and the falling of the trees. The night is made more solitary by the hooting of the owl, and the scream of the wild beast. When he buries his dead, he himself must make the coffin, dig his grave, and without a bell to toll, or a minister to offer a prayer, he must bury the dead under the tall tree. The pioneer must struggle with poverty, take nature in the rough, let sunshine into his house and heart by his own industry and struggles. His food is the plainest, his dress is the simplest, his home the most humble, and the only thing that cheers him is hope, that his children will reap the benefit of all this self-denial. But the poor man brought his Bible with him, his education with him, his shrewdness with him, and his brawny arm and cheerful courage. He must live and die poor. But the light of the Gospel shines upon the first dwelling that is reared, and that becomes a controling power in all the future history of the town. Go there a century after this. That beginning has become a mighty power. The same old mountains lift themselves , up there, but the forests are gone, the pleasant roads and bridges are all built, and a town, growing, thriving, prosperous, is there. The fields are under high culture, the meadows glow with beauty, and the town sits like a queen crowned with a wreath of beauty. The sources of her power, are the Church of God-the most prominent object which meets the eye of the stranger, a place of worship, bringing the mind into contact with the Infinite-a place
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RUTLAND CENTENNIAL.
of conscience, where the awful, "thou shall not," rings into the ears of the soul-and a place of teaching and of thought, where the mental and moral faculties are made to nestle among the pillars of truth. Near by, the pride of the town, is the school-house-never forgotten-and lest one central light will not be convenient for all, these school-houses are erected all over town, so that no little child shall become foot-weary, and no child shall be deprived of the privi- leges of the free school. These are not heathen schools, nor infi- del schools, but, so far the contrary, that the Bible is the standard of morality, and its words, like the dews of Heaven, fall gently upon the young heads. This free school is a mighty power, and it lifts every child up, so that he becomes an intelligent man.
Industry is another power. If any one thinks that the forest and the desert has been made to blossom as the rose, that all these beautiful homes, and these public buildings, the mechanics' shops have been erected, all this property accumulated, these factories put in motion, these objects of conveniences and refinement made com- mon, without an industry that was untiring, increased and well directed, he knows little about it. The Christian home now stands where the bear lay down a century ago. Property is power, and property is the daughter of industry. The people own the land in fee-simple, tili it with free labor, and, at night, having no theatre to compel by its glare and unholy excitements, they lie down under the shadow of the Most High. By this time, the town is sur- rounded by a cordon of similar towns, and having its centre, its churches, its free school, and its hum of industry. One town acts upon another ; make an improvement in one-build a good school- house in one-do a generous, noble act in one place, and you elec- trify all that surround you. The example of what is good is seen and copied. Each town is a little Republic by itself, and the most perfect Republic in the world. Public sentiment settles everything, and these sister-towns act and re-act upon each other as diamonds are polished by diamonds.
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