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Gc 979.7 H31h v.1 1242289
M. L.
GENEALOGY COLLECTION
ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 01149 1906
Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2018
https://archive.org/details/historyofwashing01hawt_0
Mace Hering
HISTORY OF WASHINGTON
THE EVERGREEN STATE
FROM EARLY DAWN TO DAYLIGHT
WITH PORTRAITS AND BIOGRAPHIES
JULIAN HAWTHORNE EDITOR
ASSISTED BY COL. G. DOUGLAS BREWERTON
IN TWO VOLUMES VOL. I
As rises on night's jewelled brow Some orb supremely bright,. So Washington, from dawn to day, Emerges on our sight. From gloomy depths of endless pines, From privacy of snow ; Where ice-clad peaks o'erlook the vales, Where milder breezes blow ; From doubtful dawn to daylight, From savagery to state, She comes to prove the triumph Of those who watch and wait.
NEW YORK AMERICAN HISTORICAL PUBLISHING CO.
1893
PREFACE.
1242289
FIRSTLY, we propose, for the better enlightenment of the reader of this, our story of Washington, to reopen, with some little ceremony and minuteness of description, the three "great doors whose long-sealed portals, thanks to the brave energy of Columbus, Balboa, and Magellan, gave, in the sequence of their successive discoveries, three gateways through which the civiliza- tion of the world poured in to reach and occupy, first, the eastern, then the western shores of the South American conti- nent ; and then, in the fulness of time, those of our own north- west coasts.
To this will naturally follow, as briefly as may be, some notice of later voyages and attempts, more or less successful, to exam- ine and settle our own western boundary, not only the explora- tions of Spain, but of those who emulated her -- the Russian, the Dutch, the English, and American navigators whose united efforts mapped out our geography of to-day.
Having thus, as it were, led our reader from "dawn to daylight" upon the coast, we shall endeavor to trace the prog- ress of interior occupancy, when the first faint plash of waves was heard,
" Erelong to roll a human sea,"
of those who flocked in by land from the eastward to settle upon the fertile fields of Washington.
Having thus occupied and partially settled our State, we will touch lightly here and there upon prominent incidents-those which might prove most interesting to the general reader of her early struggles while still linked with Oregon, her birth into
iv
PREFACE.
territorial individuality, causes which led to the separation, and subsequent admission as one of the sovereign States.
Her aboriginal inhabitants, their origin, customs, and fruit- less attempts to drive out the whites and repossess their hunt- ing-grounds, will supply the material for a separate chapter. Her advantages of climate and soil, her trade, commerce, and manufactures, her natural beauties, material wealth and indi- vidual character will find a place and conclude a work whose scope does not permit it to emulate the fulness of Bancroft's elaborate Northwest, or the wonderful minuteness of Evans.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTORY.
A new star arises on the federal field-No easy task to record its gradual eulmi- nation-Washington as it was-The wilderness primeval-The name of Wash- ington-Its earlier life and history to be traced-The romance of history-A simile-Blind trails and paths of error-Roads that end only in bewilderment -" Prove all, hold fast the good"-Three fields from which to glean-Falsehood leads to the finding of the real-The field of legendary lore-Journals and personal experiences-Accredited history and undisputed evidence-The mist: of distance-The witness-box of probability-" With charity for all and mal- iee toward none"-Statistical proofs-Prophets not always approved-A subject: too large for our space-The dusty road-A prayer for patient indulgence- "Put yourself in his place."
17.
CHAPTER II.
THE OPENING OF THE FIRST DOOR-COLUMBUS AND HIS GREAT DISCOVERY.
Every age produces a hero-Condition of the world in the days of Columbus- Need of new fields-Columbus not the first discoverer of America-Former visitors-Early life and history of Columbus-Birth, parentage, and educa- tion-Becomes a sailor-Causes leading to his enthusiasm for discovery- Stories of unknown lands-Efforts to obtain recognition of his projects -Appeals to Portugal in vain-Also to John the Second-Referred to the- Junta, who decide against him-A mean attempt to steal his plans-Unsue- cessful-He goes to Spain-Seene at the convent door-The friendly prior- Obtains audience with Ferdinand and Isabella-The Council of Salamanca- Rejected by the court, he appeals to wealthy nobles of Spain-Disgusted and about to ask aid of France-Recalled to court-Another audience-Ferdinand declines, but Isabella approves, and fits out an expedition-Difficulty of ob- taining sailors-Pinzon comes to the rescue-The fleet sails-Fears of the sailors and mutinous murmurings-Firmness of the admiral-Variations of the compass-Mute messengers from the land-The three days of probation-The light on the port bow-Land at last-His eye the first to discover it-Charac- ter and base reward of Columbus.
22
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TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER III.
THE OPENING OF THE SECOND DOOR-BALBOA'S DISCOVERY OF THE PACIFIC.
Character of Balboa, who dies unjustly on the scaffold-Romance of the Darien expedition-The double treaty-Balbca's native bride-Entangling alliances lead to war-His men quarrel over donated gold -- The Cacique's rebuke- Balboa first hears of the Pacific-Determines to verify the report-Returns to Darien to make preparations-Sends gold to the Spanish king-Learns that for alleged crimes he is to be recalled to Spain-Determines to forestall official action by the discovery of the Pacific-Balboa's soldier bloodhound-His Ind- ian allies-Sets out from Darien-Adventures by the way-Reaches the mountain top alone and beholds the Pacific -- Dramatic situations-Addresses his followers-" Te Deum Laudamus"-The Indians wonder, but assist at the raising of the cross and memorial mound of stones-He descends to the shore -Alonzo Martin, the first European to float upon the waters of the Pacific- Balboa reaches the strand and takes formal possession-He wades into the sea and declares it and all its borders a territory of the Spanish crown-Melodra- matic ceremonies-A grandiloquent proclamation-Honors the Trinity by cutting crosses with his dagger on three adjacent trees-Concluding remarks. 40
CHAPTER IV.
THE OPENING OF THE THIRD DOOR THROUGH THE DISCOVERY OF THE STRAIT BY MAGELLAN.
Opening remarks-Personal history of Magellan-Neglected by Portugal, he takes service with Spain-Did he know beforehand of the existence of the strait ?- He is placed in command of a Spanish fleet and sets sail-Winters at Port St. Julien-Jealousy among his officers causes mutiny-He puts it down and punishes the mutineers-Sends out explorers-Loss of the Santiago -- A native visits his ships-Curious account of Patagonian giants-Attempts to capture them lead to difficulty with the natives-The mutineers tried, sen- tenced, executed, or marooned- Death better than marooning-The fleet, after religious ceremonies, change their winter quarters-See an imaginary eclipse -Finally sail for the strait-Discover and enter it -- The question of his pre- vious knowledge of it again discussed-One ship has already been wrecked- Another now deserts him-Adventures attending the passage of the Strait of Magellan-Discovery of native buildings and gravés-Final passage and extri- cation from the strait-The experiences of Columbus-Balboa and Magellan compared-Strain's Darien expedition quoted in proof of great difficulties to be overcome -- Small cost of these early expeditions, and singular details of their outfit-False economy ofttimes fatal to success.
CHAPTER V.
OTHER ATTEMPTS TO PENETRATE "THE NORTHERN MYSTERY."
The term Northwest coast-Truth born of error-Rivalry of early explorers- The northern mystery - A wave of discovery-Drake's piratical expedition -Parallel between Drake's and Magellan's experiences-Did Drake discover the Bay of San Francisco ?- Conflicting opinions-Influence of Drake's voy-
57
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TABLE OF CONTENTS.
age on modern diplomacy-Cruise of Cavendish-Policy of Queen Elizabeth -The Golden Hind-Unsuccessful attempt to colonize La Paz-Vizcaino surveys the Californian coast and reaches 42º northi-Discovers Cape Orford and returns-Flores goes a degree higher-Vizcaino, failing in attempts to colonize California, returns to Spain and dies -- Spain ceases to explore the North Pacific-Her reasons for so doing.
75
CHAPTER VI.
DUTCHI AND RUSSIAN VOYAGES OF EXPLORATION TO THE NORTHWEST COAST.
Discovery of Cape Horn-Behring's first voyage of exploration to the northeast -Its failure-The Javanese junk-Behring's second voyage-Mysterious dis- appearance of his consort's boats and their crews-Their descendants discov- ered-Sufferings and death of Behiring-Loss of his ship-Survivors of his crew build a smaller vessel and return-Skins brought back by his sailors find, ready sale in Siberia and lead to establishment of Russian fur trade on the Northwest coast.
88
CHAPTER VII.
REVIVAL OF SPANISH INTEREST IN NORTHWEST DISCOVERY.
Spain plans new expeditions of discovery on the Northwest coast-Escapes a war with England by mediation of France-Cruise of the Santiago-Attacked by scurvy-Coasts the shore-Lands and trades with natives-Driven seaward by gales-Enters Nootka Sound-Observes Mount Olympus-Returns to Mon- terey -Important results obtained, but not being published, are useless-An- other expedition undertaken-Attacked by Indians, and boat's crew killed- Ships separated by a gale-One returns to Monterey-Still another expedition sent out, but returns without material result-War between Great Britain and Spain puts a stop to Spanish explorations on this coast.
95
CHAPTER VIII.
BRITISH EXPLORATIONS ON THE NORTHWEST COAST.
Cook's visit to our shores-Significance of his instructions-Reaches the North- west coast-Explorations hindered by fogs-Storm prevents the sight of the Strait of Fuca-Not finding it, Cook denies its existence-Anglo-Saxon versus Spanish geographical names-Appropriateness of native appellations-Mid- shipman Vancouver-Bold adventure of John Ledyard-Killing of Captain Cook-Captain Clerke dies-Lieutenant Gore, of Virginia, in command-Rev- olution in trade with China-The fur fields of the Northiwest coast-Cook as a discoverer-Our geographical knowledge a general contribution. 100
CHAPTER IX.
CONCLUDES THE EXPLORATIONS BY SEA ON THE NORTHWEST COAST.
The Nootka Sound imbroglio-English mercantile rascality threatens war be- tween England and Spain-Honest acknowledgment-Visit of La Perouse- Berkley's voyage-Captain Meares enters, names, and surveys the Strait of
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TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Juan de Fuca-Duffin, his first officer, makes further discoveries-Yankee enterprise sends Boston ships to the Sound-Explorations of the Columbia and Washington-Significance of names suggest patriotic thoughts-Captain Gray the first circumnavigator under the American flag-Discovers the mouth of the Columbia-Quimper's explorations-Vancouver arrives on the coast- Makes careful surveys-Hears of Gray's discovery, but disbelieves it-Gray returns, verifies, and names it after his ship-Scientific versus practical meth- ods-Vancouver makes a second visit-Admits the existence but belittles the value of Gray's discovery-Lieutenant Broughton sails up the Columbia, ignores Gray's visit, and impudently takes possession for the British crown-A Rhode Island vessel " leads him out," "civus Romanus sum"-A tribute to Van- couver-Conflicting claims of three different and differing nationalities to territory on the Northwest coast
CHAPTER X.
DESTRUCTION OF THE AMERICAN SIIIP BOSTON AND MASSACRE OF HER CREW, AS TOLD BY ONE OF THE ONLY TWO SURVIVORS.
The Boston, a trader, puts in for wood and water-Anchors five miles north of Indian village at Friendly Cove-Visited by the natives and their king, Ma- quina-Dress of the king and his chiefs-Presents of salmon-The captain invites the king to dine-Peculiar diet of the natives-Watching the armorer -The captain's fatal gift-The king breaks it and declares it "no good"- Maquina insulted by the angered captain-Suppressed rage of the chief-He understands English-Lulled into security-A savage's revenge-Assault on the armorer-Desperately wounded, the king interferes, and he escapes for a time-Imprisoned in the steerage-Awful suspense-Ordered on deck-A dramatic reception-The gory knives-" You say no, daggers come"-The row of heads-Jewitt ordered to recognize them-He becomes the king's slave and workman-Promises obedience and fealty-His life spared by the king against the remonstrances of his warriors-The king binds up his wounds and orders him to take the ship to Friendly Cove-Particulars of the massacre .... 123
CHAPTER XI.
ASSAULTS OF CIVILIZATION ON THE EASTERN WILDS OF WASHINGTON BY EXPLORA- TION AND EMIGRATION OVER LAND.
Opening remarks-A pleasant change-From sea to shore-False reports stimu- late inland exploration-La Page's chronicles-A second Balboa-The Shining Mountains-Vereudrye's expedition-Alexander Mackenzie, the Columbus of transcontinental travel-His able and far-reaching plans for British aggran- dizement of the Northwest-Thomas Jefferson the father of western exploration -Ledyard's fruitless effort-Balked by Russia -- Michaux's frustrated by France-President Jefferson's confidential message to Congress-Lewis and Clarke's expedition-Charms of a wilderness life-Travels and explorations bet- ter than light reading-Great distances traversed by Lewis and Clarke-Route' taken-Wonderful success-Excitement caused by it-Suicide of Lewis-Jef- ferson's tribute to the dead explorer-Soldiers and trappers turned back by Indians- Wier's prophecy-The Oak Point settlement-Captain Bonneville's
108
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TABLE OF CONTENTS.
expedition-Captain Wyeth's fishing and trading scheme-Two attempts prove failures-Keeping Indian school-Pursuit of knowledge under difficul- ties-The only arithmetic in Vancouver-Wyeth's failure a public gain- Tribute to the pioneer preachers of Washington and the far West-Results of inland exploration-Concluding remarks .. .
132
CHAPTER XII.
HOW WASHINGTON WAS WON FOR THE UNION-THE STORY OF DR. WHITMAN'S FAMOUS TRANSCONTINENTAL RIDE.
The American too often misrepresented-Dr. Marcus Whitman-British intrigues in the Northwest-English preserves and French Canadian gamekeepers- Americans regarded as poachers-How they kept the Yankees out-Im- mense value of the fur trade-Apathy of government and ignorance of our statesmen as to value of the Northwest-Senator Benton's mistake-The god Terminus-The British fur traders' feast-Dr. Whitman their accidental guest -Premature rejoicings-Whitman determines to frustrate their plans-His hasty departure with Dr. Lovejoy-Whitman's transcontinental ride-Suffer- ings by the way-Lovejoy gives out, but Whitman presses on-Arrival at St. Louis-Is the treaty signed ?- A race against time to Washington City -- Ar- rives just in time-Appeals to Congress and the Cabinet -- The nation aroused -" On to Oregon !"-Two hundred wagons in line-British fur traders dis- courage Whitman's followers, but in vain-The emigrant army enters Oregon -A tribute to. Whitman
165
CHAPTER XIII.
THE STORY OF THE BOOK.
By the trappers' fire-The Indians hear of " the Book"-A council of the tribe- They determine to obtain the Book-Send out messengers-They cross the mountains-Arrive in St. Louis-Interview General Clarke-He takes little interest-They visit the churches, the ball-rooms-See altars and pictures of saints, but cannot find the Book-Pathetic farewell speech of the messengers- Overheard by General Clarke's clerk, who publishes it-Action of the missionary boards-Dr. Whitman sent out-Returns and appeals to the people-The doc- tor's bride-Their wedding journey-Rev. H. H. Spaulding and wife-Tribute to pioneer womanhood-Catlin warns them not to go on-Rough experiences- Kicked by a mule and upset by a cow -They celebrate " Independence Day" at South Pass-Take possession of the country-Nature's register-Solemn ceremonies-Comparison with Balboa- Whitman's old wagon and its work- They reach the Columbia-Twelve links in the chain of events that bound
.... 180 Washington to the Union-Is it chance or Providence ?. . .
CHAPTER XIV.
THE GREAT FUR COMPANIES OF THE NORTHWEST AND THEIR INFLUENCE UPON AMERICAN EMIGRATION AND SETTLEMENTS.
Furs the inducement of the North, gold of the Southern occupancy of this conti- nent-The secretly aggressive policy of the fur companies-A condition of
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TABLE OF CONTENTS.
their license to trade-Their personnel and plan of operations-They labor for British supremacy-Their report to the home government-An admirable sys- tem-Birth, territory limits, and charter of the Hudson's Bay Company -- King Charles's magnificent gift-A very moderate rental-Treatment of the natives -A prohibitory law well enforced-Indians kept employed-Utilizing the native-" John Bull" versus " Uncle Sam"-John's tender pocket-No competi- tion tolerated-Evans details their methods and system of recruiting-A service difficult to desert-Insensible fetters-The Hudson's Bay finds a rival and enemy in the Northwest-Formation and development of that company- Their methods and system of trade-Powerful influence of this new organiza- tion -- Both agents of the British government -- Methods of the two companies compared-The Selkirk project-A bloody skirmish-Both companies in evil case-The rivals merge into one-The Hudson's Bay absorbing the Northwest -Spoiling the spoiler.
196
CHAPTER XV.
SETTLEMENT AND CAPTURE OF ASTORIA.
Mr. Astor forms the Pacific Fur Company-His far-reaching and liberal plans- Generous offer to the British Northwest Fur Company-Duplicity of that cor- poration-They despatch an emissary to forestall him-Astor makes a grave mistake in selecting his partners-Articles of organization-British doubts settled by the British minister-Despatch of the Tonquin under convoy-The overland parties-Arrival at Astoria -- Capture of the Tonquin and massacre of her crew-Lewis blows up the ship-The massacre avenged-Torture of sur- vivors-Thompson too late-Erection of trading posts-Difficulty of obtaining employés-Enmity of the British-The ship Beaver despatched-Building of fort at Astoria-Description of the place-Many discouragements-The situa- tion-War declared between England and America-Taken advantage of by the Northwest Company-Mr. Astor betrayed and sold out by his partner, MacDougal-Sad ending of a noble enterprise-The British capture Astoria- Dramatic incidents. 215
CHAPTER XVI. .
SEARCHING OUR TITLE-TREATS OF THE VALIDITY OF OUR TITLE-ITS CONTESTANTS AND EFFORT FOR FINAL "QUIETING" BY TREATY WITH GREAT BRITAIN.
Opening remarks-A clear title all-important-A skeleton search-Four claim- ants in the field-Russian pretensions-Spain's assertions-We fall heir to the Spanish rights-Russia not a contestant-Diplomatic tournaments of contend- ing cabinets-English arrogation versus American right-England's arguments- Seeking for possession only -- Asserts no exclusive right - Evans's lucid exposi- tion-America's case as presented-A full statement-Negotiations begun 1807 -Another attempt to settle boundaries in 1814 -The Northwest undervalued by us-Unfortunate Treaty of Joint Occupancy-Opinion of Henry Clay-Many diplomats doctor the " Oregon question"-Meagre results-England practi- cally, the United States nominally in possession-Mistakes of our representa- tives-The question in Congress-Oregon finds friends and opponents also-
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TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Benton's god Terminus-Bills lost and revived in other forms-Benton, newly converted, now " wants the earth"-Sensible suggestions of General Jesup- President Monroe on Oregon-Floyd to the rescue-Debates in Congress- " Masterly inactivity"-Webster denies any right of England-Exposes her duplicity and arrogant pretensions-The matter still unsettled. 239
CHAPTER XVII.
OUR BOUNDARIES DEFINED AND OUR RIGHTS AS SECURED.
Congress at last awakened to the necessity of legislation-The American people aroused and interested-Dr. Whitman's arguments a powerful factor -- Influ- ence of the Oregon question on the Presidential election of 1844-" Fifty-four- forty or fight" -- Declaration of the Democratic convention-The Whigs also favor it-President Polk's message affirms our right -- Congressional action- Arbitration proposed by Great Britain and declined-Influence of the slavery question-Diplomatic negotiations renewed-Buchanan's farewell despatch- Notice of abrogation given to England-Arbitration again offered and refused -England submits a treaty-Politic action of President Polk-Democratic Cabinet versus Whig Senate-He submits it to the Senate and asks advice- Articles of the treaty-Senate advises its acceptance-It is so accepted-British claims secured-The fur companies' little bill-Benton is pleased, but Uncle Sam makes a bad bargain-" Fifty-four-forty or fight" cut down to 49° -- Benton's singular speech-Vancouver's Island undervalued-A minor point settled afterward-Great Britain, without a claim, wins her case-Pro-slavery her strongest ally-Virtue of persistency at a happy moment-Opinion of Robert J. Walker-General result and general disappointment-The long con- troversy finally ended.
267
CHAPTER XVIII.
PEOPLE WHO PRECEDED US.
The Indians and their attitude toward and influence upon the settlement and progress of Washington-The original Indian-From whence did he come ?- Various theories-The glacial period-Organic changes-Savagery and bar- barism defined and bounded-Savagery divided into three classes-Savages of Puget Sound-Original Indians the curse of our coast-Early atrocities- Cooper's models-Native nature and character-Some private views-" Ten- derfoot" versus "old settler"- Opinions diametrically opposed-Folly of pres- ent systems exposed-The remedy-Two courses open to our Government- Failure of efforts to advance the Indian-The irrepressible confliet-Indian occupancy considered-Has he been cheated ?- Mistakes of Eastern sentiment- alism-Two personal anecdotes-Did the Indian really possess the land ?- Continuation of savagery impossible-The savage and the settler compared- Indians of Washington-Influence of the fur companies on their treatment of the early settlers-Why fur traders and the natives were agreed-Indian hatred of Americans-American martyrs of the early settlements in the Northwest- No poetry in the savage of the Sound.
281
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TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XIX.
INDIAN PECULIARITIES-THE ABORIGINES OF WASHINGTON -THEIR MANNERS, CUSTOMS, AND CHARACTERISTICS.
Indian characteristics in general-Their religion-Strange fancies-The lobster . god-The enchanted loon-Wawa, the great mosquito-Coyote, the superior spirit-Coyote overcomes Wawa-The origin of mosquitoes-The chipmunk legend-How the Indians first obtained fire-Coyote's stratagem-The five blind hags- Water nymphs-Indian Neptunes-Patron spirits-Indian reason- ing-Isle of the dead-Fatal curiosity-Dances-Courtship and marriage- Wedding rites and gifts-Indian mothers-in-law-Naming of children-Murder and its penalty-Ceremonies of expiation-Medicine men-Their frauds and devices-Mode of graduation-Spirit power-Strange professors-Their influ- ence and peculiar methods of treatment-Indian horror of the spirits of the dead - Fancies and superstitions-The dead-Mourning and modes of sepulture -Canoe burial-The dead-house-Rehabilitation of the dead-Ancient ossuaries -Mystic influences of the wild rose bush-Indian and pale-face superstitions compared-Concluding remarks. 300
CHAPTER XX.
WASHINGTON INDIANS OF TO-DAY -- THE GENEROSITY OF PATSY, THE "POTLACH" GIVER.
The word " potlach" and " cultus potlach"-Patsy, the wealthy giver- Arrival of the guests-Picturesque scenes-The Indian camp-Distribution of food-The great potlach house-Shupald described-Aunt Sally-Opening speeches- Indian songs-Wild dances-The Fourth strangely celebrated-Better to give than receive-The Indian ball-Revival of old memories-The Klootchmen- The potlach proper-Distribution of the gifts-Patsy's presentation speech- Bags of silver money-The savings of a lifetime " potlached"-Reduced to poverty, but high in the social scale-Aunt Sally's song of triumph. . 335
ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE
Alexander, E. E.
343
Anderson, D. F 301
Ayer, Charles H
451
Bakeman, C. H.
491
Baker, D. S.
25
Bellinger, J. H.
295
Beverly, John
337
Boone, W. E.
115
Bowman, A. C.
223
Browne, J. J.
37
Cæsar, P. V ..
379
Calkins, W. H.
121
Cathcart, Isaac.
43
Charlton, A. D
133
Chilberg, A.
181
Clough, C. F.
205
Coiner, B. W
283
Cole, George E
49
Colman, J. M.
55
Cook, Francis H
235
Cowley, M. M.
253
Davis, G. W. H
277
Day, Jesse N. 115
Denney, John C. 241
De Pledge, H. G. 313
Deutsch, William. 501
Dillman, L. C. 187
Drum, Henry 61
Durham, Nelson W. 199
Ellis, Myron H. 355
Eshelman, J. F 289
xiv
ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE
Feighan, J. W.
163
Ferguson, E. C. 67
Forrest, R. W 139
Getchell, L. W 259
Griggs, Chauncey W
169
Gross, Abe.
145
Gross, David 145
Gross, Ellis H. 145
Gross, Morris 145
277
Haller, Granville O
31
Ham, David T.
373
Hill, John M.
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