USA > Alaska > Geographic dictionary of Alaska > Part 2
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In the older literature were many names from the Russian which in transliteration began with Tch or Tsch, as Tschitschagow, which is now written Chichagof. As far as usage would permit, the simple form Ch has been used in such cases.
Curiosities of nomenclature abound. There have been strange trans- formations due to carelessness, ignorance, or bad writing. Thus, Gain became Cain; Hound, Round; Miller, Mitten; Chornie became Torno; Traitors, Traders; Andrew, Lidrejana; Sutwik, Zutchwik, etc. Nu- merous illustrations of transformation and corruption will be found throughout the dictionary.
AUTHORITIES.
Many maps, charts, books, and persons have been consulted in pre- paring this work. Scattered through the dictionary are references to such persons and publications. These constitute the chief original sources of Alaskan names. Below is given a list of the principal ones. It does not aim to be exhaustive. First is given a chronologie list. This is followed by the same authorities arranged alphabetically, and after each entry follows a brief account of the individual, a statement of the work by which he became an authority, and references to publica- tions containing his results. These references are to the publications chiefly used in preparing this work.
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AUTHORITIES.
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AUTHORITIES IN CHRONOLOGIC ORDER.
In the following list are given, in chronologie order, the names of the principal authorities used in the preparation of this dictionary. An account of each, arranged alphabetically, follows on pages 20-58.
1741. . Bering and Chirikof.
1848
Doroshin.
1763-1766
Glotof.
1849
Kuritizien.
1768-1769 Krenitzen and Levashef.
1850
Grewingk.
1854-1855
Gibson.
1778
Cook.
1854-1855
North Pacific Exploring
Expedition.
1780. Coxe.
1786
La Perouse.
1786-1787
Meares and Tipping.
1786-1787
Portlock and Dixon.
1786.
Pribilof.
1788-1789
Meares and Douglas.
1789 Colnett.
1790-1792
Billings.
1790-1792 Sarichef.
1790-1792
Sauer.
1791. Malaspina.
1792 Caamaño ..
1792-1794 Vancouver.
1799-1867
Russian
American Com-
pany.
1803. Khwostof and Davidof.
1804-1805
Krusenstern.
1804-1805
Langsdorf.
1804-1805
Lisianski.
1809. Vasilief.
1816-1817 Kotzebue.
1816-1821 Shishmaref.
1818-1845 .Etolin.
1818-1842 Ilin.
1819-1822 Vasilief.
1824-1834
. Veniaminof.
1826-1827 Beechey.
1826.
Franklin.
1827-1828. Lutke.
1827-1828 Staniukovich.
1829-1832
Ingenstrem.
1831-1850
Tebenkof.
1831-1832
Vasilief.
1832-1838 Chernof.
1834-1838 Zarembo.
1836 .Woronkofski.
1837
Dease and Simpson.
1838
Lindenberg.
1839-1840
.Murashef.
1842-1843.
Wosnesenski.
1842-1844
Zagoskin.
1848-1850 Archimandritof.
1885 Clover.
1886 Snow and Helm.
1887-1888
Thomas.
1888-1889
Fish Commission.
1888.
Topham.
1889-1900
Geological Survey.
1889-1891 Mansfield.
1889-1891
Russell.
1889. Stockton.
1889-1891
Turner.
1890-1892
Reid.
1865-1867
Western Union Telegraph
Exploration.
1865-1895 Dall.
1867-1900
Coast Survey.
1867-1869
Davidson.
1868
Pender.
1868-1869 Meade.
1869-1891
Coast Pilots.
1869.
Raymond.
1872-1876
Elliott.
1873-1880
Baker.
1877-1900
Jackson.
1877-1881
Nelson.
1879-1880
Beardslee.
1879-1881
Hanus.
1879-1881
Symonds.
1880-1899
Hooper.
1880
Petrof.
1881
Glass.
1881-1883
Murdoch.
1881-1883.
Nichols.
1881-1883
Ray.
1882.
Krause Brothers.
1883-1886.
Schwatka.
1884-1899
Abercrombie.
1884
Coghlan.
1885
Allen.
1891
Hayes.
1775-1779 Maurelle and Quadra.
1861-1863
Tikhmenief.
1863
Rynda party.
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GEOGRAPHIC DICTIONARY OF ALASKA.
[BULL. 187.
1892-1895 Moore (W. I.).
1898-1900 Schrader.
1894 U. S. S. Concord.
1895 Becker.
1898 Spurr and Post.
1895-1898 Moore (E. K.).
1899 Harriman Alaska Expedi- tion.
1896 Spurr and Goodrich.
1897-1898 Moser.
1899 Rohn.
1898-1900. Barnard.
1900 Davidson and Blakeslee.
1898-1900
Brooks.
British Admiralty.
1898 Eldridge and Muldrow.
Prospectors and Miners.
1898-1899 Glenn.
Russians.
1898-1900. Mendenhall.
Vasilief.
AUTHORITIES IN ALPHABETIC ORDER.
The following is an alphabetic list of the principal authorities used in the making of this dictionary. Concerning each one a brief state- ment is made as to the reasons for accepting him as an authority. References are also given to such publications, by himself or by others, concerning his work, as have been used.
ABERCROMBIE, 1884, 1898-99.
In the spring of 1898, by direction of the Secretary of War, three military expeditions were organized for exploring the interior of Alaska. The second of these expeditions was under the command of Capt. William R. Abercrombie, U. S. A., who had in 1884 ascended the Copper river to latitude 60° 41' and afterwards visited Port Valdes, in Prince William sound. Abercrombie was directed to organize his party at Valdes and then explore the valley of the Copper river and its tributaries and the country northward to the Tanana. Mr. F. C. Schrader, of the United States Geological Survey, was attached to his party as geologist. Schrader's report was published in 1900 in the Twentieth Annual Report of the Geological Survey, Part VII, pp. 341-423. Abercrombie's report was published in July, 1899, in War Department, Adjutant General's Office, No. XXV, Report of Explor- ations in Alaska, pp. 295-351. It was also published in 1900 in a 4º volume entitled Compilation of Narratives of Explorations in Alaska, Washington, Government Printing Office, 1900, a work which seems to have come from the Senate Committee on Military Affairs.
Captain Abercrombie continued the work of exploration in 1899 under instructions, inter alia, to construct a military road from Valdes to Fort Egbert on the Yukon. Mr. Oscar Rohn accompanied the party as topographer and geologist. For Abercrombie's report see the above-cited compilation, pp. 755-766; also separately printed, with numerous illustrations, Washington, Government Printing Office, 1900. Rohn's report was published in 1900 in the Twenty-first Annual Report of the Geological Survey, Part II, pp. 393-440.
1898-1899 Peters and Brooks.
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AUTHORITIES.
BAKER.]
ALLEN, 1885.
Lieut. (now Major) Henry Tureman Allen, U. S. A., who was gradu- ated from West Point in 1882, made a journey of exploration through central Alaska in 1885. Leaving Nuchek on March 20, he ascended the Copper river, crossed to and descended the Tanana to its mouth, thence traveled north to the Koyukuk, ascended it some distance, and then descended to its mouth and arrived at St. Michael August 29, whence he returned to San Francisco. His report, with accompanying maps, was published in 1887 as Senate Ex. Doc. No. 125, Forty-ninth Con- gress, second session.
ARCHIMANDRITOF, 1848-1850.
Towards the close of the Russian occupation of Alaska, Captain Archimandritof commanded one of its vessels in the colonies. He made surveys in Kenai peninsula and around Kodiak in about 1850, but published nothing. It is probable that some of his results were used in Tebenkof's atlas. Copies of his manuscript maps were in use by the Russian skippers and others at the time of the purchase, and some fragments reached the Coast Survey. A survey by him of Graham harbor (Port Graham), in Cook inlet, was published in the Coast Survey atlas of Harbor Charts, 1869.
BAKER, 1873-1880.
Marcus Baker, in the employ of the Coast Survey, surveyed in the Aleutian islands and along the Alaskan coast from Dixon entrance to Point Belcher. Arctic ocean, in the seasons of 1873, 1874, and 1880 in the party of Mr. William H. Dall. In May, 1880, through the courtesy of Captain Beardslee, he made a boat journey from Sitka to Chilkat and return. The very few names given during that journey are recorded in the Coast Pilot, 1883.
BARNARD, 1898-1900.
Mr. Edward Chester Barnard, topographer of the United States Geological Survey, surveyed the Fortymile district, in eastern Alaska, in the summer of 1898, and also made surveys in Seward peninsula in the summer of 1900. The Fortymile atlas sheet was published in April, 1899, in a Congressional document (Public Resolution No. 25, Fifty-fifth Congress, second session), entitled Maps and Descriptions of Routes of Exploration in Alaska in 1898. The results of the Seward peninsula surveys will appear in special reports of the Geo- logical Survey.
BEARDSLEE, 1879-80.
Capt. (now Rear Admiral) Lester Anthony Beardslee, U. S. N .. was in 1879-80 stationed in southeast Alaska in command of the U. S. S. Jamestown. Among his officers was Lieut. Frederick M. Symonds and
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GEOGRAPHIC DICTIONARY OF ALASKA.
[BULL. 187.
Master Gustavus C. Hanus, both of whom had served in the Coast Survey and were enthusiastic surveyors. These officers and their associates utilized their opportunity to increase our imperfect knowl- edge of the Alexander archipelago. They surveyed Sitka harbor and various coves and harbors and brought back information as to Glacier bay, which, while not absolutely the first, was the first to attract much notice. Their map of Sitka was published by the Coast Survey. Most of the geographie information, except that, is contained in Beardslee's report on affairs in Alaska, which was published in 1882 as Senate Ex. Doc. No. 71. Forty-seventh Congress, first session. This contains several maps, including reprints of United States Hydro- graphic Office charts 882 and 883.
BECKER, 1895.
Mr. George Ferdinand Becker, geologist of the United States Geological Survey, accompanied by Mr. Chester Wells Purington, visited Alaska in the summer of 1895 for the purpose of examining and reporting on its gold resources. Their examination was, in accordance with instructions, confined to the coast, and embraced points from Sitka westward to Unalaska. It included several locali- ties in Alexander archipelago, about Kodiak and Cook inlet, and along Alaska peninsula, and the trip ended with a visit to Bogoslof.
Becker's report on this work is published in the Eighteenth Annual Report of the Geological Survey, Part III, pp. 1-86.
BEECHEY, 1826-27.
In 1824 the British Government determined to send a ship to Bering strait to cooperate with Franklin and Parry in a search for the North- west Passage. Capt. Frederick William Beechey, R. N., was on Jan- uary 12. 1825, selected for the task and placed in command of H. M. S. Blossom. On May 11, 1825, he received his instructions, and eight days later, May 19, set sail from Spithead, sailed round Cape Horn, and on June 28, 1826, reached Petropavlovsk. Thence he sailed to Kotzebue sound, arriving on July 22. Sailing northward he made surveys on the Arctic coast as far as Point Barrow and then returned to Kotzebue sound. On October 13, he quit the sound and, passing Unimak strait, reached San Francisco on November 7, where he stayed till the end of the year and then proceeded to the Hawaiian islands, touching en route at Monterey. He arrived at Honolulu on January 26. 1827. Thence he went to China, and on July 3, wa's back in Petropavlovsk.
Quitting the harbor on July 18, he returned to Kotzebue sound, arriving on August 5. The rest of the season was spent in surveys about Seward peninsula, till October 6, 1827, when he took his final departure and, rounding Cape Horn, returned to England in September, 1828.
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AUTHORITIES.
BAKER.]
A full and satisfactory account of this voyage was published by authority of the Admiralty in 1831, entitled Narrative of a Voyage to the Pacifie and Beering's Strait, by F. W. Beechey, 1825-1828, 4º, London, 1831.
BERING AND CHIRIKOF, 1741.
The first Russian voyage to bring definite tidings as to northwest America was made by Capt. Commander Ivan Ivanovich (otherwise Vitus) Bering and Capt. Alexie Ilich Chirikof in 1741. It was an official voyage ordered by the government to be made for exploration and discovery. Bering in the St. Paul, with whom was Steller. and Chirikof in the St. Peter, with whom went Croyere. sailed from Avacha bay on June 4, 1741, and together they cruised eastward. On the 20th they were separated by a storm and did not meet again. The courses kept were generally eastward. Bering reached the vicinity of the month of the Copper river and landed there on July 20. The next day he turned back, touched at the Shumagins, saw a number of the Aleutian islands. and was finally driven ashore and died on December 8, 1741, on the island which now bears his name.
Chirikof landed two boat crews somewhere in the Alexander archi- pelago, perhaps near Sitka. Neither of these was seen again, and Chirikof, sailing away, arrived in Avacha on October 9.
Concerning this voyage, which was the first of the Russian official voyages to bring back any definite knowledge of America, much has been written. A good account of it compiled from original sources is contained in Journal of Russian Hydrographie Department. 1851, Vol. IX, pp. 190-469. A detailed track chart accompanies this account. See also Petrof's account in Bancroft's History, pp. 63-98.
BILLINGS, 1790-1792.
Commodore Joseph Billings commanded a Russian exploring and surveying expedition in Bering sea and the North Pacific ocean in 1791-1792. He appears not to have made or published any account of it. For the results, see Sauer and Sarichef.
BRITISH ADMIRALTY.
The British Admiralty has published various charts relating to Alaska, most of them being compilations or reproductions of other maps. Almost always the source of information is clearly indicated. Occasionally, however, bits of information have been found here and there on the British Admiralty charts which have not been traced to any other source; in such cases reference is simply made to the Brit- ish Admiralty. The region about Glacier bay on British Admiralty chart 2431 is an illustration.
BROOKS, 1898-1900.
Mr. Alfred Hulse Brooks, geologist in the party of Mr. W. J. Peters in 1898, made geologic studies in Alaska in that year and again
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GEOGRAPHIC DICTIONARY OF ALASKA.
[BULL. 187.
in 1899. In the autumn of 1899 he spent a few weeks in Seward peninsula. In the season of 1900 he had charge of a geologic party in Seward peninsula, having as geologie assistants Messrs. George B. Richardson and Arthur J. Collier. For reports on this work see Twentieth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, Part VII. pp. 425-494; also Twenty-first Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, Part II, pp. 331-391. The report on the work of 1900 is now in proof and is soon to appear as a special publi- cation of the United States Geological Survey.
CAAMAÑO, 1792.
Lieut. Don Jacinto Caamaño, in the corvette Aranzazu, was sent out in 1792 by Count de Revillagigedo, Viceroy of Mexico, to explore the northwest coast about Juan de Fuca strait and northward with a view to determining the truth about de Fonte's reported Northwest Passage. Sailing from San Blas on March 20, 1792, he arrived in Bucareli bay on July 12. and then surveyed southward along the southern Alaska ' coast and British Columbia. He returned to San Blas on February 6, 1793. No general report on this work was published till long after- ward. Vancouver met him in the field and apparently obtained copies of some of his maps, especially of places just north of Dixon entrance, which he incorporated in his atlas. For an account of this voyage see Salva (Miguel) y Baranda (Pedro Sainz de), Coleccion de documentos ineditos, etc .. 8°, Madrid, 1849, vol. XV. pp. 323-363.
CHERNOF, 1832-1838.
Ivan Chernof was a pilot in the employment of the Russian American Company and made surveys here and there in Alaska. He surveyed Sviechnikof harbor, in Amlia island, in 1832 and made other surveys in the Rat Island group of the Aleutian islands at about the same period. Lutke, in his Voyage, partie nautique, 1836, p. 327, informs us that knowledge of the Rat Island group at that time, though very incom- plete, was due to Ingenstrem and Chernof. The latter collected detailed information about all the islands and rocks of the group, and even wrote ont some of these notes. It does not appear that these were ever published. Tebenkof in his notes several times refers to Chernof's work. He is doubtless the same Ivan Chernof who, as a lad, was given by the Indians to the Russians as a hostage in 1804 and returned to them in 1805. He attended the navigation school at Sitka and afterwards was long in the service of the Russian American Company as a pilot. In 1838 he was skipper of the Russian American Company's brig Polyfem, in which Kashevarof explored the Arctic coast. He died in 1877 and his descendents live on Afognak island. See Russian Hydrographic Charts 1378 and 1400 for some of his results.
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AUTHORITIES.
CLOVER, 1885.
Lieut. Commander Richardson Clover, U. S. N., in command of the Coast and Geodetic Survey steamer Patterson, made surveys in south- eastern Alaska in 1885. The field season was from May 17 to Sep- tember 16, 1885, during which surveys were made of Clarence strait from Cape Chacon and Dall Head on the south to Narrow point and Union bay on the north, also of the north shore of Dixon entrance from Cape Chacon to Cape Muzon, except Cordova bay. Extracts from his reports were published in Coast Survey report, 1886, pp. 80-81. Coast Survey chart 709, issued in 1886, shows the results of his work. Some of it also appears on Coast Survey charts 706 and 707.
COAST PILOTS, 1869, 1883, 1891.
Three Coast Pilots of Alaska have been prepared and published by the Coast Survey. The first one, prepared by Assistant George Davidson, was published in 1869. See Davidson for an account of this. The second was prepared by Assistant William H. Dall, assisted by the present writer, between 1875 and 1882 and was published by the Coast Survey in 1883 under the title Pacific Coast Pilot, Alaska, Part I. An Appendix to this Pilot, devoted to meteorology and bibliography, was also prepared by Dall and Baker and published by the Coast Survey in 1879, the edition being 250. The meteorological tables, the diagrams, the bibliography, and the cartography were pre- pared by Baker. They were edited by Dall, who wrote the discussions and put the whole through the press.
The new edition of this Pilot, called third edition, was published by the Coast Survey in 1891. It was prepared by Lieut. Commander H. E. Nichols, who was assigned to this work in 1888. In the summer of that year Nichols visited Alaska and gathered notes for it. He was at Kodiak and Unalaska and visited various points between, also several of the Aleutian islands, the Pribilof islands, and points in Bristol bay. (See Coast Survey Report, 1888, p. 77.) He also visited Alexander archipelago in the autumn of 1888 on the same errand. The manuscript of the new edition was completed before July, 1890, and the volume was issued in 1891. The critical and historical notes in the Pilot of 1883, or " Dall's Coast Pilot," has made it more useful for this dictionary than the edition of 1891, or, as it is often called. "Nichols' Coast Pilot."
Additional Coast Pilot material has since been published by the Coast and Geodetic Survey. Bulletins 37 and 38 of that survey were prepared by Lieut. Commander J. F. Moser and published in 1899. These relate, the first to Alexander archipelago, the second to Prince William sound, Cook inlet, Kodiak, and westward to Unalaska. Bulletin 40, published in 1900, prepared by the Coast and Geodetic Survey and revised by Lieutenant Jarvis, U. S. Revenne Cutter Service, relates to Bering sea and the Arctic.
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GEOGRAPHIC DICTIONARY OF ALASKA.
[BULL. 187.
COAST SURVEY, 1867-1900.
Geographic work in Alaska by the Coast Survey began in the sum- mer of 1867. prior to the purchase of Alaska, made in that year, and with more or less interruption it has continued to the present. The results are set forth in the reports, maps, charts, and other publica- tions of that organization. So far as practicable, in making this dic- tionary names are accredited to the particular individual who applied them. It has not been possible to do so in all cases, however, and accordingly some of the names are simply recorded as having been applied or given by the Coast Survey.
COGHLAN, 1884.
Commander Joseph B. Coghlan, U. S. N., in command of the U. S. S. Adams, was stationed in southeastern Alaska in 1884 and with his offi- cers made reconnaissance surveys at some of the places where the . need was especially great. His surveys were principally in the inte- rior passages north and east from Sitka sound, through Peril strait to Chatham strait, and in and about Barlow cove at the south end of Lynn canal.
For his results see Coast and Geodetic Survey charts 727 and 728, published in 1885.
COLNETT, 1789.
James Colnett, an English fur trader, sailed under instructions from Captain Meares, from China, in command of the Princess Royal and Argonaut, in April and May, 1789, on a trading voyage to northwest America. Colnett did not publish any account of his voyage, but information concerning it is contained in the Appendix to Meares (John) Voyages, etc. 4° London, 1790.
U. S. S. CONCORD, 1894.
The U. S. S. Concord, in 1894, made surveys in the islands of the Four Mountains, in the Aleutian chain. The results are shown on United States Hydrographic Office chart No. 8, edition of February, 1895.
COOK, 1778.
Eight days after the American colonies had declared themselves free and independent, Capt. James Cook, R. N., the great English navigator, sailed from Plymouth, England (July 12, 1776), on his third and last voyage of discovery. He had two ships, the Resolution and Discovery. He commanded the Resolution and Capt. Charles Clerke the Discovery. The ships proceeded to Teneriffe, Cape of Good Hope, Kerguelen Land, Van Dieman's Land, New Zealand, Friendly isles, Tahiti, Christmas island, Hawaiian islands, and to Nootka sound in Vancouver island, where they arrived on March 30, 1778. Between
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AUTHORITIES.
BAKER.]
this date and October 3, 1778, Cook eruised northward and westward along the American coast to Icy cape, in the Arctic ocean, and sketched the chief outlines of this coast, hitherto practically unknown. Leaving Unalaska on October 27, 1778, he returned to the Hawaiian islands, where he was killed by the natives on February 14, 1779. The British Admiralty published in 1784-85 an account of this voyage in three quarto volumes and a large atlas.
COXE, 1780.
Rev. William Coxe, archdeacon of Wilts, spent some time in St. Petersburg prior to 1780 and while there specially interested himself in the discoveries made by the Russians between Asia and America between 1741 and the date of his writing. His results were published in 1780 under the title Account of the Russian Discoveries between Asia and America, etc. This passed through several editions, the third appearing at London in 1787 and the fourth in 1803. Two French translations appeared in 1781 and a German one in 1783. This is an important work for the student of Alaskan exploration and geography. In it are the first published accounts of the voyages of Shalaurof, 1761-1763 ; Sind, 1764-1768 ; and Krenitzin and Levashef, 1764-1771.
DALL, 1865-1895.
Dr. William Healey Dall first went to Alaska in 1865, in the employ- ment of the Western Union Telegraph Company, and from that beginning has become one of the foremost students, explorers. writers, and authorities on Alaskan matters. His book Alaska and Its Resources, published in 1870, remains to this day the most useful handy reference book on Alaska.
He came back to San Francisco in the autumn of 1865, returned to Alaska in the spring of 1866, and remained in the Yukon country till 1868, when he came back and published Alaska and Its Resources. In 1871 he entered the Coast Survey and from August, 1871, to the end of 1874 was engaged in reconnaissance surveys along the coast from Sitka westward to the end of the Aleutian chain and north- ward in Bering sea as far as Nunivak and the Pribilof islands. With him, as assistant, in 1871-72 was Mark Walrod Harrington. Dall returned to Washington at the end of 1874 and was employed in the Coast Survey Office on Alaskan matters from 1875 to 1880; in this The interval was written the Alaska Coast Pilot and its Appendix. present writer was associated with him in this and other Alaskan work as an assistant from March, 1873, till July, 1882. In 1880 another season of Alaska field work was had, the cruise extending along the coast from Sitka to Unalaska and northward nearly to Point Barrow. The principal sources of geographic information as to all this is a series of some fifty charts and plans issued by the Coast Survey and the Alaska Coast Pilot with its Appendix.
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GEOGRAPHIC DICTIONARY OF ALASKA.
[BULL. 187.
In 1884 Mr. Dall resigned from the Coast Survey and entered the Geological Survey, with which organization he has been connected ever since. In the summer of 1895 in company with Mr. G. F. Becker he revisited Alaska for the purpose of studying and reporting on its coal resources. The cruise made was coastwise from Sitka to Unalaska. The results are published in the Seventeenth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, 1896, Part 1, pp. 763-908.
DAVIDSON, 1867-1869.
George Davidson, assistant in the Coast Survey, accompanied by Alonzo Tyler Mosman, G. Farquhar, and Stehman Forney, made a cruise in the waters of Russian America just prior to its purchase and change of name to Alaska in 1867. They sailed on the revenue cutter Lincoln from Victoria on July 29 and returned there October 27, 1867, having visited and made observations at Sitka, Chilkat, Kodiak, and Unalaska. Davidson wrote a voluminous report on this work, includ- ing a description of the southeast coast of Alaska from Dixon entrance to Cook inlet. This report was published in Coast Survey Report, 1867, Appendix 18, pp. 187-329. This description was afterwards revised and published by the Coast Survey under the title Coast Pilot of Alaska (First Part) from Southern Boundary to Cook's Inlet.
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