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Charts were made of Sitka, of St. Paul harbor, Kadiak, and of Cap- tains bay, Unalaska, and published by the Coast Survey. These are in a small atlas issued by the Coast Survey in 1869 and entitled Harbor Charts of Alaska. Davidson visited Alaska again in 1869 and observed the total solar eclipse of August 7 of that year at Kohklux on the Chilkat river. On his journey thither and back he did a little recon- naissance surveying in Alexander archipelago. For an account of this see Coast Survey Report, 1869, pp. 177-181.
DAVIDSON AND BLAKESLEE, 1900.
Messrs. J. M. Davidson and B. D. Blakeslee, civil engineers and United States deputy surveyors, issued in 1900 a map of the Nome gold region containing many names not previously published, most of them doubtless given by the prospectors. This map is folded and in a cover bearing the title Map of the Nome Peninsula showing new Gold Fields of Cape Nome, Golovin Bay and Cape York, Alaska. Compiled from Actual Surveys and Explorations on the Ground by J. M. Davidson and B. D. Blakeslee, Civil Engineers and United States Deputy Surveyors, Nome, Alaska, 1900. The map, which is colored, was printed by the Mutual Label and Lithographie Company of San Francisco, Cal.
DEASE AND SIMPSON, 1837.
Peter Warren Dease and Thomas Simpson, factors of the Hudson Bay Company. in the summer of 1837 made an exploring journey
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along the Arctic coast from the mouth of the Mackenzie river to Point Barrow. Prior to their journey the coast line from Return reef to Point Barrow was a blank on the maps. They left the Mackenzie mouth on July 9 in two open boats and arrived at Point Barrow on August 4, the last part of the journey being overland. For an account of their work see Simpson (Thomas), Narrative of Discoveries on the North Coast of America, 8º, London, 1843; also Journal Royal Geog. Soc., 8º, London, 1838, Vol. VIII, pp. 213-225.
DIXON, 1785-1788.
Capt. George Dixon, commanding the ship Queen Charlotte, made a trading voyage from England to northwest America and round the world in 1785-1788 in company with Portlock. (See Portlock.) Dixon published an account of this voyage entitled A Voyage Round the World, etc., 4º, London, 1789.
DOROSHIN, 1848.
Peter P. Doroshin, a mining engineer, was sent out from Russia in 1847 by the Russian American Company to their American possessions with Captain Riedell in the ship Atka, to examine and report on the gold resources of the colony. He visited Baranof island and Cook inlet and examined these places, and also visited California. His results were published in the Russian Mining Journal for 1866, No. 1 (Part V), p. 136; No. 2 (Part VI), pp. 277-282; also No. 3 (Part III), pp. 365-401. The last contains descriptions of Prince William sound and Copper river.
DOUGLAS, 1788-89. See MEARES. ELDRIDGE AND MULDROW, 1898.
Mr. George Homans Eldridge, geologist of the United States Geological Survey, made a reconnaissance of the Sushitna basin in the summer of 1898. He was accompanied by Mr. Robert Muldrow, topographer. Their explorations extended from the head of Cook inlet up the Sushitna nearly to latitude 64°. For their results see Twentieth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, Part VII, pp. 1-29.
ELLIOTT, 1872-1876.
Mr. Henry Wood Elliott was, in 1872-73, an assistant agent of the Treasury Department on the Pribilof islands. In the summer of 1874 he was a special agent of the Treasury Department, and with Lieut. Washburn Maynard, U. S. N., visited in the United States Revenue Cutter Reliance, Capt. Baker commanding, Sitka, Kodiak, Unalaska, the Pribilof islands, St. Matthew, and St. Lawrence. In November, 1874, he submitted a report, which was printed by the Treasury Department in 1875 and by Congress in 1876. He also wrote a mono-
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graph on the Pribilof islands, which was published in the Tenth Census. 1880. Vol. VIII, and also separately in two editions, one in 1881 and the other in 1882. These contain the maps of St. Paul and St. George made by Elliott and Maynard in 1874.
ETOLIN, 1818-1845.
Adolph Karlovich Etolin, who was governor of the Russian Ameri- can colonies in 1841-1845, first went to the colony from Russia with Golofnin in the Kamchatka, leaving Cronstandt on August 26, 1817, and arriving in Petropavlovsk on May 3, 1818. At least Grewingk so states, and is followed by Dall; but Golofnin in his Voyage gives a list of all his ship's company, to the number of 138, and Etolin's name is not in that list. (Golofnin's Voyage Round the World (in Russian), 4º, St. Petersburg, 1822, Vol. I. supplement, pp. i-viii.) Etolin, Khromchenko. and Vasilief were engaged in surveying and exploring Bering sea in 1822-1824. (Bancroft, History, p. 546.) In 1839 he sailed from Cronstadt for the colonies, in command of the Russian American Company's ship Nikolai. With him went Kupre- anof. Woewodski and Dr. Blashke. (Journal Russ. Hyd. Dept., 1850, Vol. VIII. pp. 187-188.) From 1841 to 1845 Etolin was governor of the Russian American colonies. In 1833 he surveyed Tamgas harbor and Kaigani strait. (See Russ. Hyd. Chart., 1396, published in 1848.)
FISH COMMISSION, 1888-89.
From time to time since 1880 the United States Fish Commission has made investigations in Alaskan waters and contributed to a knowledge of its geography. Special use has been made in this dictionary of the maps of Alaska peninsula and the eastern Aleutians contained in the Bulletin of the Commission, Vol. VIII, for 1888, and of a map covering part of the same region, together with Bristol bay, in Vol. IX, for 1889. The new names appearing on these maps are said to be chiefly due to Mr. Samuel Applegate.
FRANKLIN, 1826.
Sir John Franklin made explorations along the extreme eastern part of the Arctic coast of Alaska in July and August, 1826. After wintering at Fort Franklin, Sir John descended the Mackenzie to its mouth and explored along the coast westward as far as Return reef. For an account of this see his Narrative of a Second Expedition to the Shores of the Polar Sea, 1825-1827, 4º, London, 1828, pp. 124-159.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, 1889-1900.
Geologie investigations in Alaska by the Geological Survey began with the work of Mr. I. C. Russell in the Yukon valley in 1889. These investigations were continued by Russell in 1890 and 1891 in the St. Elias region. In 1895 Messrs. Becker and Dall investigated and
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later reported on the gold and coal resources of the territory. Since that time topographic and geologie work has been actively prosecuted by the Geological Survey. The results are set forth in its annual reports and in special reports as follows:
Map of Alaska, with Descriptive Text. Prepared in Accordance with Public Resolution No. 3, Fifty-fifth Congress, second session. 8º, Washington, 1899, 44 pp.
Maps and Descriptions of Routes of Exploration in Alaska in 1898. Prepared in accordance with Public Resolution No. 25, Fifty-fifth Congress, third session. 8º, Washington, 1899, 138 pp.
Preliminary Report on the Cape Nome Gold Region, Alaska. By F. C. Schrader and A. H. Brooks. 8º, Washington, 1900, 56 pp.
Reconnaissances in the Cape Nome and Norton Bay Regions, Alaska, in 1900. By Alfred H. Brooks, George B. Richardson, Arthur J. Collier, and Walter C. Menden- hall. 8º, Washington, 1901, 222 pp.
The Geology and Mineral Resources of a portion of the Copper River District, Alaska. By Frank Charles Schrader and Arthur Coe Spencer. 8º, Washington, 1901, 94 pp.
GIBSON, 1854-55.
Lieut. William Gibson, U. S. N., commanded the U. S. schooner Fenimore Cooper in 1854-55. This vessel was one of those compos- ing the North Pacific Exploring Expedition, "Lieut. JJohn Rodgers commanding," sometimes known as the Ringgold and Rodgers expe- dition. Gibson cruised through the Aleutian islands in the summer of 1855, correcting the charts and surveying harbors here and there, especially at Attu and Adak. No report of the work has been pub- lished. The geographic results are shown on United States Hydro- graphic charts 8 and 55
GLASS, 1881.
Commander Henry Glass, U. S. N., succeeded Captain Beardslee on the Sitka station in 1881, in command of the U. S. S. Wachusett. The surveying done by Symonds and Hanus under Beardslee was continued under Glass and was published by the Coast Survey. See Coast Survey chart 726.
GLENN, 1898-99.
By direction of the Secretary of War, three military parties were to be organized in the spring of 1898 for exploring the interior of Alaska. The third, known as Expedition No. 3, was placed under the command of Capt. Edwin F. Glenn, of the Twenty-fifth infantry, who was instructed to establish a camp at Port Wells, Prince William sound, about April 1, 1898, and explore northeastward for routes toward the Copper and Sushitna rivers, and on about May 1 to go to Cook inlet and explore northward to the Tanana and Yukon. With this party went, as geologist, Mr. W. C. Mendenhall, of the United States Geo- logical Survey. Glenn's report was published in 1899 by the Adjutant- General's Office of the War Department, as (Bulletin) No. XXV, Reports of Explorations in Alaska, and also in a quarto volume eman- ating from the Senate Committee on Military Affairs and entitled
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[BULL. 187.
Compilations of Narratives of Explorations in Alaska; Washington, Government Printing Office, 1900, pp. 627-648. Mendenhall's report was published in 1900 in the Twentieth Annual Report of the Geolog- ical Survey, Part VII, pp. 265-340.
Glenn's explorations were continued in 1899. For report on these see the above-cited compilation, pp. 711-724.
GLOTOF, 1763-1766.
Stephen Glotof, a Russian fur trader, after wintering, 1762-63, on Copper island, sailed away on July 26 and, cruising eastward, discov- ered several of the Aleutian islands. He went as far eastward as the island of Kodiak, which he discovered. He wintered there and returned to Umnak in 1764 and to Kamchatka in 1766. He published nothing. For some account of his travels see Coxe, Account of Rus- sian Discoveries, 1780; Berg, Chron. Hist. of Discovery of Aleutian Islands, St. Petersburg, 1823; also Dall's Alaska and Bancroft's His- tory.
GREWINGK, 1850.
Dr. Constantin Grewingk published in Verhandlungen der Russisch- Kaiserlichen Mineralogischen Gesellschaft zu St. Petersburg, 1850, a contribution to our knowledge of Northwest America and its adjacent islands. This work, in German, is a veritable storehouse of informa- tion and has been freely used in this dictionary. Its arrangement, however, and the lack of an index make its use for dictionary purposes both laborious and unsatisfactory.
HANUS, 1879-1881. See BEARDSLEE AND GLASS. HARRIMAN ALASKA EXPEDITION, 1899.
In the summer of 1899 Mr. Edward Henry Harriman, of New York, visited Alaska for health and recreation. For this purpose he chartered the steamer George W. Elder, and invited as his guests about 30 scien- tifié men from various parts of the United States, a considerable num- ber being from Washington. The party sailed from Seattle on July 1 and cruised northward and westward along the British Columbian and Alaskan coasts to Bering strait, and returning reached Seattle on August 31, having been gone just two months. At various points collections were made by his guests, photographs secured, and a little surveying and exploration done. The results are being published by Mr. Harriman and the Washington Academy of Sciences.
HAYES, 1891.
In the spring of 1891 Mr. Frederick Schwatka conducted an explo- ration, organized by a syndicate of newspapers, in the region north of Lynn canal and westward to the Copper river. Dr. Charles Willard Hayes, of the United States Geological Survey, was detailed to accom-
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pany the expedition as geologist. He published his results, including 3 maps, in 1892, in the National Geographic Magazine, Vol. IV, pp. 117-162. The route was up Taku inlet, down the Teslin and Lewes, up the White, over Skolai pass and down the Chitina and Copper. The party left Juneau on May 25 and arrived at Eyak, in Prince William sound, just in time to miss the August mail steamer.
HELM, 1886. See SNow. HOOPER, 1880-1899.
Capt. Calvin Leighton Hooper, of the United States Revenue Cutter Service, was born in Maine on July 7, 1842, and entered the United States Revenue Cutter Service as a third lieutenant on June 6, 1866. In this service he remained continually till his death of Bright's disease in San Francisco on April 29, 1900. He was promoted to second lieu- tenant on June 24, 1868, to first lieutenant on July 20, 1870, and to captain on October 23, 1879. Heserved six years on the North Atlantic coast of the United States, three years on the Great Lakes, while his last twenty-five years were spent on the Pacific coast, chiefly in Alaskan waters, where for many years he patroled in and about Bering sea. His annual reports to the Treasury Department have contributed to our knowledge of Alaskan geography.
ILIN, 1818-1842.
Staff-Capt. Peter Ivanovich Ilin, of the Pilot Corps, sailed from Cronstadt for the Russian American colonies with Golofnin in the Kamchatka on August 26, 1817. In 1831, in a skin boat (baidar) 23 feet long, he surveyed the eastern coast of Kamchatka from Avacha bay northward to Cape Shipunski (Journal Rus. Hyd. Dept., 1852, Vol. X, pp. 125-135). This man is supposed to be the one who sur- veyed, at an unknown date, a bay on the western shore of Chichagof island, a bay which after him has been called Ilina-i. e., Ilin's. His sketch is contained in Sheet XXIII of Sarichef's atlas, published in 1826. Ilin died in Okhotsk (one account says Kamchatka) in 1842. (Journal Rus. Hyd. Dept., 1850, Vol. VIII, p. 169.)
INGENSTREM, 1829-1832.
Ingenstrem was a pilot in the employment of the Russian American Company and often visited Atka, where he twice wintered and made various surveys on Atka and Amlia. He did not publish anything. His results are incorporated in Tebenkof, Lutke, and on Russian Hydrographic chart 1400. Very little information is on record about him. Even the spelling of his name is uncertain. Grewingk says that he made surveys in the western Aleutians in 1829. In 1830- 1832, in company with Chernof, he did surveying in Prince William sound and at the mouth of Kaknu river, Cook inlet.
Bull. 187-01 -- 3
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JACKSON, 1877-1900.
Rev. Sheldon Jackson, Presbyterian missionary and since 1885 general agent for education in Alaska, first visited Alaska in August, 1877, in the interest of schools and missions. He made a second trip on the same errand in 1879. Other visits followed, and since his gov- ernment appointment in 1885 he has made annual visits to the Terri- tory, traveling extensively in various parts on inspecting tours. Reports on this work are published annually in the Report of the Commissioner of Education.
KHIWOSTOF AND DAVIDOF, 1803.
Two Russian naval officers, Nikolai Alexandrovich Khwostof and Gavril Ivanovich Davidof, were in the employ of the Russian Ameri- can Company in 1802-1804. They left St. Petersburg in April, 1802, and went overland to Okhotsk, arriving in August "of the same year. "1 Thence they sailed to Kodiak, conferred with Baranof, and returned to Okhotsk, whence they returned overland to St. Petersburg, arriv- ing there in January, 1804. Davidof published in Russian an account of this journey, in 2 volumes, St. Petersburg, 1810-1812. See also Journal of the Russian Hydrographie Department, 1852, Vol. X, pp. 391-433; also Baneroft's History, pp. 458-459.
KOTZEBUE, 1816-17.
By the liberality of Count Rumiantzof, Russian counselor of state, in 1815 the brig Rurik was fitted out for exploration in America with reference to a Northwest Passage. Lieutenant Otto von Kotzebue, son of the distinguished author, and who had accompanied Krusenstern on the Neva in 1803-1806, was placed in command. Accompanied by the savants Choris, Chamisso, and Eschscholtz, he sailed from Cronstadt on July 30, 1815, and, rounding Cape Horn, arrived in Petropavlovsk on June 19, 1816. Sailing from there on July 18, he landed on St. Law- rence island on the 27th, passed through Bering strait on the 31st, and on August 3 entered the sound which now bears his name. This he explored and mapped, as also the region about Bering strait and St. Lawrence island. He then sailed to Unalaska, San Francisco, and the Hawaiian islands. From here he returned to Unalaska the following year (1817), refitted, and went to St. Lawrence island. Through ill health he gave up further exploration and returned to Russia, arriving in Cronstadt on August 3, 1818. A full account of this voyage was published in 1821, both in Russian and in German. An English trans- lation by H. E. Lloyd was published the same year.
Kotzebue was born at Revel on December 19, 1787, and died there on February 13, 1846.
1 Bancroft (H. H.) History of Alaska, 8º, San Francisco, 1886, p. 458.
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1773785
KRAUSE BROTHERS, 1882.
Two brothers, Dr. Arthur Krause and Dr. Aurel Krause, were sent out by the Bremen Geographical Society in 1881 to make ethnographic and geographic studies in Alaska. In the summer of 1881 they visited and mapped a district about the head of Lynn canal and Chilkat river. Later they visited and worked in Bering strait, making a map of the country about East cape. Accounts of this have appeared in various journals. A summing up of all the work was published in 1885, entitled Ergebnisse einer Reise nach der Nordwest Küste von Amerika und der Berings-Strasse, etc., 8º, Jena, 1885, 16 + 420 pp., with illustrations.
In this dietionary Krause's names have all been taken from a map of the Chilkat region, from surveys by Arthur Krause in 1882, which was published in Zeitschrift der Ges. für Erdk. zu Berlin, 1883, Vol. XVIII, plate 9.
KRENITZIN AND LEVASHEF, 1768-69.
On May 4, 1764, the Tsarina of Russia issued an ukaz ordering a secret naval expedition to explore between Asia and America. In charge of it was placed Capt .- Lieut. Peter Kuzmich Krenitzin, whose principal assistant was Lieut. Michael Levashef. Leaving St. Peters- burg on July 1, 1764, the party went to Okhotsk and there built two vessels, repaired two others, and with the four sailed from Okhotsk on October 10, 1766. Shipwreck soon followed and the shipwrecked crews wintered at Bolsheretsk in Kamchatka. The following summer they repaired their boats, sailed to Nizhnikamchatsk, and there passed the winter. Finally, on June 21, 1768, all was ready and the party sailed eastward, Krenitzin commanding the galiot St. Catherine and Levashef the hooker St. Paul. They cruised through the eastern part of the Aleutian chain, and wintered, Levashef in the port in Unalaska which now bears his name, and Krenitzin in the strait between Unimak and Alaska peninsula.
The following year (1769) both ships returned to Kamchatka, Krenitzin arriving on July 29 and Levashef on August 24. They wintered at Kamchatka. On July 4, 1770, Krenitzin was drowned, whereupon Levashef assumed command and returned to St. Peters- burg, arriving on October 22, 1771. Coxe published in 1780 the first account of this voyage. An official account of it, in Russian, was pub- lished in the Journal of the Russian Navy Department in 1852, Vol. X, pp. 70-103. Petrof drew largely from this official report for the account written by him in Baneroft's (H. H.) History of Alaska, pp. 157-168.
KRUSENSTERN, 1804-05.
Admiral Adam Johann von Krusenstern, in the ship Nadezhda (Hope). and accompanied by Lisianski in the ship Neva, made the first of a
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long series of Russian voyages from Cronstadt to the Russian American colonies.
Prior to 1799 there were several Russian companies in Alaska. They derived their supplies overland through Siberia. In 1799 a new company-the Russian American Company-was organized and given very large powers. This company completely supplanted all previous ones, and it adopted the policy of sending to the colonies an annual supply ship-or rather two of them, for they sailed, after the custom of the time, in pairs for mutual assistance. Krusenstern commanded the first one sent out, the Nadezhda, which, sailing from Croustadt on July 26, 1803, rounded Cape Horn and arrived in Petropavlovsk on July 31, 1804. Refitting bere, Krusenstern sailed on August 27, 1804, on a diplomatie mission to Japan. The winter, one of disappointment and failure, was spent in Japan, and on April 5, 1805, Krusenstern sailed away and, cruising northward along the Japanese coast and Kurile islands, arrived in Petropavlovsk in June. On board the Nadezhda were, among others, the chancellor Resanof, Kotzebue, Langsdorf, and Shemelin. Resanof and Langsdorf left the Nadezhda at Petropavlovsk, and on June 23, 1805, Krusenstern sailed for home, arriving in Cronstadt on August 7, 1806.
Both Krusenstern and Lisianski had served in the English navy. Krusenstern became an admiral in the Russian navy and published extensively respecting the hydrography of the North Pacific. In 1809-10 he published, in Russian, an account of this voyage. This appeared in German in 1810-1812, in French in 1821, and in English in 1831. He also published an atlas of the Pacific ocean in 1827, accompanied by a collection of hydrographie memoirs explanatory thereof. For a brief account of the voyage see Journal of the Russian Hydrographie Office, 1849, Vol. VII, pp. 6-26. The accounts by Langsdorf, Lisianski, and Shemelin cover parts of the voyage.
KURITZIEN, 1849.
Full Pilot Kuritzien made a survey of Umnak island in or before the year 1849. His map is reproduced as a subsketch in Tebenkof's atlas sheet xxy. No particulars concerning him are known to the writer.
LANGSDORF, 1804-05.
Georg Heinrich von Langsdorf accompanied Krusenstern during part of his voyage round the world, in 1803-1806, and published in two volumes an account of his voyages and travels, which appeared in German in 1812 and in English in 1813-14. Apparently also there was a Russian edition in 1811. Langsdorf was a member of the Russian embassy to Japan, of which embassy Resanof was chief. Resanof and Langsdorf parted company with Krusenstern at Petro-
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pavlovsk on June 24, 1805, and together visited the Pribilof islands. Unalaska. Kodiak, Sitka, and California, and afterwards returned to Russia.
LA PEROUSE, 1786.
In 1785 Louis XVI of France organized a scientific exploring expe- dition on a lavish scale and placed it under the command of Com- mander Jean François de Galaup de la Perouse.
Two vessels were fitted out for the purpose-La Boussole, com- manded by La Perouse, and L'Astrolabe, commanded by Captain de Langle. Sailing from Brest on August 1, 1785, via Cape Horn and the Hawaiian islands, they arrived on June 24 in sight of the north- west coast of America in the vicinity of Yakutat. From this point they cruised southward, surveying as they went as far as Monterey. California. arriving there on September 15. Here they remained till the 24th and then took final leave of the American coast.
La Perouse was an unfortunate navigator. At Lituya bay. which he entered and surveyed, 26 of his ship's company were drowned in the tide bore at its entrance. Both ships with all hands were lost in 1788 or 1789, and for many years their fate was a mystery. It has been solved, however, and some of the wreckage of the ships has been recovered and recently placed on exhibition in the French Naval Museum in Paris.
An elaborate report upon this expedition. in + quarto volumes, with an atlas, was published by the French Government in 1797, entitled Voyage de La Perouse autour du monde.
LINDENBERG, 1838.
In 1838 a survey and chart was made of the head of Lynn canal and the lower reach of the Chilkat river by a Mr. Lindenberg. This chart was published as an inset or subsketch on Russian Hydrographic chart 1396, published in 1848. It does not appear who this Lindenberg was. Perhaps it was the Captain Lindenberg who was in command of the Russian American Company's ship Prince Menshikof in 1852. Gre- wingk records (p. 418) that Lindenberg surveyed Admiralty island and Chilkat river in 1838.
LISIANSKI, 1804-05.
Krusenstern (Admiral A. J. von) and Lisianski (Captain Urey), in the ships Nadezhda (hope) and Nera, sailed from Cronstadt around Cape Horn and thence to the North Pacific on a voyage to carry sup- plies to the Russian American Company and to make exploration and discovery. This was the first of a series of circumnavigations by the Russians. Sailing from Cronstadt on October 6, 1803, Lisianski reached the Hawaiian islands on June 4. 1804. and proceeded thence to St. Paul, Kodiak, arriving on July 14, 1804. Here he heard that
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the Indians had destroyed the Russian settlement at Sitka. Accord- ingly he sailed thither (August 15-20), and on October 1, 1804, bom- barded and destroyed the Indian village which was located on Indian river near the present site of Sitka. On November 10-15 he returned to Kodiak and wintered there. The next year (June 14-22, 1805) he returned to Sitka and remained there till September 1, when he set sail for Canton and thus ended his work in Alaska. He published in English an account of the voyage in 1814, entitled Voyage Round the World in 1803-1806, by Urey Lisianski, 4º, London, 1814.
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