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Choctaw cession of Oct. 24, 1816. Linden.
Hamilton.
1 [ Jackson, Blount. Cherokee l cession of 1835. 1 Louisiana Purchase.
Washington county andl
1 Creek cession of 1814. 5
Monroe.
Cherokee Turkeytown cession. Montgomery.
Tuskaloosa.
Carrollton. Trov. Wedowee. Seale.
St. Clair Shelby . . .
! Feb. 7, 1818.
Sumter Dec. 18, 1832.
Talladega Dec. 18, 1832. Tallapoosa . Tuskaloosa . . Dec. 18, 1832. Feb. 7, 1818.
Indian.
Walker Dec. 26, 1823.
:Sen. John W. Walker, Alabama. :Gen. Geo. Washington, Virginia. Lt. Joseph M. Wilcox, U. S. A.
Washington Wilcox Winston
June 4. 1800. Dec. 13. 1819. Feb. 12. 1850. Gov. John A. Winston, Alabama. Walker.
Guntersville. Mobile. - Monroeville.
. Marshall Jan. 9, 1836. 1812.
Indian.
[ Lt. Lemuel P. Montgomery, ? of Tennessee. 1
Montgomery. Decatur. Marion.
Ashville. Columbiana. Livingston. Talladega. Dadeville. Tuskaloosa.
Nov. 20, 1818.
1 Gov. Isaac Shelby. of Kentucky. 5 [ Gen. Thomas Sumter, South } 1 Carolina. Indian word. Indian word.
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GOVERNORS AND OTHER OFFICERS
GOVERNORS OF MISSISSIPPI TERRITORY,
Winthrop Sargent, of Massachusetts 1798
William Charles Cole Claiborne, of Tennessee. 1801
Robert Williams, of North Carolina 1805
David Holmes, of Virginia. 1809
GOVERNOR OF ALABAMA TERRITORY
William Wyatt Bibb,* of Georgia Sept. 25, 1817
GOVERNORS OF THE STATE OF ALABAMA
William Wyatt Bibb, of Autauga. . Nov. 9, 1819
Thomas Bibb, of Limestone. July 15, 1820
Israel Pickens, of Greene. . Nov. 9, 1821
John Murphy, of Monroe. . Nov. 25, 1825
Gabriel Moore, of Madison .. Nov. 25, 1829
Samuel B. Moore, of Jackson.
Mar. 3, 1831
John Gayle, of Greene ...
Nov. 26, 1831
Clement Comer Clay, of Madison.
Nov. 21, 1835
Hugh McVay, of Lauderdale .. Nov. 21, 1837
Benjamin Fitzpatrick, of Autauga.
Joshua Lanier Martin, of Tuskaloosa Dec. 10, 1845
Reuben Chapman, of Madison .. Dee. 16, 1847
Henry Watkins Collier, of Toskaloosa Dec. 17, 1849
John Anthony Winston, of Sumter Dec. 20, 1853
Andrew Barry Moore, of Perry Dec. 1, 1857
John Gill Shorter, of Barbour .. Dec. 2, 1861
Thomas Hill Watts, of Montgomery. Dec. 1, 1863
[Interregnum of two months after the surrender of the mili- tary department of the Confederate government to the Federal authorities. ]
Lewis E. Parsons, ** of Talladega June 21, 1865
Robert Miller Patton, of Lauderdale. Dee. 20, 1865
William H. Smith, of Randolph. . July 14, 1868
Robert Burns Lindsay, of Colbert. Nov. 26, 1870
David P. Lewis, of Madison ... Nov. - , 1872
George Smith Houston, of Limestone. Nov. 24, 1874
Rufus W. Cobb, of Shelby. Nov. 28, 1878
Edward Asbury O'Neal, of Lauderdale.
Dec.
1,1882
Thomas Seay, of Hale ...
Dee. 1, 1886
Thomas Goode Jones, of Montgomery
Dec. 1,1890
Willlam C. Oates, of Henry.
Der. 1,1894
Joseph F. Johnson, of Jefferson
Dec. 1,1896
William J. Samford, of Lee. Dec. 26, 1900
William D. Jelks,t of Barbour June 11, 1901
Braxton Bragg Comer. Jan. 14, 1907
*Mr. Bibb's temporary commission as governor of Alabama Ter- ritory was dated September 25, 1817; his permanent commission was dated December 16, 1817. He was inaugurated as governor of the State at Huntsville on November 9, 1819, although Alabama was not formally admitted into the Union until December 14, 1819. ** Appointed provisional governor of Alabama by President Johnson.
fDr. Russell M. Cunningham was acting-governor from April 25, 1901, to March 15, 1905.
[356]
July -, 1837
Arthur Pendleton Bagby, of Monroe Nov. 22, 1841
357
APPENDIX
LIEUTENANT GOVERNORS
The office of lieutenant governor was created by the constitution of 1867, abolished by the constitution of 1875, and again created by the constitution of 1901.
A. J. Applegate. 1868 Robert F. Ligon. 1871
Edward H. Moren. 1870 Russell M. Cunningham .. 1903
Alexander Mckinstry.
1872
Henry B. Gray
1907
SECRETARIES OF STATE
Henry Hitchcock* 1818
Thomas A. Rodgers. 1819
James K. Pleasants
1822
Neander H. Rice. 1873
James I. Thornton. 1824
Rufus K. Boyd. 1874
Edmund A. Webster 1834 William Wallace Screws. . 1878 Ellis Phelan. 1882
William Garrett .. 1810
C. C. Langdon 188G
Vincent M. Benham 1852
James H. Weaver .. 1856
Patrick H. Brittan 1860
Albert Elmore .. 1865
David L. Dalton 1865
Edward P. Mc David. 1903
Frank N. Julian. .
1907
STATE TREASURERS
Jack Ferrell Ross 1819
Arthur Bingham. 1872
Daniel Crawford. .1871
Hardin Perkins
1829
Isaac H. Vincent. 1878
William Hawn.
1834
Frederick H. Smith 1881
Samuel G. Frierson 18-10
John 1. Cobb. 1888
William Graham .. 1846
J. Craig Smith. 1892
Duncan B. Graham 1860
L. P. Saxon. 1865
Arthur Bingham. 1868
Walter D. Seed. 1907
STATE COMPTROLLERS OR AUDITORS
("Comptroller of Public Accounts" from 1819 to 1868; "Auditor" since that time.)
Samuel Pickens 1819
Willis Brewer 1876
George W. Crabbe .. 1829
Jefferson C. Van Dyke. 1836
Malcolm C. Burke 1884
Joel Riggs .. 1848
Cyrus JJ. Hogue. 1888
William J. Greene. 1855
John Purifoy. 1892
M. A. Chisholm. 1865
R. M. Reynolds. 1868
(under reconstruction aets)
. J. M. Carmichael .
1904
William W. Brandon. 1907
ATTORNEYS GENERAL
Henry Hitchcock 1819
Joshua Morse 1868
Thomas White
1823
John W. A. Sanford 1870
Constantine Perkins
1825
Benjamin Gardner
1×7:
Peter Martin
1832
John W. A. Sanford. 1871
Alexander B. Meek
1836
Henry C. Tompkins. 1575
Lincoln Clarke 1838
William 1 .. Martin 1890
Matthew W. Lindsay 1839
William C. Fitts. 1894
Thomas D. Clarke .. 1843
Charles G. Brown 1898
William H. Martin.
1847
Massey Wilson 1903
Marion A. Baldwin ..
1840
Alex. M. Garber 1907
John W. A. Sanford. 1865
Jabez J. Parker. 1870
Patrick Ragland 1$72
Joseph D. Barron. 1890
James K. Jackson. 1894
Robert P. Mebavid 1898
J. Thomas lleflin. 1903
Micah Taul .. 1867
Charles A. Miller 1868
George W. Ellis. 1896
JJ. Craig Smith. 1900
James F. Grant .. 1870
.1. M. Carmichael. 1880
Walter S. White. 1896
Thomas I. Sowell 1900
Robert T. Smith. 1872
John D. Phelan. 1836
Thomas N. Mcclellan 1881
* Alabama Territory.
-
Thomas B. Tunstall 1836
John C. Perry 1822
358
ALABAMA HISTORY
SUPERINTENDENTS OF EDUCATION
William F. Perry 1854
Gabriel B. DuVal. 1858
Henry C. Armstrong 1880
Solomon Palmer 1881
John G. Harris. 1890
John B. Ryan.
1866
John O. Turner. 1891
N. B. Cloud.
1868
John W. Abercrombie. 1898
Joseph Hodgson. 1870 Harry C. Gunnels. 1902
Joseph H. Speed. 1872
Isaac W. Hill. 1903
Harry C. Gunnels. 1907
COMMISSIONERS OF AGRICULTURE
Edward C. Betts, appointed 1883
I. I. Culver .. 1896
R: F. Kolb ..
1887
Robert R. Poole .. 1900
Hector D. Lane. 1891
James A. Wilkinson. 1907
JUDGES OF THE SUPREME COURT
Chief Justices
Clement C. Clay. 1820
Abner S. Lipscomb 1823
Reuben Saffold . 1835
Henry Hitchcock 1836
Robert C. Brickell 1874
Arthur F. Hopkins. 1836
George W. Stone. 1884
Henry W. Collier. 1837
Robert C. Brickell. 1894
Edward Spann Dar 1849
William P. Chilton. 1852
Samuel D. Weakley. 1905
John R. Tyson . 1907
Associate Justices
Clement C. Clay .. 1819
Abner S. Lipscomb 1819
Henry Y. Webb.
1819
Richard Ellis 1819
Reuben Saffold 1819
Henry Minor 1823
Jolın Gayle 1823
John White
1825
John M. Taylor
1825
Sion L. Perry. 1828
Eli Shortridge 1828
Henry W. Collier. 1828
Harry I. Thornton 1833
Henry Hitchcock 1835
Arthur F. Hopkins 1836
Henry W. Collier. 1836
Henry Goldthwaite 1836
John J. Ormond.
1837
Clement C. Clay ..
1843
HIenry Goldthwaite
1843
Edward S. Dargan. 1847
William P. Chilton
1840
Silas Parsons
1849
Daniel Coleman
1851
David G. Ligon. . . 1851
George Goldthwaite 1852
John D. Phelan. .. 1852
Lyman Gibbons 1852
Samuel F. Rice. 1855
Abram J. Walker. 1856
George W. Stone. . 1856
Richard W. Walker .1859
John D. Phelan. . 1861
William McKendree Byrd . . 1866 Thomas J. Judge. . .1866
Thomas M. Peters 1868
Benjamin F. Saffold. 1868
Robert C. Brickell. 1873
Thomas J. Judge 1874
Amos W. Manning. .1871
George W. Stone. 1876
Henderson M. Somerville. : . 1880 David Clopton
Thomas N. Mcclellan 1881
1889
Thomas W. Coleman
1890
Richard W. Walker
1891
William S. Thorington. 1892
James B. Head. 1892
Jonathan Haralson 1892
John R. Tyson . . 1898
Henry .A. Sharp 1898
James R. Dowdell 1898
John C. Anderson. 1904
Robert T. Simpson. 1901
Thomas N. MeClellan 1906
Nimrod D. Denson. 1907
James J. Mayfield . 1907
Abram J. Walker . 1859
Elisha W. Peck .. 1868
Thomas M. Peters 1873
Thomas N. MeChellan 1898
George Coldthwaite. 1856
Samuel F. Rice. 1856
LeRoy F. Box. 1876
W. C. Allen. . 1864
John B. Taylor 1865
John M. McKleroy 1874
359
APPENDIX
UNITED STATES SENATORS
William R. King 1819-1844
and 1848-1853
.1819-1822
William Kelly 1823-1825
Henry Chambers .1825-1826
Israel Pickens, Apr. 10-
Dec. 21 1826
Clement C. Clay . . . . . . . 1853-1861
John McKinley 1826-1831 Benjamin Fitzpatrick .. 1853-1861
CONFEDERATE STATES SENATORS
William L. Yancey. .. 1861-1863 Clement C. Clay . . . . . . 1862-1864
Robert Jemison 1863-1865 Richard W. Walker .. . 1864-1865
UNITED STATES SENATORS
George S. Houston. 1865*
Lewis E. Parsons.
John A. Winston. 1867*
Willard Warner .1868-1871
George E. Spencer .... 1868-1879
George Goldthwaite ... 1872-1877
John T. Morgan. .1877-1907
1865* George S. Houston. .. . 1879-1883 James G. Pugh .... .. . 1883-1897 Edmund W. Pettus. . . 1897-1907
John Hollis Bankhead .. 1907
Joseph Forney Johnston 1907
REPRESENTATIVES IN THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS
Sixteenth Congress, 1819-1821 John Crowell
Seventeenth Congress, 1821-1823 Gabriel Moore
Eighteenth Congress, 1823-1825 John McKee, Gabriel Moore, and George W. Owen
Nineteenth Congress, 1825-1827 John McKee, Gabriel Moore, and George W. Owen
Twentieth Congress, 1827-1829
John McKee, Gabriel Moore, and George W. Owen
Twenty-First Congress, 1829-1831
Robert E. B. Baylor, Clement C. Clay, and Dixon H. Lewis
Twenty-Second Congress, 1831-1833 Clement C. Clay, Dixon H. Lewis, and Samuel W. Mardis
Twenty-Third Congress, 1833-1835
Clement C. Clay, Dixon H. Lewis, Samuel W. Mardis, John MeKinley and. John Murphy
Twenty-Fourth Congress, 1835-1837
Dixon H. Lewis, Reuben Chap- man, Joab Lawler, Joshua L. Martin, and Francis Strother Lyon
'Twenty-Fifth Congress, 1837-1839
Dixon H. Lewis, Reuben Chap- man, Joab Lawler (1837-8), George W. Crabb, Joshua L. Martin, and Francis Strother Lyon
Twenty-Sixth Congress, 1839-1811
Dixon H. Lewis, Reuben Chap- man, George W. Crabb, James Dellett, and David Hubbard
Twenty-Seventh Congress, 1841-1843
Dixon H. Lewis, Reuben Chap- man, George S. Houston, Wm. W. Payne, and Benjamin D. Shields
Twenty-Eighth Congress 1843-1845
Dixon HI. Lewis, Reuben Chap- man, George S. Houston, Wm. W. Payne, James Dellet. F. G. McConnell,. James E. Belser, and Wm. L. Yancey
Twenty-Ninth Congress, 1845-1817
Reuben Chapman, George S. Houston, F. G. McConnell, Wm. W. Payne, Edward S. Dargan, Wm. L. Yancey (to 1846), Franklin W. Bowdon (1846), James I. F. Cottre'! (1846), and 11. W. Hilliard
*Elected but not seated.
Gabriel Moore .1831-1837
Clement C. Clay. .1837-1841
John W. Walker.
Arthur P. Bagby .. . . 1841-1848
Dixon Hall Lewis. . . . 1844-1848
Benjamin Fitzpatrick .. 1848-1849
Jeremiah Clemens. ... . 1849-1853
--
360
ALABAMA HISTORY
Thirtieth Congress, 1847-1849
George S. Houston, Henry W. Hilliard, Franklin W. Bow- don, John Gayle, W. R. W. Cobb, Sampson W. Harris, and Samuel W. Inge
Thirty-First Congress, 1849-1851
Franklin W. Bowdon, Henry W. Hilliard. W. R. W. Cobb, Sampson W. Harris, Samuel W. Inge, David Hubbard, and W. J. Alston
Thirty-Second Congress, 1851-1853
George S. Houston, W. R. W. Cobb, Sampson W. Harris, James Abercrombie, John Bragg, Win. Russell Smith, and Alexander White
Thirty-Third Congress, 1853-1855
George S. Houston, W. R. W. Cobb, Sampson W. Harris, Win. R. Smith, James Aber- crombie, James F. Dowdell, and Philip Phillips
Thirty-Fourth Congress, 1855-1857
George S. Houston, W. R. W. Cobb, Sampson W. Harris, William R. Smith, James F. Dowdell, Eli S. Shorter, and Percy Walker
Thirty -Fifth Congress, 1857-1859
George S. Houston, W. R. W. Cobb, James F. Dowdell, Eli Shorter, Jabez L. M. Curry, Sydenham Moore, and James A. Stallworth
Thirty-Sixth Congress, 1859-1861
George S. Houston, W. R. W. Cobb, Jabez 1 .. M. Curry, Sydenham Moore, David Clop- ton, James L. Pugh, and JJas. A. Stallworth (There were no representa- tives from Alabama in the Thirty-Seventh and Thirty- Eighth Congresses. )
REPRESENTATIVES IN THE CONFEDERATE STATES CONGRESS
Wm. P. Chilton. 1861-1865
J. I. M. Curry. 1861-1864
Thomas Fearn 1861
David Lewis 1861
David Clopton 1862-1865
Henry C. Jones. 1861 Thomas J. Foster 1862-1865
Stephen F. Hale .. .1861-1862
Francis S. Lyon. 1862-1865
James I. Pugh. .1862-1865
William R. Smith . . . . 1862- 1865
Marcus D. Cruiksbank. 1861-1865
James S. Dickinson . . 1864-1865
REPRESENTATIVES IN THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS.
Thirty-Ninth Congress, 1865-1867
(The following gentlemen · were elected but were denied their seats.)
Charles C. Langdon, George C. Freeman, Cullen A. Battle, Joseph W. Taylor, Burwell T. Pope, and Thomas J. Foster
Fortieth Congress, 1867-1869
F. W. Kellogg, Charles W. Buckley, Benjamin W. Nor- ris, Charles W. Pierce, John B. Callis, Thomas Haughey. These took their seats in 1868,
Forty-First Congress, 1869-1871
Charles W. Buckley, Altred 2. Buck, Robert S. Hellin, Charles Hays, Peter M. Dox, and W. C. Sherrod
Forty-Second Congress, 1871-1878
Charles W. Buckley, Charles Hays, Peter M. Dos, Benjamin F. Turner, William A. Hand- ley, and Joseph H. Stoss
Forty-Third Congress, 1873-1575 Charles Hays, Joseph II. Sloss, F. G. Bromberg, J. T. Rapier, C. Pelham, John 11. Caldwell, Alexander White, and C. C. Sheats
Colin J. Mc Rae. .1861-1862
John G. Shorter .1861-1862
Robert HI. Smith .. . . . . 1861-1862
Richard W. Walker. . 1861-1862
Cornelius Robinson . . . 1861-1862
Nicholas Davis 1861-1862
Edward S. Dargan . . . 1862 - 1861
John P. Ralls. 1862-1861
361
APPENDIX
Forty-Fourth Congress, 1875-1877
Charles Hays. John H. Cald- well, Wm. H. Forney, Bur- well B. Lewis, Jonathan Har- alson, J. N. Williams, Paul Bradford, and George W. Hewitt
Forty-Fifth Congress, 1877-1879
Wm. II. Forney, J. N. Wil- liams, Geo. W. Hewitt, James T. Jones, Hilary A. Herbert, Chas. M. Shelley, Robert F. Ligon, and Wm. W. Garth
Forty-Sixth Congress, 1879-1881
Wm. H. Forney, Hilary A. Herbert, Chas. M. Shelley, Burwell B. Lewis, Thomas H. Herndon, Win. J. Samford, Thomas Williams, and Wil- liam M. Lowe
Forty-Seventh Congress, 1881-1883
Wm. H. Forney, Hilary A. Herbert, George W. Hewitt, Charles M. Shelley, Thomas Williams, Thomas A. Hern- don, William C. Oates, and Joseph Wheeler
Forty-Eighth Congress, 1883-1885
Wm. H. Forney, Hilary A. Herbert, Charles M. Shelley, Thomas Williams, George W. Hewitt, Wm. C. Oates, James T. Jones, and Luke Pryor
Forty-Ninth Congress, 1885-1887
Win. H. Forney. Hilary A. Herbert, Wm. C. Oates, James T. Jones, Joseph Wheeler, A. C. Davidson, T. W. Sadler, and John M. Martin
Fiftieth Congress, 1887-1889
Wm. H. Forney, Hilary A. Herbert, Wm. C. Oates, A. C. Davidson, James E. Cobb, John H. Bankhead, James T. Jones and Joseph Wheeler
Fifty-First Congress, 1889-1891
Richard H. Clarke, Hilary A. Herbert, Wm. C. Oates, John V. McDuffie (who unseated
Louis W. Turpin), James E. Cobb, John H. Bankhead, Wm. H. Forney, and Josephi Wheeler
Fifty-Second Congress, 1891-1893
Richard H. Clarke, Hilary A. Herbert, Wm. C. Oates, Louis W. Turpin, James E. Cobb, John 11. Bankhead, Wm. H. Forney, and Joseph Wheeler
Fifty-Third Congress, 1893-1895
Richard H. Clarke, Jesse F. Stallings, Win. C. Oates, Gas- ton A. Robbins, James E. Cobb, John H. Bankhead, Wm. H. Denson, Joseph Wheeler, and Louis W. Turpin
Fifty-Fourth Congress, 1895-1897
Richard H. Clarke, Jesse F. Stallings, George P. Harrison, Wm. F. Aldrich (who un- seated Gaston A. Robbins), Albert T. Goodwin (who un- seated James R. Cobb in 1896), John H. Bankhead, M. W. Howard, Joseph Wheeler, and Oscar W. Underwood
Fifty-Fifth Congress, 1897-1899
George W. Taylor, Jesse F. Stallings, Henry D. Clayton, Wm. F. Aldrich (who un- seated T. S. Plowman in 1898). Willis Brewer, John H, Bankhead, M. W. Howard, Joseph Wheeler, and Oscar W. Underwood
Fifty-Sixth Congress, 1899-1901
George W. Taylor, Jesse F. Stallings, Henry D. Clayton, Gaston A. Robbins, Willis Brewer, John H. Bankhead, John Burnett. Joseph Wheeler and Oscar W. Un- derwood
Fifty-Seventh Congress, 1901-1903
George W. Taylor, Ariosto A. Wiley, Henry D. Clayton, Sid- ney J. Bowie, Charles W. Thompson, John H. Bankhead, John Burnett, William Richardson, and Oscar W. Underwood
362
ALABAMA HISTORY
Fifty-Eighth Congress, 1903-1905
George W. Taylor, Ariosto A. Wiley, Henry D. Clayton, Sid- ney J. Bowie, Charles W. Thompson, John H. Bankhead, John L. Burnett, William Richardson, and Oscar W. Underwood
Fifty-Ninth Congress, 1905-1907
George W. Taylor, Ariosto A. Wiley, Henry D. Clayton, Sid- ney J. Bowie (succeeded by Wm. B. Craig), J. Thomas Heflin, John H. Bankhead, John
L. Burnett, William Richardson, and Oscar W. Underwood
Sixtieth Congress, 1907-1909
George W. Taylor, Ariosto A. Wiley (died at Hot Springs, Va., , 1908), Henry D. Clayton, Wm. B. Craig, J. Thos. Heflin, Richmond Pear- son Hobson, John L. Burnett, Wm. Richardson, and Oscar W. Underwood
Sixty-First Congress, 1909-1911
George W. Taylor, S. H. Dent, Henry D. Clayton, William B. Craig, J. Thomas Heflin, . Richmond Pearson Hobson, John L. Burnett, William Richardson, and Oscar W. Underwood
CONSTITUTION
OF THE
STATE OF ALABAMA
AS ADOPTED BY THE
CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION, SEPTEMBER 3, 1901, AND IN EFFECT NOVEMBER 28, 1901
We, the people of the State of Alabama, in order to establish justice, insure domestic tranquility and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, inyoking the favor and guidance of Almighty God, do ordain and establish the following Constitution and form of government for the State of Alabama:
ARTICLE I
Declaration of Rights
That the great, general and essential principles of liberty and free government may be recognized and established, we declare:
1. That all men are equally free and independent; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
2. That all political power is inherent in the people, and all free governments are founded on their authority, and instituted for their benefit; and that, therefore, they have at all times an inalienable and indefeasible right to change their form of gov- ernment in such manner as they may deem expedient.
3. That no religion shall be established by law; that no prefer- enee shall be given by law to any religious sect, society, denomi- nation or mode of worship; that no one shall be compelled by law to attend any place of worship; nor to pay any tithes, taxes, or other rate for building or repairing any place of worship, or for maintaining any minister or ministry; that no religious test shall be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under this State; and that the civil rights, privileges and capacities of any citizen shall not be in any manner affected by his religious principles.
4. That no law shall ever be passed to curtail or restrain the liberty of speech or of the press; and any person may speak, write
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ALABAMA HISTORY
and publish his sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that liberty.
5. That the people shall be secure in their persons, houses, papers and possessions from unreasonable seizure or searches, and that no warrants shall issue to search any place or to seize any person or thing without probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation.
6. That in all criminal prosecutions, the accused has a right to be heard by himself and counsel or either; to demand the nature and cause of the accusation, and to have a copy thereof; to be confronted by the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; to testify in all cases, in his own behalf, if he elects so to do; and, in all prose- cutions by indictment, a speedy, public trial, by an impartial jury of the county or district in which the offense was committed; and he shall not be compelled to give evidence against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty or property, except by due process of law: but the Legislature may, by a general law, provide for a change of venue at the instance of the defendant in all prosecu- tions by indictment, and such change of venue on application of the defendant, may be heard and determined without the personal presence of the defendant so applying therefor; provided, that at the time of the application for the change of venue, the defendant is imprisoned in jail or some legal place of confinement.
7. That no person shall be accused or arrested, or detained except in cases ascertained by law, and according to the form which the same has prescribed; and no person shall be punished but by virtue of a law established and promulgated prior to the offense and legally applied.
8. That no person shall, for any indictable offense, be proceeded against criminally by information, except in cases arising in the militia and volunteer forces when in actual service, or when assembled under arms as a military organization, or, by leave of the court, for inisfeasance, misdemeanor, extortion and oppression in office, otherwise than is provided in the Constitution: provided that in cases of misdemeanor, the Legislature may by law dispense with a Grand Jury and authorize such prosecutions and proceedings before justices of the peace or such other inferior courts as may be by law established.
9. That no person shall, for the same offense, be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; but courts may, for reasons fixed by law, discharge juries from the consideration of any case, and no person shall gain in advantage by reason of such discharge of the jury.
10. That no person shall be barred from prosecuting or defend- ing before any tribunal in this State, by himself or counsel, any civil cause to which he is a party.
11. That the right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate.
12. That in all prosecutions for libel or for the publication of papers investigating the official conduct of officers or men in public capacity, or when the matter published is proper for publie infor-
.
365
CONSTITUTION
mation, the truth thereof may be given in evidence; and that in all indictments for libel, the jury shall have the right to determine the law and the facts under the direction of the court.
13. That all courts shall be open; and that every person, for any injury done him, in his lands, goods, person or reputation, shall have a remedy by due process of law; and right and justice shall be administered without sale, denial or delay.
14. That the State of Alabama shall never be made a defendant in any court of law or equity.
15. That excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel or unusual punishment inflicted.
16. That all persons shall, before conviction, be bailable by suffi- cient sureties, except for capital offenses, when the proof is evi- dent or the presumption great; and that excessive bail shall not in any case be required.
17. That the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended by the authorities of this State.
18. That treason against the State shall consist only in levying war against it, or adhering to its enemies, giving them aid and comfort; and that no person shall be convicted of treason, except on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or his own confession in open court.
19. That no person shall be attainted of treason by the Legis- lature; and no conviction shall work corruption of blood or for- feiture of estate.
20. That no person shall be imprisoned for debt.
21. That no power of suspending laws shall be exercised except by the Legislature.
22. That no ex post facto law, nor any law, impairing the obligations of contracts, or making any irrevocable or exclusive grants of special privileges or immunities, shall be passed by the Legislature; and every grant or franchise, privilege or im- munity, shall forever remain subject ' to 'revocation, alteration or amendment.
23. That the exercise of the right of eminent domain shall never be abridged nor so construed as to prevent the Legislature from taking the property and franchises of incorporated companies, and subjecting them to puble use in the same manner in which the property and franchises of individuals are taken and sub- jected; but private property shall not be taken for, or applied to, public use, unless just compensation be first made therefor; nor shall private property be taken for private use, or for the use of corporations, other than municipal, without the consent of the owner; provided, however, the Legislature may by law secure to persons or corporations the right of way over the lands of other persons or corporations, and by general laws provide for and regulate the exercise by persons and corporations of the rights herein reserved; but just compensations shall, in all cases, be first made to the owner; and, provided, that the right of emi- nent domain shall not be so construed as to allow taxation or
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ALABAMA HISTORY
forced subscription for the benefit of railroads or any other kind of corporations, other than municipal, or for the benefit of any individual or association.
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