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Gc 979.1 F22h v.6 1714349
REYNOLDS HISTORICAL GENEALOGY COLLECTION
Mar
1
ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY
3 1833 01115 1443
EL SAGUARO
HISTORY
OF
ARIZONA
BY
THOMAS EDWIN FARISH, ARIZONA HISTORIAN
VOLUME VI
PHOENIX, ARIZONA 1918
COPYRIGHTED 1918, BY THOS. EDWIN FARISH, ARIZONA HISTORIAN
THE FILMER BROTHERS ELECTROTYPE COMPANY TYPOGRAPHERS AND STEREOTYPERS SAN FRANCISCO
1714349
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
SAGUARO Frontispiece
ANCIENT CANALS AND RUINS
Fronting Page 29
ADAMSVILLE
Fronting Page 46
ANCIENT CANALS
Fronting Page
70
CHARLES TRUMBULL HAYDEN
Fronting Page 103
EDWARD IRVINE
Fronting Page 187
JOHN J. GARDINER
Fronting Page 190
GOLDMAN BROS.
Fronting Page 203
MISS CARRIE G. HANCOCK
Fronting Page 253
COLUMBUS H. GRAY.
Fronting Page 254
MRS. MARY A. GRAY
Fronting Page 259
CAPT. WM. A. HANCOCK
Fronting Page 270
JOHN T. ALSAP.
Fronting Page 271
SIMON NOVINGER. Fronting Page 273
J. LORENZO HUBBELL. Fronting Page 281
J. G. H. COLTER .Fronting Page 293
(iii)
CONTENTS.
VOLUME VI.
CHAPTER I.
CONDITIONS IN 1867 AND 1868. PAGE
General James E. Rusling's Description of Arizona-Freight Rates-General Rusling's Party Joined by Governor and Mrs. McCormick-Abundance of Mesquite-The Gila Valley- Painted Rocks-Giant Saguaro-Maricopa Wells-Pima and Maricopa Indians-Montezuma-Tucson-San Xavier del Bac-Heavy Rains-Overflowing of the Gila River-Crossing the Gila and Salt Rivers-Dangers and Difficulties Ex- perienced in Hassayampa River-Wickenburg-The Vulture Mine 1
CHAPTER II. CONDITIONS IN 1867 AND 1868 (Continued).
General Rusling's Description Continued-Skull Valley-Barren- ness of Country-Ancient Ruins and Acequias-Possibilities of Gila and Salt River Valleys-Prescott-Indians-Thefts and Raids by Apaches-Point of Rocks-Fort Whipple- Williamson Valley-Hardyville-Mohave, Wallapai, Pah-Ute and Other Hostile Indian Tribes-Indian Department Blun- ders-Fort Mohave-W. H. Hardy-General Summing Up -- Pete Kitchen's Description of Trip to Sonora
27
CHAPTER III. EARLY SETTLEMENTS.
Along the Gila River: Adamsville and Florence-Charles Adams, Founder of Adamsville-Name Changed to Sanford-William Dumont First Postmaster-Resentment Against Change- Bichard Bros. and Their Flouring Mills-Reputed That Levi Ruggles Built First House in Florence-Dispnte of Au- thorities Over Same-Charles G. Mason, First Settler in Florence-Joseph Collingwood Opens First Store-Descrip- tion of Ruggles' Residence-Irrigating Canals in and Around Florence-Pat Holland-Pioneers-First Catholic Church in Central Arizona-Florence Named by Governor
(v)
vi
CONTENTS.
PAGE
McCormick in Honor of His Wife-Discovery of Silver King Mine - Fight With, and Defeat of, Apaches- Primrose Hill, Known as "Poston's Folly"-Maricopa Wells-Pre-emption of by John B. Allen-Morgan's Ferry- Mrs. Clifford's Description of "Montezuma's Face"-Mari- copa Charley's Ridiculous Purchases 45
CHAPTER IV.
SETTLEMENT OF THE SALT RIVER VALLEY.
Description of Valley-Ancient Ruins and Canals-Advent of Swilling Party-Organization of Swilling Irrigating Canal Company-Taking Out of Canals and Placing Land Under Cultivation-Biography of "Darrell Duppa" Who Named Phoenix-Description of Duppa's Agua Fria Station- Killing of James Nelson by "Jim" Smith-John Larsen- Thomas J. L. Hoague-Frank Metzler-Jacob Densling- Tom McGoldrick-Other Early Settlers-Early Water Claims: "The Phoenix Ditch Company"-"Salt River Ditch Company"-"Prescott Ditch Company"-"Hayden Milling and Farming Ditch Company"-"Virginia Farming Ditch Company"-"Salt River Farming Ditch Company"-"Mon- terey Ditch Company"-Those Who Followed the Swilling Party-First Flouring Mills in the Salt River Valley ....
69
CHAPTER V.
EARLY SETTLEMENTS-PHOENIX AND VICINITY.
Location of Phoenix Townsite-East Phoenix-First County Election-West Phoenix Chosen-Early Settlers-Sale of Town Lot's-Hayden's Ferry, Now Tempe-Charles Trum- bull Hayden's Experience as First Probate Judge in Tucson -Winchester Miller-His Experiences With Indians and Renegades-History of Tempe-Early Settlers-James T. Priest-Niels Peterson-Naming of Phoenix and Tempe- Story by Maj. Ben. C. Truman-Estimate of Arable Land in Territory-Land Under Cultivation-Maize and Wheat Raised in 1867-Prices Paid by Government for Produce .. 99
CHAPTER VI.
EARLY SETTLEMENTS-PHOENIX AND VICINITY (Continued). Mill City or East Phoenix-Hellings' Mill-The Swilling Farm- Sixth Territorial Legislature Creates County of Maricopa- Officials Appointed by Governor Safford-First District Court of Maricopa County Held by Judge Tweed.
119
vii
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER VII.
PROGRESS OF SALT RIVER VALLEY. PAGE
Agricultural Area Increasing-First Harvesting Machinery Brought in by "Crete" Bryan and W. J. Mulholland-Many Varieties of Grain, Fruit and Vegetables Grown-Acreage Cultivated-Pima and Maricopa Indians Afford Protection to Farmers Against Apaches-Value of Products-Taxable Property-Cost of Clearing Land-Cost of Cultivation-Irri- gating Canals in 1872-Acreage Under Irrigation-Sum- mary of Irrigating Conditions in Salt River Valley. 137
CHAPTER VIII.
PHOENIX AND SALT RIVER VALLEY.
Phoenix Located and Sale of Town Lots-Salt River Valley Association Formed-Members of-Survey of Town of Phoenix-First Building in Phoenix Erected by Captain Hancock-Other Buildings-First County Court House- William Smith, First Merchant in Phoenix-Other Early Merchants-Rise and Decline of Bichard Bros .- Description of Phoenix in 1871-Business Conditions in Phoenix in 1872-Town Commission Formed 158
CHAPTER IX. EARLY HISTORY OF PHOENIX.
Stores-Hotels-Fourth of July Celebration-Thanksgiving Day- Biography of J. J. Gardiner-Builder of First Planing Mill, Also City Hall, Valley Bank Building, etc .- Saloons- Brewery-Matt Caveness, Biography-Barber Shop-Physi- cians and Drug Stores-Butcher Shop-Other Businesses- Anecdote of Wormser - Corrals - First Large Well in Phoenix-Biography of J. D. Monihon-The Goldman Brothers-H. Morgan & Co.,-Number of Saloons-Dance Houses-Gambling Places-The Goldwater Brothers-Grand Ball-Marriage of Charles H. Kenyon and Miss Moore- Dr. W. W. Jones, Joe and Mike Goldwater Attacked by In- dians, Joe Goldwater Wounded-Joe Goldwater First Post- master of Ehrenberg 186
CHAPTER X. EARLY HISTORY OF PHOENIX (Continued).
First Lawyers-First Chinese-First Bakery-First Restaurant- First Carriage Factory-First Sugar Cane Machinery- First Apiary-First Milkman-First Photographer-First Assayer-Newspaper Correspondents-Freighters-Bichard & Company's Flouring Mill-Destruction of by Fire-Hayden's
viii
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Mill at Tempe-John M. Olvany, First Postmaster of Phoenix-Other Postmasters-First American Couple Mar- ried in Phoenix-General Earl D. Thomas's Reminiscences of Phoenix-First White Child Born in Phoenix-Dispute Over Who Was-First American Death in Phoenix-First Build- ing Brick and First Brick Building-Scarcity of Lumber- First Masonic Lodge in Territory-First Masonic Lodge in Phoenix-First Odd Fellows Lodge in Phoenix 213
CHAPTER XI.
SALT RIVER VALLEY PROGRESS; CHURCHES AND SCHOOLS.
Flouring Mills-Crops-Maryville-Early Churches and Minis- ters-Rev. Alexander Groves-Rev. Franklin Mckean-De- scription of Old Time Religious Services-Edward Irvine Describes Meeting With Pastor Groves-Question of Sunday Labor-Quarterly Conference of Methodist Episcopal Church South, at Phoenix-First Church Conference in Valley- First Catholic Padre-Rev. Charles H. Cook, Missionary to Pimas-Sixth Territorial Legislature Passes Law for Estab- lishment of Public Schools-Public School Opened in Phoe- nix-Building of School House-Hayden's Ferry School- Christmas Tree for School Children-Miss Caroline G. Han- cock, Pioneer Teacher, Biography of.
228
CHAPTER XII. SALT RIVER VALLEY PROGRESS (Continued).
Narrative of Mrs. Mary A. Gray, First White Woman in Valley- Darrell Duppa-Thomas Thompson Hunter Brings in First Herd of Cattle-Reminiscences-Early Settlers-Descrip- tions of Pima and Maricopa Squaws Gathering Wood- Alfileria Flats-Caterpillars-Biography of Thomas Thomp- son Hunter-More Early Settlers-Later Visit-Notes Domestication of Indians-Early Marriages in Valley- Captain William A. Hancock, Biography-Hon. John T. Alsap, Biography-Simon Novinger, Biography. 254
CHAPTER XIII. MORE SETTLEMENTS.
Immigration Impeded by Indian Troubles and Other Difficul- ties-C. E. Cooley, A. F. Banta and Henry W. Dodd Hunt Lost Minc-Biography of C. E. Cooley-Biography of Henry W. Dodd-Town of St. Johns Located-Biography of Sol Barth-Location in Round Valley by William B. Milligan- Starting of Springerville-Location and Naming of Show Low-First Location of Holbrook-Location on Silver Creek,
ix
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Now Snowflake-Biography of James Stinson-Biography of Daniel H. Ming-Interview With J. Lorenzo Hubbell- Fights with Outlaws and Rustlers-Reminiscences by Prof. E. C. Bunch-Growth of Cattle Industry-"Briefs"-Out- laws 274
CHAPTER XIV. MORE SETTLEMENTS (Continued).
Interview with James G. H. Colter-Settles in Round Valley- Locates at Nutrioso-Indian Troubles-Induces Henry Springer to Locate in Valley and Names Springerville After Him-Experiences as Deputy Sheriff-Fight With Jack Olney-Sells Out Nutrioso to Mormons-Fight With Geronimo and Victorio-Fred T. Colter in Fight.
CHAPTER XV. SURVEYING LAND IN TERRITORY.
John Wasson Appointed Surveyor-General-Biography of-His Account of Conditions in Arizona in 1871-Surveys Made in Santa Cruz and Gila Valleys and in Vicinity of Prescott- Spanish and Mexican Land Claims-Mining-Expedition by Governor Safford-Timber, Agriculture and Grazing ...... 308
293
HISTORY OF ARIZONA. VOLUME VI.
HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
CHAPTER I. CONDITIONS IN 1867 AND 1868.
GENERAL JAMES E. RUSLING'S DESCRIPTION OF ARIZONA-FREIGHT RATES-GENERAL RUS- LING'S PARTY JOINED BY GOVERNOR AND MRS. MCCORMICK-ABUNDANCE OF MESQUITE -THE GILA VALLEY - PAINTED ROCKS - GIANT SAGUARO-MARICOPA WELLS-PIMA AND MARICOPA INDIANS - MONTEZUMA - TUCSON - SAN XAVIER DEL BAC - HEAVY RAINS-OVERFLOWING OF THE GILA RIVER- CROSSING THE GILA AND SALT RIVERS FORT MCDOWELL - HARD ROAD TO PRESCOTT - AGUA FRIA RIVER-DANGERS AND DIFFICUL- TIES EXPERIENCED IN HASSAYAMPA RIVER- WICKENBURG-THE VULTURE MINE.
In 1867 and 1868, the conditions in Arizona were in all respects bad. The Apaches and the River Indians above Fort Yuma were all on the warpath, besides which, the uncertainty of transportation and excessive cost, with the dan- gers to life attending the hardy adventurer, made Arizona at that time anything but a desirable place of residence.
In the spring of 1867 General James E. Rus- ling, as agent of the War Department to inspect the posts of Arizona, accompanied by Ben C. Truman, came into Arizona, and General Rus- VI-1
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2
HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
ling, in a book printed subsequently, entitled : "The Great West and the Pacific Coast," de- scribes the conditions existing in Arizona at that time, from which I condense the following :
Their trip from Wilmington to Yuma, then Arizona City, was one of hardship and not of interest to us at this time. Freight was shipped from San Francisco to the mouth of the Colo- rado River at that time in sail boats, from which point it was transferred into small river steamers for transportation up the river. Oftentimes on account of the uncertainty of the river channel, to reach Yuma involved a trip of two months. The rates current then, ac- cording to General Rusling, were, from the mouth of the Colorado to Yuma (or Arizona City), 150 miles, twenty dollars a ton in coin; to La Paz, 300 miles, forty dollars a ton in coin ; to Fort Mohave, or Hardyville, 450 miles, sixty dollars a ton in coin. The rates from San Francisco to the mouth of the river, some 2,000 miles, were from twelve to fifteen dollars per ton, coin, so that every load of freight landed at Arizona City or Hardyville, cost from thirty- five to seventy-five dollars a ton for transporta- tion alone, to which should be added five dol- lars a pound in gold for each one hundred miles into the interior, which made freight cost de- livered in Tucson about $250 a ton in gold, and in Prescott about the same, which, in itself, was ruinous to any mining enterprise, and, in fact, to any enterprise whatever. Even at these ex- orbitant rates it is doubtful whether the freighters amassed any great amount of money for frequently their trains were captured and
3
CONDITIONS IN 1867 AND 1868.
the contents of the wagons destroyed. No freighter at that time but suffered more or less on that account, and the merchants in the dif- ferent localities also incurred great losses. These conditions made Arizona practically inaccessible to population and trade, and gave rise to an earnest desire on the part of her citizens that a port should be opened at Libertad on the Gulf of California where supplies could be hauled into the Territory at a saving estimated at the time of over $200,000 per annum.
General Rusling and his party arrived in Yuma on the 2nd of March, and after inspect- ing the post there, were joined by Governor Mc- Cormick and his wife, they having left San Francisco in advance of Rusling's party, and on March 4th they continued their journey to Prescott over a road which was difficult and dangerous. Their outfit consisted of two four mule ambulances, into which they stored them- selves, their baggage, rations, forage, cooking utensils, etc., with two wagon sheets to pitch as tents if necessary. These, however, they did not use except for making their beds. Gen- eral Rusling declares the climate was simply un- rivalled. There was no cavalry at Yuma, and the road being reported comparatively safe to Maricopa Wells, they went thither without escort, depending upon their own courage and vigilance. Nevertheless, they provided them- selves before starting with firearms, giving to the cook whom they took along to provide their meals, and to both drivers, Springfield muskets, while they themselves were equipped
4
HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
with a Spencer or Remington rifle apiece, as well as revolvers.
Their road, for the most part, ran along the side of the Gila river, which was swollen at that time on account of the melting snows of spring, and over the desert sands. Portions of the Gila bottoms, he claims, were fine agricultural land, but required irrigation. They found but few settlers along the route and nothing but here and there an abortive attempt at cultiva- tion, usually unsuccessful. The bottoms every- where were covered with bunch grass and mes- quite-timber-"the one the delight of horses, the other invaluable in that treeless region. The mesquite has but little height; but its trunk is often two and three feet in diameter, though only about as many high, from which point it throws out great, sturdy, black, gnarled limbs for a distance of thirty or forty feet all around. We saw many of them, that I think could not have been more than five or six feet in height, the bend of the branches included; nevertheless, with their crooked and gnarled limbs, they sprawled over the ground for a diameter of fully seventy-five or one hundred feet. At first they strike you as dwarfs, puny in aspect and purpose; but afterwards, as stunted giants, massive in strength and power, writhing in very anguish, because unable to tower higher. For lumber purposes, the mesquite amounts to but little; but for fuel, it is invaluable, and the fu- ture settlers on the Gila will prize it highly. It occurs pretty much all through Arizona on the best river-bottoms, and everywhere seems a pro-
5
CONDITIONS IN 1867 AND 1868.
vidential institution. It makes a firewood scarcely inferior to oak or hickory, and bears a bean besides, which constitutes a large part of the subsistence of the Mexicans and the Indians there. These mesquite beans make a very sweet and palatable dish, and horses, mules, cattle, etc., are especially fond of them. The Mexicans we met en route to California, were subsisting upon them almost entirely, and subsequently in wandering through the Pima village, we found them in every storehouse. A Pima belle, for a bundle of cigarritos, cooked us a dish of them, and we have eaten worse things in New York and Washington. Said an old Arizonan one day, 'Whenever you see mesquites, stran- gers, look out for good land, you bet!' and we found it so invariably. Indeed, with a mod- erate amount of enterprise, and a small amount of capital, we saw no good reason why the valley of the Gila should not eventually be dotted with excellent farms. The land is all there, and plenty of water to irrigate it (if only the Gila can be subdued, and surely it can), and the climate the year round must be delightful. But, as a rule, we found the country desolate and for- saken, with the exception of a starving ranch here and there, whose dirty and dilapidated pro- prietor cared more to swear at his snarling half-coyote dogs, and sell an occasional glass of mescal or whisky, than to do an honest, hard day's work."
At Gila Bend, they were informed at Yuma, they would find Apaches if anywhere. They took the precaution to dismount from their am- bulances and skirmish through on foot. As a
6
HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
consequence, they were not molested. This ex- perience was repeated all the way to Tucson, and by exercising prudent vigilance by day, and a few simple precautions by night, they made the journey through in safety. Continu- ing his story, the general says :
"A few miles west of Gila Bend, between Berk's Station and Oatman's Flat, we passed a group of rocks that interest everybody, but which nobody seemed to know much about. They stand near the roadside, and consist of smooth, red porphyry, or some such stone, cur- iously carved with figures of men, birds, beasts, fishes, etc. Many of the figures are now quite indistinct but sufficient remain to show what they were, and their very indistinctness- coupled with the hardness of the stone-proves their great antiquity. The rocks themselves, when struck, ring like genuine clink stones; and, it would seem, only the sharpest and hardest instruments could make much impression on them. The place is called 'Painted Rocks,' and we only had time for a cursory examina- tion; but the sculpturing seemed too remote for Spanish times, and was generally attributed to the days of the Aztecs. However this may be, they appeared to be there as a species of hieroglyphics, and doubtless have a story to tell, that some future Champollion may unfold. It may be that the ancient travel for Mexico left the Gila here, or about here, and struck across the country for the Santa Cruz and so south, flanking the Maricopa Desert, and that these sculptured rocks record the place as the start- ing point-as a sort of finger-board or mile-
7
CONDITIONS IN 1867 AND 1868.
stone. This is only a conjecture; but here, at least, is work for the archaeologist and anti- quarian, as well as at so many other points in Arizona."
Aside from the mesquite, ironwood and palo verde trees, scattered here and there along the Gila and its bottom, the entire country from Yuma to Tucson was treeless. Sagebrush and greasewood abounded as throughout the great internal basin of the continent generally. On the uplands were to be found the saguaro, or giant cactus, in full vigor and maturity, increas- ing in height and bulk until when they reached the Maricopa Desert they were to be found thirty to forty feet in height, by two or three feet in diameter, with perpendicular branches half way up, nearly half as large as the main stem. Gen- eral Rusling says :
"This variety is a green fluted column, with its edges armed with semi-circular thorns, and bears a cluster of apples on top, from which the Indians extract a rude molasses or sugar. (This fruit was also highly prized by the Mexicans.) Inside, it is a frame work of reedy poles that serve many useful purposes in that woodless region. These immense cacti dot the country over to Tucson, and beyond-indeed, down to Mexico, and largely through it-and are a lead- ing feature of southern Arizona. *
* * How such a gigantic vegetable or immense plant can thus flourish here, where nothing else com- paratively will grow, is a continuing mystery and perpetual astonishment. It would seem more fit for a luxuriant soil and a tropical
8
HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
climate. Yet here it is, magnum opus, mock- ing the naturalist apparently to scorn."
At Maricopa Wells they entered the Pima and Maricopa reservation. The reservation was described as some twenty-five miles long by four or five miles wide, embracing both sides of the Gila, and in it were twelve different vil- lages, two of them occupied by Maricopas and the rest by the Pimas.
"Both tribes are a healthy, athletic, vigorous- looking people, and they were decidedly the most well-to-do aborigines we had yet seen. Unlike most Indians elsewhere, these two tribes are steadily on the increase; and this is not to be wondered at, when one sees how they have abandoned a vagabond condition, and settled down to regular farming and grazing. They have constructed great acequias up and down the Gila, and by means of these take out and carry water for irrigating purposes, over thousands of acres of as fine land as anybody owns. Their fields are well fenced with willows, they had been scratched a little with rude plows, and al- ready (March 9th) they were green with the fast springing wheat and barley. In addition, they raise corn, beans, melons, etc., and have horses and cattle in considerable numbers. One drove of their livestock, over two thousand head, passed down the road just ahead of us, subse- quently when en route to Tucson, and we were told they had many more. The year before these Indians had raised and sold a surplus of wheat and corn, amounting to two millions of pounds, besides a large surplus of barley, beans, etc. The most of this was bought by Indian
9
CONDITIONS IN 1867 AND 1868.
traders, located at Maricopa Wells, and Pima Villages, at from one to two cents per pound, coin, in trade; and then resold to the govern- ment, for the use of the troops in Arizona, at from six to seven cents per pound, coin, in cash. This is a specimen of the way in which the old Indian Ring fleeced both the Indians and the government, and I give it as a passing argument in favor of the new policy. These Indians, it appears, have practiced agriculture somewhat from time immemorial, and they should be en- couraged in it, as there is no surer way of 'pacifying' or civilizing them. During the Re- bellion they furnished two companies to the Union volunteers in Arizona, and the most of these had just re-enlisted, to serve as scouts against the Apaches. These wore a mongrel uniform, half Indian, half soldier; but the rest, only the traditional breechclout."
The general evidently refers to the two com- panies of Indians who composed a part of the Arizona volunteers for the subjugation of the Apaches, of which we have treated in a preceding volume.
"Their wigwams are oval shaped, wicker work lodges, made of poles, thatched with wil- lows and straw, and this in turn overlaid with earth. An inverted washbowl, on an exag- gerated scale, would not be a bad representation of one of them. They are usually five or six feet high in the centre, by fifteen or twenty in diameter, and would be very comfortable dwell- ings were it not for their absurd doors. These are only about thirty inches high, by perhaps twenty wide, and consequently the only mode
10
HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
of entrance is on your hands and knees. While halting at the Pima villages for a day, we man- aged to crawl into one, for the sake of the ex- perience; but the smoke and dirt soon drove us out. There was a dull fire in the centre, but with no means of exit for the smoke, except the low doorway. Rush or willow mats covered the rest of the floor, and on these three or four Pimas lay snoozing, wrapped in hides and blankets. Various articles of rude pottery, made by themselves, were stowed away under the eaves of the roof; and at the further side, suspended from a roofpole in a primitive cradle, was a pretty papoose sound asleep. As we crawled in, the venerable head of the family, raising himself on his elbow, saluted us with:
" 'Ugh! White man ?'
"To which we, in true Arizona dialect, re- sponded :
""'How! Buenos dias, Senor!'
"His dignified and elegant answer was:
"'Heap good! Bacco? Matches ?'
"We gave him some of each, and shook hands all round, when the aged aborigine was pleased to add :
" 'Pimas! Americanos! Much friends! Mui Mucho!'
"These Indians had long been quiet and peaceable, and it would seem are already on the road to civilization. What they need is school- houses and religious teachers. They had an agent, an ex-officer of volunteers, who seemed honest and capable. But his hands were tied as to many essential things, and as a rule he was powerless for good. The Indian Bureau, with
11
CONDITIONS IN 1867 AND 1868.
its then accustomed wisdom, continued to send him fishing lines and fish hooks, although there was not a palatable fish in the Gila-I suppose because the Indians formerly on the Ohio and the Mississippi needed them; but persistently refused him carts and wagons, although these were constantly called for to enable him to haul their crops and fuel. As it was, we found the poor squaws gathering their scanty fuel as best they could-often miles away-and lugging it home to their villages on their backs and heads from far and near. A single cart or wagon to a village would be invaluable to these poor crea- tures, and would do more to ameliorate their condition than a carload of fish hooks, or a cargo of trinkets and blankets. Religiously their ideas seemed confused and vague, except that they believed, in a general way, in some sort of a supreme being, whom they call Montezuma. On the mountains to the west of them, clear-cut against their azure sky, is a gigantic profile, which they claim is Montezuma asleep. It bears, indeed, a striking resemblance to our own Washington, and is a marked feature of the landscape for many miles."
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