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REYNOLDS HISTORICA NEALOGY COLLECTION_
ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 01100 0970
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HISTORY
OF
ARIZONA
BY
THOMAS EDWIN FARISH, ARIZONA HISTORIAN
VOLUME VII
PHOENIX, ARIZONA
1918
COPYRIGHTED 1918, BY THOS. EDWIN FARISH, ARIZONA HISTORIAN
THE FILMER BROTHERS ELECTROTYPE COMPANY TYPOGRAPHERS AND STEREOTYPERS SAN FRANCISCO
1714350
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
HABITATS OF INDIANS, MAP
Frontispiece.
APACHES
Facing Page 3
APACHE WAR DANCE
Facing Page 29
NAVAHO
Facing Page 36
HAVASUPAI Facing Page 93
WALLAPAI
Facing Page 125
HOPIS (MOQUIS)
Facing Page 138
HOPI SNAKE DANCE Facing Page 180
MARICOPAS . Facing Page 225
Facing Page 228 MOHAVES
PIMAS
Facing Page 234
CASA GRANDE, RUINS OF
Facing Page 242
PAPAGO
Facing Page 297
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CONTENTS. VOLUME VII.
CHAPTER I. INDIANS OF ARIZONA. THE APACHE. PAGE
Indians of Arizona - Apache - First Mention of - Tribal Groups - Aravaipa - Chiricahua - Apache Language Same as Tartar Chinese-Coyotero-Pinal Coyotero-Pinaleños- Tontos - San Carlos Apache - Gila Apache - Mogollon- Mimbreno __ White Mountain-Tsiltaden 1
CHAPTER II. THE APACHE (Continued).
Legends-Scarcity of-Belief in Creation-War Between Birds and Beasts-Killing of the Dragon-Religion of the Apache Faith in Prayer - Administration of Medicine - Medicine Men-Hoddentin-Apache Dances-Spirit Dance. 19
CHAPTER III. THE NAVAHO.
Location - Stock Raisers-Early Record of - Creation of-Of Composite Origin-Hogans-Weaving-Religion and Myths -Legends-Creation of First Man and Woman-Old Man and Woman of First World-Creation of the Sun-Religious Worship-Lower Worlds-Dark World-Red World-Blue World-Eleventh World-Emergence from Lower Worlds- Twelfth or Present World-Creation of Visible World- Creation of Stars-Vegetable Life-Bearers of Sun and Moon-Sex of the Peoples-The Changing Woman-Creation of Man
36
CHAPTER IV. THE NAVAHO (Continued).
Theory of Origin of Man-Man-Eaters or Monsters-Slayers of the Enemies or Monsters-Woman Who Becomes a Bear- The Flood-The Chants-The War Dance-The Girls' Dance -Blackening of the Patient-Public Exhibitions or Dances -Mountain Chant-Origin of-Fire Play 65
CHAPTER V. THE HAVASUPAI.
Location-Early Name "Cosninos"-Habits, History and Legends -Chiefs-Medicine Men-Agriculturists-Engineering Skill -Hospitality-Funeral Ceremonies-Language-Worship- Legend of Origin 93
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CONTENTS.
CHAPTER VI. THE HAVASUPAI (Continued). PAGE
Legends-Origin-How Wallapais Became a Separate People- Relation of Origin of Hopis 116
CHAPTER VII. THE WALLAPAI.
Location - Legends - Advent of the Wallapais - Mike Burns' Stories-The Flood-Council of War 125
CHAPTER VIII. THE HOPI (OR MOQUI).
Location - History - Missions and Missionaries - Pueblos- Social Organization-Story of Origin-Legend of Building of Villages-Mode of Marriage-Hospitality-Legends and Folklore-Tininina, or Social Dance-Religion .. 138
CHAPTER IX. THE HOPI (OR MOQUI) (Continued).
Citizens of the United States - Religion - Lack of Religion - No Sacred Fires-Moqui Gods 157
CHAPTER X. THE HOPI (OR MOQUI) (Continued).
The Snake Dance - Story of Its Origin - Description of by Peter Moran-Preparation for-Account of by Charles F. Lummis-Special Agent Scott's Report on. 169
CHAPTER XI. THE HOPI (OR MOQUI) (Continued).
The Snake Dance (continued)-Description of, by Capt. John G. Bourke-Order of the Procession-The Female Detach- ment - The Snake Carriers - Behavior of the Snakes-Con- clusion of the Dance 204
CHAPTER XII. THE HOPI (OR MOQUI) (Continued). Characteristics and Customs - Mental Traits - Clothing - Gov- erning Body-Mythology and Folklore-Supported by Agri- culture - Own Large Flocks and Herds - Weaving- Language - Religion - Dances. 216
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CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XIII.
THE MARICOPA, MOHAVE, APACHE-MOHAVE, YUMA AND APACHE-YUMA. PAGE Location of Maricopas-Join the Pimas-Fight With Yumas- Reservation-Location of Mohaves-Characteristics-Dwell- ings - Agriculture - Reservation - Location of Apache- Mohaves-Characteristics-War and Raid on Whites-Subju- gation of-Location of Yumas-Characteristics-Location of Apache-Yumas-Language-Gave Trouble to Whites-Subju- gation of 225
CHAPTER XIV. THE PIMA.
Early History - Language-Always Peaceable - Chief Support Agriculture - Weapons - Legends and Myths - Legends of Building of Casa Grande - Casa de Montezuma - Other Legends-The Turquoise Legend - Wind and Rain Gods- Birth of Hok 234
CHAPTER XV. THE PIMA (Continued).
Legends (Continued)-Creation Legend-Flood Legend-Irriga- tion-Legend of Feather Plaited Doctor and Tonto-The Creation Myth-Coyote-Children of Cloud-Skull and His Magic-Origin of the Horse-Abstracts of Nursery Tales- Five Little Orphans and Their Aunt-Coyote and the Quails -Woman and Coyote-Pima Captive and Her Son-Coyote and the Bluebird - Boy and Beast - The Naughty Grand- children 252
CHAPTER XVI. THE PIMA (Continued).
Religion - Deities - Magicians - The Soul and Its Destiny - Dreams - Saered Places - Stones Strike - Ha-ak Lying - Iâksk-Place of the Bad One-Puma Lying-Medicine Men -Legerdemain-Cause and Treatment of Diseases .. 268
CHAPTER XVII. PAPAGO AND SOBAIPURI.
History of Papagos - Sobaipuris Ask Priests to go to Guevavi -First Missions in Arizona-Diseontinuance of Missions -Remains and Ruins of San Xavier, Tumacacuri, and Other Missions-Work of the Missionaries-Discipline of the Indians - Derivation of Name of Papago - History of Sobaipuri - Location of Papagos - Their Means of Sub- sistenee - Traditions and Myths - Montezuma - Papago Dwellings
297
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CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XVIII. PAIUTE AND CHIMEHUEVI. PAGE
Location and Derivation of Name - Friendly to Whites, but Warlike-The Chemehuevi-Location-Early History-Dress -Nothing Positive Known of Organization-General Belief of All Indians in Future State - Theories of Mohaves - Pimas __ Apaches and Navahos-Conclusion 313
HISTORY OF ARIZONA. VOLUME VII.
HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
CHAPTER I. INDIANS OF ARIZONA. THE APACHE.
INDIANS OF ARIZONA-APACHE-FIRST MENTION OF - TRIBAL GROUPS - ARAVAIPA - CHIRI- CAHUA-APACHE LANGUAGE SAME AS TARTAR CHINESE- COYOTEROS - PINAL COYOTERO- PINALEÑOS-TONTOS-SAN CARLOS APACHE -GILA APACHE- MOGOLLON - MIMBRENOS -WHITE MOUNTAIN-TSILTADEN.
This volume is devoted entirely to the Indians of Arizona. Before 1866 and 1867, many of the Apache tribes were unknown and a large part of their country was a terra incognita. At the time of which we write, 1869-1870, through con- stant warfare, all the tribes of the Colorado River, and their habitats, had become known, and much progress had been made in the ex- ploration of what was called Apacheria in Ari-
zona. Many of the hostile tribes had been lo- cated and their numbers computed. The mili- tary commanders up to General Crook did a great work in this direction. They built roads through the Apache country, kept up a constant fight with the Indians, and paved the way to a great extent, as we shall see, for the subjugation of these tribes by General Crook.
VII-1
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HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
The following pages will give, as far as pos- sible, the locations of the Indians, their habits, customs, and what can be gathered of their folk- lore and traditions. The latter, in fifty years from now, will be lost entirely ; in fact, there are few Indians now living who have any knowledge whatever of the superstitions or customs of their ancestors.
Of the Indian tribes in Arizona, the Navaho was the largest and, with the exception of oc- casional thefts and marauding expeditions, was at peace with the whites.
The Maricopas, the Pimas and the Papagos have always been friendly, and the Yumas, after they were conquered by General Heintzelman, in 1853, were also friendly.
Many of the Mohaves and other Yuma tribes along the Colorado river were, at this time, gathered on the reservation, but they were all practically at war with the whites, it being said that they were fed on the reservation, and em- ployed their spare time in robbing and killing the settlers, and the same may be said of the Wallapais, Apache-Yumas, and Apache-Mo- haves or Yavapais. The Apache-Mohaves, a por- tion of the Mohave tribe, but affiliated with the Tonto Apaches, were among the most bloody and warlike of the Apache tribes.
The Tontos, Coyoteros, or White Mountain Apaches, the Pinaleños, what remained of the Aravaipas, the Pinals, the Chiricahuas, were all on the warpath. The Hopis and the Havasu- pais were always peaceable.
I give the following, compiled from Bulletin 30 of the Bureau of Ethnology of the Smith-
GROUP OF HOSTILE APACHES.
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THE APACHE.
sonian Institution, and the works of Captain John G. Bourke, J. Ross Browne, and the manu- script of Mike Burns, relating to the ranges of the Indians of Arizona in 1868 and 1869, and what is known of their previous history, legends and folklore:
APACHE (probably from apachu, "enemy," the Zuni name for the Navaho, who were desig- nated "Apaches de Nabaju" by the early Span- iards in New Mexico). A number of tribes form- ing the most southerly group of the Athapascan family. The name has been applied also to some unrelated Yuman tribes, as the Apache-Mohave (Yavapai) and Apache-Yuma. The Apache call themselves N'de, Dine, Tinde or Inde, "people."
They were evidently not so numerous about the beginning of the 17th century as in recent times, their numbers apparently having been in- creased by captives from other tribes, particu- larly the Pueblo, Pima, Papago, and other peaceful Indians, as well as from the settlements of northern Mexico that were gradually estab- lished within the territory raided by them, al- though recent measurements by Hrdlicka seem to indicate unusual freedom from foreign ad- mixtures. They were first mentioned as Apaches by Oñate in 1598, although Coronado, in 1541, met the Querechos (the Vaqueros of Benavides, and probably the Jicarillas and Mescaleros of modern times) on the plains of eastern New Mexico, and western Texas; but there is no evi- dence that the Apache reached as far west as Arizona until after the middle of the 16th cen- tury. From the time of the Spanish coloniza-
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HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
tion of New Mexico until within twenty years they have been noted for their warlike disposi- tion, raiding white and Indian settlements alike, extending their depredations as far southward as Jalisco, Mexico. No group of tribes has caused greater confusion to writers, from the fact that the popular names of the tribes are derived from some local or temporary habitat, owing to their shifting propensities, or were given by the Spaniards on account of some tribal characteristic; hence some of the common names of apparently different Apache tribes or bands are synonymous, or practically so; again, as employed by some writers, a name may in- clude much more or much less than when em- ployed by others. Although most of the Apache have been hostile since they have been known to history, the most serious modern outbreaks have been attributed to mismanagement on the part of civil authorities.
Being a nomadic people, the Apache practiced agriculture only to a limited extent before their permanent establishment on reservations. They subsisted chiefly on the products of the chase and on roots (especially that of the maguey) and berries. Although fish and bear were found in abundance in their country, they were not eaten, being rejected as food. They had few arts, but the women attained high skill in making baskets. Their dwellings were shelters of brush, which were easily erected by the women and were well adapted to their arid environment and constant shifting. In physical appearance the Apache vary greatly, but are rather above the medium height. They are good talkers, are not readily
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THE APACHE.
deceived, and are honest in protecting property placed in their care, although they formerly ob- tained their chief support from plunder seized in their forays.
The Apaches were divided into a number of tribal groups which have been so differently named and defined that it is sometimes difficult to determine to which branch writers refer. The most commonly accepted divisions were the Querechos or Vaqueros, consisting of the Mes- caleros, Jicarillas, Faraones, Llaneros, and probably the Lipan ; the Chiricahua; the Pinale- ños; the Coyoteros, comprising the White Moun- tain and Pinal divisions ; the Aravaipa; the Gila Apache, including the Gilenos, Mimbrenos and Mogollons ; and the Tontos.
Until 1904 there lived with the Apache of Ari- zona a number of Indians of Yuma stock, par- ticularly "Mohave-Apache," or Yavapai, but these are now mostly established at old Camp McDowell. The forays and conquests of the Apache resulted in the absorption of a large for- eign element, Piman, Yuman, and Spanish, al- though captives were treated with disrespect and marriages with them broke clan ties. The Pinal Coyoteros, and evidently also the Jica- rillas, had some admixture of Pueblo blood. The Tontos were largely of mixed blood accord- ing to Corbusier, but Hrdlicka's observations show them to be pure Apache.
ARAVAIPA (Nevome Pima ; aarivapa, "girls," possibly applied to these people on ac- count of some unmanly act). An Apache tribe whose home was in the canyon of Aravaipa creek, a tributary of the Rio San Pedro, south-
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HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
ern Arizona, although like the Chiricahua and other Apache of Arizona, they raided far south- ward, and were reputed to have laid waste every town in northern Mexico as far as the Gila, prior to the Gadsden purchase in 1853, and with hav- ing exterminated the Sobaipuri, a Piman tribe, in the latter part of the 18th century. A writer in Bulletin No. 30, of the Bureau of American Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution, says : "In 1863 a company of California volunteers, aided by some friendly Apaches, at old Camp Grant, on the San Pedro, attacked an Aravaipa rancheria, at the head of the canyon, killing 58 of the 70 inhabitants, men, women, and children -the women and children being slain by the friendly Indians, the men by the Californians- in revenge for their atrocities. After this loss they sued for peace, and their depredations prac- tically ceased." I have been unable to find any record of this raid, and am forced to believe that the writer has reference to the Camp Grant mas- sacre, which occurred in 1871, a full description of which is given in Volume 2 of this History, at page 269, et seq. About 1872 they were re- moved to San Carlos Agency. The remnant of this tribe is now under the San Carlos and Fort Apache agencies on the White Mountain reser- vation.
CHIRICAHUA (Apache: "great moun- tain"). An important division of the Apache, so called from their former mountain home in southeastern Arizona. Their own name is Aiaha. The writer last above quoted, in regard to this tribe, says : "The Chiricahua were the most warlike of the Arizona Indians, their raids ex-
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THE APACHE.
tending into New Mexico, southern Arizona, and northern Sonora, among their most noted lead- ers being Cochise, Victorio, Loco, Chato, Nachi, Bonito, and Geronimo." This is evidently a mistake; Victorio, Loco and Geronimo were Mimbres Apaches, and some of the others be- longed to other tribes, but were affiliated with the Chiricahuas by marriage. Physically they do not differ materially from the other Apache. The men are well built, muscular, with well de- veloped chests, sound and regular teeth, and abundant hair. The women are even more vigor- ous and strongly built, with broad shoulders and hips and a tendency to corpulency in old age. They habitually wear a pleasant open expression of countenance, exhibiting uniform good nature, save when in anger, at which time their faces take on a savage cast. White thought their manner of life, general physique, and mental disposition seemed conducive to long life. Their characteristic long legged moccasins of deerskin had a stout sole turned up at the toes, and the legs of the moccasins, long enough to reach the thigh, were folded back below the knee, forming a pocket in which were carried paints and a knife. The women wore short skirts of buck- skin, and the men used to display surplus skins folded about the waist. Their arrows were made of reed tipped with obsidian or iron, the shaft winged with three strips of feathers. They used in battle a long spear and when obtainable a sling shot made by inserting a stone into the green hide of a cow's tail, leaving a portion of the hair attached. They possessed no knowl- edge of weaving blankets. White supposed that
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HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
they had immigrated into Arizona from New Mexico three or four generations back. Their camps were located on the highlands in winter, that they might catch the warm rays of the sun, and in summer near the water among stunted trees that sheltered them from its scorching glare. Their bands or clans were named from the nature of the ground about their chosen ter- ritory. Both men and women were fond of wearing necklaces and ear pendants of beads. The hair was worn long and flowing, with a tur- ban, to which was attached a flap hanging down behind; they plucked out the hairs of the beard with tweezers of tin, and wore suspended from their necks a small round mirror which they used in painting their faces with stripes of brilliant colors. Strings of pieces of shell were highly prized. Their customary dwelling was a rude brush hut, circular or oval, with the earth scooped out to enlarge its capacity. In winter they huddled together for warmth and, if the hut was large, built a fire in the center. When they changed camps they burned their huts, which were always built close together. They subsisted on berries, nuts, and the fruits of vari- ous trees, mesquite beans, and acorns, of which they were particularly fond, and they ground the seeds of different grasses on a large flat stone and made a paste with water, drying it after- ward in the sun. In common with other Apache tribes they relished the fruit of the giant cacti and of the yucca, and made mescal from the root of the agave. Fish they would not eat, or pork, but an unborn calf and the entrails of animals they regarded as delicacies, and horse and mule flesh
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THE APACHE.
was considered the best meat. Though selfish in most things, they were hospitable with food which was free to anyone who was hungry. They were scrupulous in keeping accounts and paying debts. Like many other Indians they would never speak their own names or on any account speak of a dead member of the tribe. They tilled the ground a little with wooden im- plements, obtaining corn and melon seeds from the Mexicans. In their clans all were equal. Bands, according to White, were formed of clans, and chiefs were chosen for their ability and courage, although there is evidence that chieftainship was sometimes hereditary, as in the case of Cochise, who appointed his oldest son his successor, which was confirmed or ratified by the tribe. Chiefs and old men were usually deferred to in council. They used the brain of the deer in dressing buckskin. It is said that they charged their arrows with a quick, deadly poison, obtained by irritating a rattlesnake with a forked stick, causing it to bite into a deer's liver, which, when saturated with the venom,
to putrefy. They stalked the deer and the antelope by covering their heads with the skull of the animal and imitating with their crouching bodies the movements of one grazing ; and it was their custom to approach an enemy's camp at night in a similar manner, covering their heads with brush. They signaled in war or peace by a great blaze or smoke made by burning cedar boughs or the inflammable spines of the giant cactus. Of their social organiza- tion very little is definitely known, and the state- ments of the two chief authorities are widely at
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HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
variance. According to White, the children be- long to the gens of the father, while Bourke as- serts that the true clan system prevails. They married usually outside of the gens, according to White, and never relatives nearer than a sec- ond cousin. A young warrior seeking a wife would first bargain with her parents and then take a horse to her dwelling. If she viewed his suit with favor she would feed and water the horse, and, seeing that, he would come and fetch his bride, and after going on a hunt for the honeymoon they would return to his people. When he took two horses to the camp of the bride and killed one of them, it signified that her parents had given her over to him with- out regard to her consent. Youth was the qual- ity most desired in a bride. After she became a mother the husband might take a second wife, and some had as many as five, two or more of them often being sisters. Married women were usually faithful and terribly jealous, so that single girls did not care to incur their rage. A woman in confinement went off to a hut by her- self, attended by her women relatives. Children received their earliest names from something particularly noticeable at the time of their birth. As among the Navahos, a man never spoke to his mother-in-law, and treated his wife's father with distant respect; and his brothers were never familiar with his wife nor he with her sisters and brothers. Faithless wives were punished by whipping and cutting off a portion of the nose, after which they were cast off. Little girls were often purchased or adopted by men who kept them until they were old enough for them
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THE APACHE.
to marry. Frequently girls were married when only 10 or 11 years of age. Children of both sexes had perfect freedom, were not required to obey, and never were punished. The men en- gaged in pastimes every day, and boys in mock combats, hurling stones at one another with slings. Young wives and maidens did only light work; the heavy tasks were performed by the older women. People met and parted without any form of salute. Kissing was unknown. Ex- cept mineral vermilion, the colors with which they painted their faces and dyed grasses for baskets were of vegetable origin-yellow from beech and willow bark, red from the cactus. They would not kill the golden eagle, but would pluck its feathers, which they prized, and for the hawk and the bear they had a superstitious re- gard in lesser degree. They made tizwin, an in- toxicating drink, from corn, burying it until it sprouted, grinding it, and then allowing the mash diluted with water to ferment. The women carried heavy burdens on their backs, held by a strap passed over the forehead. Their basket work was impervious to water and ornamented with designs similar to those of the Pima, except that human figures frequently entered into the decorative motive. Baskets 21% feet in length and 18 inches wide at the mouth were used in col- lecting food, which was frequently brought from a great distance. When one of the tribe died, men carried the corpse, wrapped in the blankets of the deceased, with other trifling personal ef- fects, to an obscure place in low ground and there buried it at once, piling stones over the grave to protected it from coyotes and other prowl-
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HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
ing beasts. No women were allowed to follow, and no Apache ever revisited the spot. Female relatives kept up their lamentations for a month, uttering loud wails at sunset. The hut in which a person died was always burned and often the camp was removed. Widows used to cut off their hair and paint their faces black for a vear, during which time the mourner lived in the fam- ily of the husband's brother, whose wife she became at the expiration of the time for mourn- ing. They had a number of dances, notably the "devil dance," with clowns, masks, head- dresses, etc., in which the participants jumped over a fire, and a spirited war dance, with weapons and shooting in time to a song. When anybody fell sick several fires were built in the camp, and while the others lay around on the ground with solemn visages, the young men, their faces covered with paint, seized firebrands and ran around and through the fires and about the lodge of the sick person, whooping continu- ally and flourishing the brands to drive away the evil spirit. They had a custom, when a girl arrived at puberty, of having the other girls tread lightly on her back as she lay face down- ward, the ceremony being followed by a dance.
The Tartar Chinese speak the dialect of the Apaches. The Apaches bear a striking resem- blance to the Tartar. About the year 1885, W. B. Horton, who had served as County Super- intendent of Schools, at Tucson, was appointed Post Trader at Camp Apache, and went to San Francisco to purchase his stock, where he hired a Chinese cook. His kitchen adjoined his sleep- ing apartment, and one evening while in his
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THE APACHE.
room he heard in the kitchen some Indians talk- ing. Wondering what they were doing there at that hour of the night, he opened the door and found his cook conversing with an Apache. He asked his cook where he had acquired the Indian language. The cook said: "He speak all same me. I Tartar Chinese; he speak same me, little different, not much." At Will- iams, in Navajo County, is another Tartar Chi- naman, Gee Jim, who converses freely with the Apaches in his native language. From these facts it would seem that the Apache is of Tartar origin.
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