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Gc 979.1 F22h v. 8 1714351
REYNOLDS HISTORICAL GENEALOGY COLLECTION
ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY
3 1833 01100 0988
A. P. K. SAFFORD.
HISTORY
OF
ARIZONA
BY
THOMAS EDWIN FARISH, ARIZONA HISTORIAN
VOLUME VIII
PHOENIX, ARIZONA 1918
COPYRIGHT 1918, BY THOS. EDWIN FARISH, ARIZONA HISTORIAN
THE FILMER BROTHERS ELECTROTYPE COMPANY TYPOGRAPHERS AND STEREOTYPERS SAN FRANCISCO
1714351
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Gov. A. P. K. SAFFORD
Frontispiece.
Facing Page 31 A. F. BANTA
C. E. COOLEY. . Facing Page 75
GENERAL GEORGE STONEMAN Facing Page 96
COL. JAMES M. BARNEY Facing Page 306
(iii)
CONTENTS.
VOLUME VIII.
CHAPTER I.
INDIAN AGENCIES. PAGE
Charles D. Poston First Superintendent of Indian Affairs- Succeeded by George W. Leihy-Leihy Succeeded by George W. Dent-Dent Succeeded by George L. Andrews-Andrews Succeeded by H. Bendell - Office Abolished - Pima and Maricopa Reservation Set Aside-Yuma Reservation Estab- lished-Colorado River Reservation Established-Conditions on Navaho Reservation - Moqui Reservation Established - -Mohave Reservation Established - Wallapais Placed on Reservation, but Return to Homes-Territory Set Apart for Them-Outbreak of Wallapais Checked Singlehanded by Captain Thomas Byrne-Temporary Reservation for Apache- Mohaves Established at Camp Date Creek-Crookedness of Indian Ring-Temporary Reservation Established on the Verde-Indians Removed from Verde to San Carlos- Chiricahua Reservation Established - Outbreak of Chiri- cahuas-Reservations Established at Camps McDowell, Grant and Fort Apache-San Carlos Reservation Established - Salaries of Officials-Expenditure of Government for Indians -Census of Indians in Arizona in 1863-Location of Differ- ent Tribes-Clamorings for War of Extermination-General Ord Takes Command of Department of Arizona
1
CHAPTER II. EXPEDITIONS AGAINST INDIANS.
Number of Whites Killed by Indians-Increase of Military- Number of Indians Killed and Captured by Military- King Woolsey's Account of Lieutenant McCleave's Scout- Fight at Harqua Hala Springs-Colonel Barnard's Fight With Apaches Under Cochise
23
CHAPTER III. EXPEDITIONS INTO INDIAN COUNTRY.
Banta's Discovery of "Meteorie Crater"-Banta, Cooley and Dodd Organize Expedition to Hunt "Doc Thorn Mines"- Banks of Little Colorado Used as Neutral Ground by Indians for Trading Purposes-Arrival of Expedition in Apacheland -Objection of Pinals to Progress of Expedition-Expedition Retreats-Approach of the Military-Feats of Indian Foot Runners-Organization of Peace Party to Talk With Mili- tary-Peace Party Arrested by Military-Release of Peace Party-Military Officers Entertained by Apaches.
(v)
31
vi
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER IV.
EXPEDITIONS INTO INDIAN COUNTRY (Continued). PAGE
Captain Barry Ordered by Colonel Green to Massacre Indians-
Captain Barry Disobeys Orders and is Placed Under Ar- rest-Big Dance of the Pinals-"Dodd's Dance"-Reception by the Tontos-Arrival at Camp Reno-Intercede With Gen- eral Devin for Captain Barry-Captain Barry Released and Returned to Duty - Disbandment of Expedition - Descrip- tion of C. E. Cooley, His Ranch and His Squaws
53
CHAPTER V. THE MILITARY.
Report of Major-General George H. Thomas on Military Affairs in Arizona-Report of General Ord-General Ord's Account of Captain Barry's Disobedience of Orders - Expense of Supplying Rations to Troops in Arizona-Fourteen Military Posts in Arizona-Desertion of Troops-Policy of Exter- mination Followed by Both Military and Citizens-Condi- tions in 1859 Described by Banta-Establishment of Camp Ord, Later Known as Fort Apache
78
CHAPTER VI. THE MILITARY (Continued).
General George Stoneman Takes Command - His Policy - The "Ring" Again-Contractors' Lust for Money Leads to War on Indians-Methods Employed by Apaches-Apache Out- rages-Killing of Kennedy and Israel-Attack on Lent and Harpending Mining Party-Killing of Shirley-"Jeff" Davis's Experience With Indians - Attacks on Wagon Trains- Appointment of A. P. K. Safford as Governor of the Terri- tory - His Interview With the "New York Herald" - Asks That Arizona be Allowed to Raise Volunteers-Government Furnishes Arms and Ammunition for Citizen Militia-How the Apaches Secured Arms and Ammunition-Activities of Military - Lieut .- Colonel Sanford's Expedition-Lieutenant Cushing's Expedition - Lieutenant Graham's Expedition - Captain William Ory's Expedition
96
CHAPTER VII. OUTRAGES BY INDIANS.
Miner Editorial Describing Trip Through Indian Country -- Interviews Between General Stoneman and Indians-Miner Prints Petition to President With List of Three Hundred and One Persons Killed by Indians in Seven Years. 117
vii
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER VIII. OUTRAGES BY INDIANS (Continued) . PAGE
Governor Safford's Message Calls Attention to Outrages-Public Sentiment in Reference to Camp Grant Massacre-Military Account of Camp Grant Massacre-Trial of Participants- Charge of Judge Titus-Defendants Acquitted-More Out- rages by Indians-Lieutenant Cushing's Expedition Against Hostiles-Killing of Lieutenant Cushing 151
CHAPTER IX. CITIZEN EXPEDITIONS AGAINST HOSTILES.
C. B. Genung's Description of Townsend's Expedition-Indians Kill Herder and Steal Herbert Bowers' Cattle-John Town- send Appointed Captain of Pursuing Party - Joined by Party of Soldiers Under Lieutenant Morton-Catch Indians and Kill Thirty-five-Rest of Indians Escape-Again Catch and Kill Indians - Pursuers Return to Prescott and are Banquetted - Fifty-six Indians Killed, and Almost All Stock Recovered .. 170
CHAPTER X.
INDIAN TROUBLES, THE MILITARY, MURDERS AND LYNCHINGS. California Legislature Passes Resolution Relating to Indian Affairs in Arizona-General Stoneman Superseded by Gen- eral Crook - Newspaper Criticism of General Stoneman- Murders by Mexican Outlaws - Reprisals - Murderers Lynched - Settlement of Valley of San Pedro by Mark Aldrich-More Indian Outrages-Roads Built by Stone- man-Fights of Captain Moore and Captain Russell With Indians-General Crook Takes Command
196
CHAPTER XI. THE PEACE COMMISSION.
Governor Safford's Proclamation in Regard to-Arrival of Com- missioner Vincent Colyer-Makes Ex parte Report-Received With Cordiality by Military but not by Citizens to Whom He Refused Hearings-Colyer's Letters Reporting His Actions- Camp Apache-Industry of Apaches-Condition of Apache Indians-Reference to Camp Grant Massacre-Talks With Coyotero Apache Chiefs 210
CHAPTER XII. THE PEACE COMMISSION (Continued).
Arrival at Camp Grant-Refusal to Allow Armed Citizens to Cross Reservation-Apache Children Taken Into Captivity- Interview With Apache Chiefs at Camp Grant-Talk With Es-Cim-En-Zeen, Head Chief of Aravaipa Pinals-Opposi- tion to the Indian Peace Policy
230
viii
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XIII. THE PEACE COMMISSION (Continued). PAGE
The Frontiersman's Sympathy With the Peace Policy-Gila River Agency - Tonto Apaches at Camp McDowell - Report of J. H. Stout, Special Indian Agent - Report of Colonel N. A. M. Dudley-Report of Captain James Curtis-Talk With Da-Chay-Ya and Shelter Pau - Report of Captain Netterville-Report of Colonel Dudley 247
CHAPTER XIV. THE PEACE COMMISSION (Continued).
Camp Verde Reservation - The Apache-Mohaves - Report of Rev. David White, Post Chaplain-Arrival at Camp Whip- ple, General Crook's Headquarters - Refusal to Address Meeting of Citizens - Departure from Territory - Final Statement as to Apaches Coming in 275
CHAPTER XV. THE WICKENBURG MASSACRE.
Stagecoach Attacked by Party of Mounted Men, Five Passengers Killed, Two Wounded-Difference of Opinion as to Whether Outrage Committed by Indians or Mexicans - Verdict of Coroner's Jury-Description of Killed and Wounded-C. B. Genung's Belief and Statement - Mike Burns' Ignorance of . . Occurrence 289
CHAPTER XVI. THE WICKENBURG MASSACRE (Continued).
General Crook Takes up Hunt for Murderers - Investigation Stopped by Peace Commission-Investigation by General Crook Resumed - Meeting With Indians at Camp Date Creek - Selection of Murderers by Mohave Indians - At- tempted Arrest Brings on Fight-C. B. Genung's Account of Happening-Captain John G. Bourke's Account of At- tempt on General Crook's Life-Death and Burial of Captain Philip Dwyer-Fight With Indians 303
HISTORY OF ARIZONA. VOLUME VIII.
HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
CHAPTER I.
INDIAN AGENCIES.
CHARLES D. POSTON, FIRST SUPERINTENDENT OF INDIAN AFFAIRS-SUCCEEDED BY GEORGE W. LEIHY-LEIHY SUCCEEDED BY GEORGE W. DENT-DENT SUCCEEDED BY GEORGE L. AN- DREWS-ANDREWS SUCCEEDED BY H. BEN- DELL-OFFICE ABOLISHED-PIMA AND MARI- COPA RESERVATION SET ASIDE - YUMA RESERVATION ESTABLISHED-COLORADO RIVER RESERVATION ESTABLISHED-CONDITIONS ON NAVAHO RESERVATION-MOQUI RESERVATION ESTABLISHED-MOHAVE RESERVATION Es- TABLISHED-WALLAPAIS PLACED ON RESER- VATION, BUT RETURN TO HOMES-TERRITORY SET APART FOR THEM - OUTBREAK OF
WALLAPAIS CHECKED SINGLEHANDED BY CAPTAIN THOMAS BYRNE-TEMPORARY RES- ERVATION FOR APACHE-MOHAVES ESTAB- LISHED AT CAMP DATE CREEK - CROOKED- NESS OF INDIAN RING-TEMPORARY RESER- VATION ESTABLISHED ON THE VERDE -
INDIANS REMOVED FROM VERDE TO SAN CARLOS-CHIRICAHUA RESERVATION ESTAB- LISHED-OUTBREAK OF CHIRICAHUAS-RES- ERVATIONS ESTABLISHED AT CAMPS Mc- DOWELL, GRANT, AND FORT APACHE-SAN CARLOS RESERVATION
ESTABLISHED-SALA- VIII-1 (1)
2
HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
RIES OF OFFICIALS-EXPENDITURE OF GOV- ERNMENT FOR INDIANS-CENSUS OF INDIANS IN ARIZONA IN 1863-LOCATION OF DIFFER- ENT TRIBES-CLAMORINGS FOR WAR OF Ex- TERMINATION-GENERAL ORD TAKES COM- MAND OF DEPARTMENT OF ARIZONA.
One of the great drawbacks to the early set- tlement of the Apache question was the author- ity given to the Indian Agents upon the reser- vations. The following is a brief review of the establishment of these agencies from the forma- tion of the Territory up to the year 1875. Charles D. Poston was the first Superintendent of Indian Affairs. As we have seen, he came in by way of California, accompanied by J. Ross Browne and some others, arriving at Fort Yuma about Christmas time, 1863. There they dis- tributed quite a number of presents to Pasqual and his band. The company then went on to Tuc- son, and during the month of January, 1864, Poston and Browne made a tour into Sonora and back. Poston sent in his resignation with his re- port when he was elected the first Delegate to Congress from Arizona. George W. Leihy then held the office until November, 1866, when he was killed by the Indians. George W. Dent served from 1867 to 1869. and was succeeded by George L. Andrews, who held the office in 1869 and 1870, and was in turn succeeded by H. Bendell, who held it in 1871 and 1872, the office being abol- ished in the latter vear, the agents reporting directly after that time to the Indian Commis- sioners in Washington. The Government, how- ever, sent out special inspectors occasionally to
3
INDIAN AGENCIES.
visit the agencies. Prior to Poston's appoint- ment and the organization of the Territory, an agent at Mesilla, New Mexico, had a merely nominal control of the Arizona Indians.
In February, 1859, the Government caused a reservation to be set apart on the Gila for the Pimas and Maricopas, this having been the home of the Pimas for centuries. This reser- vation embraced all the lands which they had under cultivation at the time of the acquisition of Arizona. The survey was made by Colonel A. B. Gray, and embraced one hundred square leagues of arable lands, most of it susceptible of irrigation. The length of the reservation is about twenty-five miles, and its breadth about four miles, and the Gila river runs through it from one end to the other. They had a good many horses and cattle. In 1858, the first year of the Overland Mail Line, their surplus of wheat was one hundred thousand pounds, which was purchased by the stage line. In 1859 Mr. St. John was sent among them as a special agent, with a supply of Indian trinkets and agricultural implements. That year they sold two hundred and fifty thousand pounds of wheat and a large quantity of melons, pump- kins and beans. (Browne, "Apache Country," p. 110.)
Fish, in his manuscript, says: "The produc- tion of grain and trade increased each year, and in 1866 they sold wheat and corn amount- ing to about two millions of pounds, besides a large amount of barley, beans, etc. The most of this was bought by Indian traders, located at Maricopa Wells and the Pima Villages, at
4
HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
from one to two cents per pound, trade, and then resold to the Government for the use of troops in Arizona at from six to seven cents per pound, cash. This is a specimen of the way in which the old Indian ring fleeced both the Indians and the Government."
The Pima agents were A. M. White to 1865; Levi Ruggles in 1866, 1867, 1868 and 1869, with C. H. Lord as Deputy in 1867; F. E. Grassman in 1869 and 1870; J. H. Stout in 1871, 1872, 1873, 1874 and 1875.
A reservation for the Yumas was set apart in 1863 on the California side of the Colorado at Fort Yuma. This reservation extended for twenty-five miles along the river and to the west as far as the foothills. In 1864 Francis Hin- ton was employed by Superintendent Poston as agent for the Yumas. After the occupation of Fort Yuma by the United States troops, the Yumas were held in check, but the power and glory of this nation has departed.
Mr. Poston, when in Congress, as we have heretofore stated, succeeded in getting an appropriation of a hundred thousand dollars for colonizing the friendly Indians in Arizona on a reservation on the Colorado river. In 1864 he selected a reservation on the Colorado river bottom at Half Way Bend, in latitude 34° 10', which extended from a point four miles above Ehrenberg some forty-five miles up the river. Here comfortable adobe buildings were constructed after 1867. These lands were set apart by Congress in an act approved March 3rd, 1865, and consisted of a hundred and twenty-eight thousand acres, bordering on the
5
INDIAN AGENCIES.
river and commencing between Ehrenberg and La Paz. From 1864 to 1866, they were in charge of Herman Ehrenberg; from 1866 to 1869 John Fudge was the agent; Helenas Dodt in 1870; J. A. Tanner from 1871 to 1875.
During the Navaho war in New Mexico in 1862 and 1863, as we have seen, the Navahos were placed on the Pecos reservation in that Territory. The Coyotero (White Mountain) Apaches, seeing how the Navahos had been vanquished, were easily placed upon a reserva- tion, but discontent was soon manifested among them, and when the California Volunteers were withdrawn, they ran away. "In May, 1868," says Fish, "General Sherman and Colonel Top- pan, peace commissioners, visited New Mexico, and arranged to remove the Navahos from the Pecos to their old home near Fort Defiance. By treaty of June 1st, 1868, their reservation was located in the northeast corner of Arizona, and adjacent parts of New Mexico. It com- prised an area of fifty-two hundred square miles. Some important additions were after- wards made to it on October 29th, 1878, and January 6th, 1880, making it the largest reser- vation in the United States. The agent at the Navaho reservation in 1878 said: 'Within ten years, during which the present treaty with the Navahos has been in force, they have grown from a band of paupers to a nation of prosper- ous, industrious, shrewd, and (for barbarians) intelligent, people.' " They were reported at that time to be eleven thousand, eight hundred in number, and the owners of twenty thousand horses, fifteen hundred cattle, and five hundred
6
HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
thousand sheep. They were tilling nine thou- sand one hundred and ninety-two acres of land, and obtaining ninety-five per cent of their sub- sistence from civilized pursuits. Their march of improvement was not halted, for in 1884, the Navaho tribe was estimated at seventeen thousand, they cultivated fifteen thousand acres of land, and raised two hundred and twenty thousand bushels of corn and twenty-one thou- sand bushels of wheat, and had thirty-five thou- sand horses and one million sheep.
In December, 1882, a reservation for the Moqui Indians was established west and south of the Navaho reservation. Some changes in the boundaries of their reservation have since been made.
The Mohave reservation was set apart on March 30th, 1870, the area being fifty-five hun- dred and seventy-two acres. The Indians liv- ing along the river bottom gleaned a precarious living from what they could raise, from the native products of the country, and what they could beg at the post. This reservation of the Mohave Indians herein noted, must not be con- founded with that of the Apache-Mohaves. As will be hereafter shown, they were two differ- ent tribes, the Apache-Mohaves being an off- shoot of the Mohaves, but of a more warlike nature.
The Mohaves, however, complained, and quite justly, that the Government failed to furnish them implements, tools, seed, etc., to enable them to work their lands and support them- selves, and here it can be stated, and very truly, that the Indian Department always neglected
7
INDIAN AGENCIES.
the friendly Indians, while to the hostiles it made presents under the plea of pacifying them. In 1876 there were about nine hundred of these Indians living on the Colorado reser- vation, and there were about six hundred living from Fort Mohave to the Needles, all of them self-supporting. This reservation was origi- nally intended for all the river tribes, also the Wallapais and the Yavapais, but only a portion of the Mohaves and some others could ever be induced to occupy it permanently. They had to depend on the annual overflow of the river for irrigation, which often failed and resulted in a failure of their crops. Beginning in the year 1867 and ending in the year 1874, a canal. nine miles long was dug, which cost twenty- eight thousand dollars, but which proved to be a failure. The Indians took great interest in it, and also in a system of waterwheels, which also proved a failure, and did considerable work. A portion of the Mohaves lived near Fort Mohave and fared very well, but those that are left seem to retain all the vices of border railroad and mining towns, and are ad- dicted to gambling and drinking. They have degenerated fearfully and are a hopelessly wretched and deplorable race, tainted with syphilitic diseases. The Colorado river reser- vation seems to have been rather a poor one for agricultural purposes, and the Indians realized very little for their labor. The Government issued rations to them to help them out, fur- nishing them about one-third of their support. The balance they secured from the fruits of
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HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
their labor and the natural products of the country.
The Wallapais lived in the mountains east of Mohave. They were a brave and warlike people, and were continually at war with the whites. After their submission they did good service against the Apaches. In 1871 Vincent Colyer established a reservation at Beale Springs, where they were gathered. In 1874 they were moved to the Colorado reservation, and placed with the Mohaves, much against their will. The heat of the river bottom did not agree with them, and the debauched condi- tion of the Mohaves was a source of annoyance, as well as an example to the women and young men that would soon destroy the sacred mar- riage relations in their own tribe. In vain they pleaded to be allowed to return to their own mountain home. They pleaded their ser- vices in helping the whites to conquer hos- tiles and promised, if allowed to go back, to become self-supporting. Not obtaining per- mission, they left in a body, and, on reaching their home, they raised the white flag and pro- tested that they had come back to live in peace, so they were given a chance and they lived up to their promises. A tract of two thousand square miles on the Grand Canyon bend of the Colorado river was set apart for them in 1881 and 1883, where they now live. They have greatly degenerated, however, and are consid- ered a destitute and vicious lot of beggars. The Beale Springs reservation was abolished by General Howard in 1872. While the Walla- pais were at Beale Springs, they were under the
9
INDIAN AGENCIES.
care a part of the time of Captain Thomas Byrne, Twelfth Infantry, who was a genius in his way. "Old Tommy," as he was affection- ately called, was a great friend to the Indians and succeeded by his straightforward and kindly ways in gaining their confidence. After he was suspended by the acting agent, he re- mained at the agency, regarded by all the tribe as their brother and adviser. The Wallapais took some offense at the new agent and sud- denly left the reservation to go on the warpath. "Old Tommy" knowing how much it would cost Uncle Sam in blood and treasure if the out- break was not stopped, mounted a horse and fol- lowed the Indians, and succeeded in getting them to return, promising them that their wrongs would be righted. The following ac- count of what happened is given in Bourke, "On the Border with Crook," p. 163 :
"Back they went, following after the one un- armed man. Straight to the beef scales went the now thoroughly aroused officer, and in less time than it takes to relate, he had detected the manner in which false weights had been secured by a tampering with the poise. A two year old Texas steer which, horns and all, would not weigh eight hundred pounds, would mark sev- enteen hundred, and other things in the same ratio. Nearly the whole amount of the salt and flour supply had been sold to the miners in the Cerbat range, and the poor Hualpais, who had been such valiant and efficient allies, had been swindled out of everything but their breath, and but a small part of that was left.
10
HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
"Tommy seized upon the agency and took charge; the Hualpais were perfectly satisfied, but the agent left that night for California, and never came back. A great hub-bub was raised about the matter, but nothing came of it, and a bitter war was averted by the prompt, decisive action of a plain, unlettered officer, who had no ideas about managing savages beyond treating them with kindness and justice."
In 1871 Colyer established a temporary res- ervation at Date Creek. About two hundred and twenty-five Indians, mostly Apache-Mo- haves, had been gathered in here prior to this date, and allowed to roam and get a living by hunting or as best they could. In June, 1871, the Government commenced to issue rations from this agency to the Indians in this part of the Territory. They were, however, trans- ferred to the Camp Verde reservation in May, 1873, and moved from the Verde in March, 1875. Previous to being put upon the reserva- tion they were in open hostility with the whites, committing most of their depredations around Wickenburg and vicinity. Lieutenant F. H. E. Ebstein had charge of the Date Creek Agency, and was superseded in July, 1872, when Gen- eral O. O. Howard abolished the reservation, or feeding station as it was sarcastically called. When the transfer was made, Williams became agent at the Verde.
"About this time," says Fish, "the ‘Indian Ring' began to get in their work, and they were remarkably successful in the manipulation of contracts, etc. While Dr. Williams was in charge of the Apache-Yumas and Apache-
11
INDIAN AGENCIES.
Mohaves, he had refused to receive certain sugar on account of the presence of great rocks in each sack. Peremptory orders for the im- mediate receipt of the sugar were received in due time from Washington. Williams placed one of these immense lumps of stone on a table in his office, labelled 'Sample of sugar received at this agency under contract of Will- iams was an honest, high-minded gentleman, and deserved something better than to be hounded into an insane asylum, which fate he suffered. Williams was not the only agent who went to an insane asylum. Colonel J. Roe Young who, at one time, was Indian agent at Sacaton, died in a Kentucky Insane Asylum not many years ago."
The Indians got but little of what was appro- priated for them. It was notoriously the fact, and a standing joke in this country was, "Do Indian Agents Steal?" No one ever heard of an agent being punished. General Crook stated that there never was a person punished in Arizona for defrauding the Indians. The more docile the Indians were, the more abuse they got. When they became self-supporting, like the Navahos, the Government gave them nothing. If they were deadly and murderous
like the Apaches, the Government took care of them and fed them. Issuing rations was the proper thing when we had destroyed the native means of subsistence, but the tribe that worked and helped itself should have been aided fur- ther toward civilization in other ways. "A few years ago," says Fish, "the Government erected fifty cottages for the Wallapais near Kingman,
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HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
and furnished them with stoves, etc. Through the custom of burning the effects of the war- riors who die, few of these cottages remain."
In 1871 Colyer established a temporary res- ervation at the Verde, this being on the dividing line between the Apaches proper and the Yava- pais, quite central, and one with which the Indians were well satisfied. After the sur- render of Chalipun, in 1873, at Camp Verde, there was no time lost in putting them to work. Colonel Julius W. Mason superintended the getting out of an irrigating ditch, and Walter S. Schuyler had the immediate charge of the Indians. The reservation was established some
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