USA > California > Monterey County > History and biographical record of Monterey and San Benito Counties : and history of the State of California : containing biographies of well-known citizens of the past and present. Volume I > Part 1
USA > California > San Benito County > History and biographical record of Monterey and San Benito Counties : and history of the State of California : containing biographies of well-known citizens of the past and present. Volume I > Part 1
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REFE R
NF MITANIA
ANNEKT
SAN FRANCISCO PUBLIC LIBRARY
3 1223 90192 1412
SIN
MORS
Book No.
ACCESSION
979.475 G948-
433074
NOT TO BE TAKEN FROM THE LIBRARY
FORM 3427-5M-10-41
Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from California State Library Califa/LSTA Grant
http://www.archive.org/details/historybiographi01guin
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD
OF
MONTEREY AND SAN BENITO COUNTIES AND
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
1 CONTAINING BIOGRAPHIES OF WELL-KNOWN CITIZENS OF THE PAST AND PRESENT
STATE HISTORY BY J. M. GUINN, A. M.
Secretary and late President of the Historical Society of Southern California, and Member of the American Historical Association of Washington, D. C.
ILLUSTRATED. COMPLETE IN TWO VOLUMES.
VOLUME I.
HISTORIC RECORD CO. LOS ANGELES, CAL. 1910
1
× 979.475 G948- 433074
HISTORICAL
PREFACE.
F NEW states of the Union have a more varied, a more interesting or a more instructive history than California, and few have done so little to preserve their history. In this statement I do not contrast California with older states of the Atlantic seaboard, but draw a parallel between our state and the more recently created states of the far west, many years younger in statehood than the Golden State of the Pacific.
When Kansas and Nebraska were uninhabited except by buffaloes and Indians, California was a populous state pouring fifty millions of gold yearly into the world's coffers. For more than a quarter of a century these states, from their public funds, have maintained state historical societies that have gathered and are preserving valuable historical material, while California, with- out a protest, has allowed literary pot hunters and speculative curio collectors to rob her of her historical treasures. When Washington, Montana and the two Dakotas were Indian hunting grounds, California was a state of a quarter million inhabitants; each of these states now has its State Historical Society supported by appropriations from its public funds.
California, of all the states west of the Mississippi river, spends nothing from its public funds to collect and preserve its history.
To a lover of California, this is humiliating ; to a student of her history exasperating. While preparing this History of California I visited all the large public libraries of the state. I found in all of them a very limited collection of books on California, and an almost entire absence of man- uscripts and of the rarer books of the earlier eras. Evidently the demand for works pertaining to California history is not very insistent. If it were, more of an effort would be put forth to procure them.
The lack of interest in our history is due largely to the fact that California was settled by one nation and developed by another. In the rapid development of the state by the conquering nation, the trials, struggles and privations of the first colonists who were of another nation have been ignored or forgotten. No forefathers' day keeps their memory green, no observance cele- brates the anniversary of their landing. To many of its people the history of California begins with the discovery of gold, and all before that time is regarded as of little importance.
The race characteristics of the two peoples who have dominated California, differ widely ; and from this divergence arises the lack of sympathetic unison. Perhaps no better expression for this difference can be given than is found in the popular by-words of each. The "poco tiempo" (by and by) of the Spaniard is significant of a people who are willing to wait-who would defer action till mañana-to-morrow-rather than act with haste to-day. The "go ahead" of the Amer- ican is indicative of hurry, of rush, of a strenuous existence, of a people impatient of present con- ditions.
. In narrating the story of California, I have endeavored to deal justly with the different eras and episodes of its history ; to state facts ; to tell the truth without favoritism or prejudice; to give
PREFACE.
credit where credit is due and censure where it is deserved. In the preparation of this history I have endeavored to make it readable and reliable.
The subject matter is presented by topic and much of it in monographic form. I have deemed it better to treat fully important topics even if by so doing some minor events be ex- cluded. In gathering material for this work, I have examined the collections in a number of li- braries, public and private, have consulted state, county and city archives, and have scanned thou- sands of pages of newspapers and magazines. Where extracts have been made from authorities, due credit has been given in the body of the work. I have received valuable assistance from li- brarians, from pioneers of the state, from city and county officials, from editors and others. To all who have assisted me I return my sincere thanks.
Los Angeles, February 1, 1910.
J. M. GUINN.
.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
SPANISH EXPLORATIONS AND DISCOVERIES. .... 33
PAGE
Romance and Reality-The Seven Cities of Cibola-The Myth of Quivera-El Dorado- Sandoval's Isle of the Amazons-Mutineers Discover the Peninsula of Lower California -Origin of the Name California-Cortes's Attempts at Colonization-Discovery of the Rio Colorado-Coronado's Explorations-Ulloa's Voyage.
CHAPTER II.
ALTA OR NUEVA CALIFORNIA
.... 37
Voyage of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo-Enters the Bay of San Diego in Alta California- Discovers the Islands of San Salvador and Vitoria-The Bay of Smokes and Fires-The Santa Barbara Islands-Reaches Cape Mendocino-His Death and Burial on the Island of San Miguel-Ferrolo Continues the Voyage-Drake, the Sea King of Devon-His Hatred of the Spaniard-Sails into the South Sea-Plunders the Spanish Settlements of the South Pacific-Vain Search for the Straits of Anian-Refits His Ships in a California Harbor- Takes Possession of the Country for the English Queen-Sails Across the Pacific Ocean to Escape the Vengeance of the Spaniards-Sebastian Rodriguez Cermeño Attempts a Survey of the California Coast-Loss of the San Agustin-Sufferings of the Shipwrecked Mariners-Sebastian Viscaino's Explorations-Makes No New Discoveries-Changes the Names Given by Cabrillo to the Bays and Islands-Some Boom Literature-Failure of His Colonization Scheme-His Death.
CHAPTER III.
COLONIZATION OF ALTA CALIFORNIA. ........ 43
Jesnit Missions of Lower California-Father Kino or Kuhn's Explorations-Expulsion of the Jesuits-Spain's Decadence-Her Northwestern Possessions Threatened by the Rus- sians and English-The Franciscans to Christianize and Colonize Alta California-Galvez Fits Out Two Expeditions-Their Safe Arrival at San Diego-First Mission Founded- Portolá's Explorations-Fails to Find Monterey Bay-Discovers the Bay of San Fran- cisco-Return of the Explorers-Portola's Second Expedition-Founding of San Carlos Mission and the Presidio of Monterey.
CHAPTER IV.
ABORIGINES OF CALIFORNIA
.... 49
Inferiority of the California Indian-No Great Tribes-Indians of the San Gabriel Valley- Hugo Reid's Description of Their Government-Religion and Customs-Indians of the Santa Barbara Channel-Their God Chupu-Northern Indians-Indian Myths and Tra- ditions.
19
20
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER V.
FRANCISCAN MISSIONS OF ALTA CALIFORNIA
PAGE 56
Founding of San Diego de Alcalá-San Carlos Barromeo-San Antonio de Padua-San Gabriel Arcangel-San Luis Obispo-San Francisco de Asis-San Juan Capistrano-Santa Clara-San Buenaventura-Santa Barbara-La Purisima Concepcion-Santa Cruz-La Soledad-San José-San Juan Bautista-San Miguel-San Fernando del Rey, San Luis Rey, Santa Ynez-San Rafael-San Francisco Solano-Architecture-General Plan of the Missionary Establishments-Houses of the Neophytes-Their Uncleanliness.
CHAPTER VI.
PRESIDIOS OF CALIFORNIA.
66
Presidio in Colonization-Founding of San Diego-General Plan of the Presidio-Found- ing of Monterey-Rejoicing over the Event-Hard Times at the Presidio-Bear Meat Diet -Two Hundred Immigrants for the Presidio-Founding of the Presidio of San Francisco -Anza's Overland Route from Sonora-Quarrel with Rivera-Anza's Return to Sonora- Founding of Santa Barbara-Disappointment of Father Serra-Quarrel of the Captain with the Missionaries over Indian Laborcrs-Soldiers' Dreary Life at the Presidios.
CHAPTER VII.
PUEBLOS . Pueblo Plan of Colonization-Necessity for Agricultural Colonies-Governor Filipe de Neve Selects Pueblo Sites-San José Founded-Named for the Patron Saint of California -Area of the Spanish Pueblo-Government Supplies to Colonists-Founding of the Pueblo of Los Angeles-Names of the Founders-Probable Origin of the Name-Sub- divisions of Pueblo Lands-Lands Assigned to Colonists-Founding of Branciforte, the last Spanish Pueblo.
. 73
CHAPTER VIII.
THE PASSING OF SPAIN'S DOMINATION
. 78
Spain's Exclusiveness-The First Foreign Ship in Monterey Bay-Vancouver's Visit- Government Monopoly of the Fur Trade-American Smugglers-The Memorias-Russian Aggression-Famine at Sitka-Rezanoff's Visit-A Love Affair and Its Tragic Ending- Fort Ross-Failure of the Russian Colony Scheme-The War of Mexican Independence- Sola the Royalist Governor-California Loyalists-The Year of Earthquakes-Bouchard the Privateer Burns Monterey-The Lima Tallow Ships-Hard Times-No Money and Little Credit-The Friars Supreme.
CHAPTER IX.
FROM EMPIRE TO REPUBLIC.
.. 82
Sola Calls for Troops-Cholas Sent Him-Success of the Revolutionists-Plan of Iguala- The Three Guarantees-The Empire-Downfall of Agustin I .- Rise of the Republic- Bitter Disappointments of Governor Sola and the Friars-Disloyalty of the Mission Friars-Refuse to Take the Oath of Allegiance-Arguella, Governor-Advent of Foreign- ers-Coming of the Hide Droghers-Indian Outbreak.
21.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER X.
PAGE 87
FIRST DECADE OF MEXICAN RULE.
Echeandia Governor-Make San Diego His Capital-Padres of the Four Southern Mis- sions Take the Oath of Allegiance to the Republic-Friars of the Northern Missions Contumacious-Arrest of Padre Sarria-Expulsion of the Spaniards-Clandestine De- parture of Padres Ripoll and Altimira-Exile of Padre Martinez-The Diputacion- Queer Legislation-The Mexican Congress Attempts to Make California a Penal Colony- Liberal Colonization Laws-Captain Jedediah S. Smith, the Pioneer of Overland Travel, Arrives-Is Arrested-First White Man to Cross the Sierra Nevadas-Coming of the Fur Trappers-The Pattie Party-Imprisoned by Echeandia-Death of the Elder Pattie -- John Ohio Pattie's Bluster-Peg Leg Smith-Ewing Young-The Solis Revolution-A Bloodless Battle-Echeandia's Mission Secularization Decree-He Is Hated by the Friars -Dios y Libertad-The Fitch Romance.
CHAPTER XI.
REVOLUTIONS-THE HIJAR COLONISTS.
93;
Victoria, Governor -- His Unpopularity-Defeated by the Southern Revolutionists-Abdi- cates and is Shipped out of the Country-Pio Pico, Governor-Echeandia, Governor of Abajenos (Lowers)-Zamarano of the Arribanos (Uppers)-Dual Governors and a No Man's Land-War Clouds-Los Angeles the Political Storm Center-Figueroa Appointed Gefe Politico-The Dual Governors Surrender-Figueroa the Right Man in the Place- Hijar's Colonization Scheme-Padres, the Promoter-Hijar to be Gefe Politico-A Fa- mous Ride-A Cobbler Heads a Revolution-Hijar and Padres Arrested and Deported- Disastrous End of the Compania Cosmopolitana-Death of Figueroa.
CHAPTER XII.
THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE MISSIONS
Sentiment vs. History-The Friars' Right to the Mission Lands Only That of Occupa- tion-Governor Borica's Opinion of the Mission System-Title to the Mission Domains- Viceroy Bucarili's Instructions-Secularization-Decree of the Spanish Cortes in 1813- Mission Land Monopoly-No Land for Settlers-Secularization Plans, Decrees and Regla- mentos-No Attempt to Educate the Neophytes-Destruction of Mission Property, Ruthless Slaughter of Cattle-Emancipation in Theory and in Practice-Depravity ot the Neophytes-What Did Six Decades of Mission Rule Accomplish ?- What Became of the Mission Estates-The Passing of the Neophytes.
96:
CHAPTER XIII.
IOK
THE FREE AND SOVEREIGN STATE OF ALTA CALIFORNIA .
Castro, Gefe Politico-Nicolas Gutierrez, Comandante and Political Chief-Chico, "Gober- nador Propritario"-Makes Himself Unpopular-His Hatred of Foreigners-Makes Trouble Wherever He Goes-Shipped Back to Mexico-Gutierrez Again Political Chief- Centralism His Nemesis-Revolt of Castro and Alvarado-Gutierrez Besieged-Surrenders and Leaves the Country-Declaration of California's Independence-El Estado Libre y Soberano de La Alta California-Alvarado Declared Governor-The Ship of State
:22
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Launched-Encounters a Storm-The South Opposes California's Independence-Los An- geles Made a City and the Capital of the Territory by the Mexican Congress-The Capital Question the Cause of Opposition-War Between the North and South-Battle of San Buenaventura-Los Angeles Captured-Peace in the Free State-Carlos Carrillo, Gov- ernor of the South-War Again-Defeat of Carrillo at Las Flores-Peace-Alvarado Appointed Governor by the Supreme Government-Release of Alvarado's Prisoners of State-Exit the Free State.
CHAPTER XIV.
DECLINE AND FALL OF MEXICAN DOMINATION
Hijos del Pais in Power-The Capital Question-The Foreigners Becoming a Menace- Graham Affair-Micheltorena Appointed Governor-His Cholo Army-Commodore Jones Captures Monterey-The Governor and the Commodore Meet at Los Angeles-Extrava- gant Demands of Micheltorena-Revolt Against Micheltorena and His Army of Chicken Thieves-Sutter and Graham Join Forces with Micheltorena-The Picos Unite with Alvarado and Castro-Battle of Cahuenga-Micheltorena and His Cholos Deported-Pico, Governor-Castro Rebellious-The Old Feud Between the North and the South-Los Angeles the Capital-Plots and Counter-Plots-Pico Made Governor by President Herrera -Immigration from the United States.
108
CHAPTER XV.
MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT-HOMES AND HOME LIFE OF THE CALIFORNIANS. . 114
The "Muy Ilustre Ayuntamiento," or Municipal Council-Its Unlimited Power, Queer Cus- toms and Quaint Usages-Blue Laws-How Office Sought the Man and Caught Him- Architecture of the Mission Age Not Aesthetic-Dress of the Better Class-Undress of the Neophyte and the Peon-Fashions That Changed but Once in Fifty Years-Filial Respect-Honor Thy Father and Mother-Economy in Government-When Men's Pleas- ures and Vices Paid the Cost of Governing-No Fire Department-No Paid Police-No Taxes.
CHAPTER XVI.
TERRITORIAL EXPANSION BY CONQUEST
The Mexican War-More Slave Territory Needed-Hostilities Begun in Texas-Trouble Brewing in California-Fremont at Monterey-Fremont and Castro Quarrel-Fremont and His Men Depart-Arrival of Lieutenant Gillespie-Follows Fremont-Fremont's Re- turn-The Bear Flag Revolt-Seizure of Sonoma-A Short-Lived Republic-Commodore Sloat Seizes California-Castro's Army Retreats Southward-Meets Pico's Advancing Northward-Retreat to Los Angeles-Stockton and Fremont Invade the South-Pico and Castro Vainly Attempt to Arouse the People-Pico's Humane Proclamation-Flight of Pico and Castro-Stockton Captures Los Angeles-Issues a Proclamation-Some His- torical Myths-The First Newspaper Published in California.
I19
33
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XVII. PAGE
REVOLT OF THE CALIFORNIANS ..
125
Stockton Returns to His Ship and Fremont Leaves for the North-Captain Gillespie, Comandante, in the South-Attempts Reforms-Californians Rebei-The Americans Be- sieged on Fort Hill-Juan Flaca's Famous Ride-Battle of Chino-Wilson's Company Prisoners-Americans Agree to Evacute Los Angeles-Retreat to San Pedro-Cannon Thrown into the Bay-Flores in Command of the Californians.
CHAPTER XVIII.
DEFEAT AND RETREAT OF MERVINE'S MEN
. 129
Mervine, in Command of the Savannah, Arrives at San Pedro-Landing of the Troops- Mervine and Gillespie Unite Their Forces-On to Los Angeles-Duvall's Log Book-An Authentic Account of the March, Battle and Retreat-Names of the Killed and Wounded- Burial of the Dead on Dead Man's Island-Names of the Commanding Officers-Flores the Last Gefe Politico and Comandante-General-Jealousy of the Hijos del Pais-Hard Times in the Old Pueblo.
CHAPTER XIX.
FINAL CONQUEST OF CALIFORNIA.
Affairs in the North-Fremont's Battalion-Battle of Natividad-Bloodless Battle of Santa Clara-End of the War in the North-Stockton at San Pedro-Carrillo's Strategy-A Re- markable Battle-Stockton Arrives at San Diego-Building of a Fort-Raid on the Ranchos-The Flag Episode-General Kearny Arrives at Warner's Pass -- Battle of San Pasqual-Defeat oi Kearny-Heavy Loss-Relief Sent Him from San Diego-Preparing for the Capture of Los Angeles-The March-Battle of Paso de Bartolo-Battle of La Mesa-Small Losses-American Names of These Battles Misnomers.
133
CHAPTER X.
CAPTURE AND OCCUPATION OF THE CAPITAL.
Surrender of Los Angeles-March of the Victors-The Last Volley-A Chilly . Recep- tion-A Famous Scold-On the Plaza-Stockton's Headquarters-Emory's Fort-Fre- mont's Battalion at San Fernando-The Flight of Flores-Negotiations with General Pico- Treaty of Cahuenga-Its Importance-Fremont's Battalion Enters the City-Fremont, Governor-Quarrel Between Kearny and Stockton-Kearny Departs for San Diego and Stockton's Men for San Pedro.
14I
CHAPTER XXI.
TRANSITION AND TRANSFORMATION
Colonel Fremont in Command at Los Angeles-The Mormon Battalion-Its Arrival at San Luis Rey, Sent to Los Angeles-General Kearny Governor at Monterey-Rival Governors-Col. R. B. Mason, Inspector of the Troops in California-He Quarrels with Fremont-Fremont Challenges Him-Colonel Cooke Made Commander of the Military
144
24
CONTENTS.
District of the South-Fremont's Battalion Mustered Out-Fremont Ordered to Report to Kearny-Returns to the States with Kearny-Placed Under Arrest-Court-Martialed -Found Guilty-Pardoned by the President-Rumors of a Mexican Invasion-Building of a Fort-Col. J. B. Stevenson Commands in the Southern District-A Fourth of July Celebration-The Fort Dedicated and Named Fort Moore-The New York Volunteers- Company F, Third U. S. Artillery. Arrives-The Mormon Battalion Mustered Out- Commodore Shubrick and General Kearny Jointly Issue a Proclamation to the People- Col. R. B. Mason, Military Governor of California-A Policy of Coneiliation-Varela, Agitator and Revolutionist, Makes Trouble-Overland Immigration Under Mexican Rule- The First Train-Dr. Marsh's Meanness-The Fate of the Donner Party.
PAGE
CHAPTER XXII.
MEXICAN LAWS AND AMERICAN OFFICIALS.
150
Richard A. Mason, Commander of the Military Forces and Civil Governor of California- Civil and Military Laws-The First Trial by Jury-Americanizing the People-Perverse Electors and Contumacious Councilmen-Absolute Alcaldes-Nash at Sonoma and Bill Blackburn at Santa Cruz-Queer Decisions-EI Cañon Perdido of Santa Barbara-Ex- Governor Pio Pico Returns-Treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo-Peace Proclaimed-The News Reaches California-Country Acquired by the Treaty-The Volunteers Mustered Out.
CHAPTER XXIII.
.. 155 GOLD! GOLD! GOLD !.
Traditions of Early Gold Discoveries in California-The First Authenticated Discovery- Marshall's Discovery at Coloma -Disputed Dates and Conflicting Stories About the Discovery-Sutter's Account-James W. Marshall-His Story-The News Travels Slowly- First Newspaper Report-The Rush Begins-San Francisco Deserted-The Star and the Californian Suspend Publication-The News Spreads- Sonorian Migration-Oregonians Come-The News Reaches the States-A Tea Caddy Full of Gold at the War Office, Washington-Seeing Is Believing-Gold Hunters Come by Land and Sea-The Pacific Mail Steamship Company-Magical Growth of San Francisco-The Dry Diggings-Some Remarkable Yields-Forty Dollars for a Butcher Knife-Extent of the Gold Fields.
CHAPTER XXIV.
MAKING A STATE
162
Bennett Riley, Governor-Unsatisfactory Form of Government-Semi-Civil and Semi-Mil- itary-Congress Does Nothing-The Slave-Holding Faction Prevents Action-Growing Dissatisfaction-Call for Convention-Constitution Making-The Great Seal-Election of State Officers-Peter H. Burnett, Governor-Inauguration of a State Government-The First Legislature-A Self-Constituted State-The Pro-Slavery Faction in Congress-Op- pose the Admission of California-Defeat of the Obstruetionists-California Admitted into the Union-Great Rejoicing-A Magnificent Procession-California Full Grown at Birth- The Capital Question-San José Loses the Capital-Vallejo Wins-Goes to Sacramento- Comes to Benicia-Capital Question in the Courts-Sacramento Wins-Capitol Building Begun in 1860-Completed in 1869.
.
25
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XXV. PAGE
THE ARGONAUTS.
169
Who First Called Them Argonauts-How They Came and From Where They Came- Extent of the Gold Fields-Mining Appliances-Bateas, Gold Pans, Rockers, Long Toms, Sluices-Useless Machines and Worthless Inventions-Some Famous Gold Rushes-Gold Lake-Gold Bluffs-Kern River-Frazer River-Washoe-Ho for Idaho !- Social Level- ing-Capacity for Physical Labor the Standard-Independency and Honesty of the Argo- nauts.
CHAPTER XVI.
SAN FRANCISCO
. 175
The First House-A Famous Fourth of July Celebration-The Enterprise of Jacob P. Leese -General Kearny's Decree for the Sale of Water Lots-Alcalde Bartlett Changes the Name of the Town from Yerba Buena to San Francisco-Hostility of the Star to the Change-Great Sale of Lots in the City of Francisca, now Benicia-Its Boom Bursts- Population of San Francisco September 4, 1847-Vocations of Its Inhabitants-Population March, 1848-Vioget's Survey-O'Farrell's Survey-Wharves-The First School House- The Gold Discovery Depopulates the City-Reaction-Rapid Growth-Description of the City in April, 1850-Great Increase in Population-How the People Lived and Labored- Enormous Rents-High Priced Real Estate-Awful Streets-Flour Sacks, Cooking Stove and Tobacco Box Sidewalk-Ships for Houses-The Six Great Fires-The Boom of 1853- The Burst of 1855-Harry Meigs-Steady Growth of the City.
CHAPTER XXVII.
CRIME, CRIMINALS AND VIGILANCE COMMITTEES.
182
But Little Crime in California Under Spanish and Mexican Rule-The First Vigilance Committee of California-The United Defenders of Public Safety-Execution of Alispaz and Maria del Rosario Villa-Advent of the Criminal Element-Criminal Element in the Ascendency-Incendiarism, Theft and Murder-The San Francisco Vigilance Committee of 1851-Hanging of Jenkins-A Case of Mistaken Identity-Burdue for Stuart-Arrest. Trial and Hanging of Stuart-Hanging of Whittaker and Mckenzie-The Committee Adjourns but Does Not Disband-Its Work Approved-Corrupt Officials-James King of William Attacks Political Corruption in the Bulletin-Richardson killed by Cora- Scathing Editorials-Murders and Thefts-Attempts to Silence King-King Exposes James P. Casey's State's Prison Record-Cowardly Assassination of King by Casey- Organization of the Vigilance Committee of 1856-Fatal Mistake of the Herald-Casey and Cora in the Hands of the Committee-Death of King-Hanging of Casey and Cora- Other Executions-Law and Order Party-Terry and His Chivalrous Friends-They Are Glad to Subside-Black List and Deportations-The Augean Stable Cleaned-The Com- mittee's Grand Parade-Vigilance Committees in Los Angeles-Joaquin Murrieta and His Banditti-Tiburcio Vasquez and His Gang.
CHAPTER XXVIII.
FILIBUSTERS AND FILIBUSTERING.
The Origin of Filibustering in California-Raousset-Boulbon's Futile Schemes-His Ex- ecution-William Walker-His Career as a Doctor, Lawyer and Journalist-Recruits Fili- busters-Lands at La Paz-His Infamous Conduct in Lower California-Failure of His
193
26
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Scheme-A Farcical Trial-Lionized in San Francisco-His Operations in Nicaragua- Battles-Decrees Slavery in Nicaragua-Driven Out of Nicaragua-Tries Again-Is Cap- tured and Shot-Crabb and His Unfortunate Expedition-Massacre of the Misguided . Adventurers-Filibustering Ends When Secession Begins.
CHAPTER XXIX.
FROM GOLD TO GRAIN AND FRUITS.
199
Mexican Farming-But Little Fruit and Few Vegetables-Crude Farming Implements -- The Agricultural Capabilities of California Underestimated-Wheat the Staple in Central California-Cattle in the South-Gold in the North-Big Profits in Grapes-Orange Culture Begun in the South-Apples, Peaches, Pears and Plums-The Sheep Industry-The Famine Years of 1863 and 1864 Bring Disaster to the Cattle Kings of the South-The Doom of Their Dynasty-Improvement of Domestic Animals-Exit the Mustang-Agricultural Col- onies.
CHAPTER X.
CIVIL WAR -- LOYALTY AND DISLOYALTY.
...... . 204
State Division and What Became of It-Broderick's Early Life-Arrival in California- Enters the Political Arena-Gwin and Broderick-Duel Between Terry and Broderick- Death of Broderick-Gwin-Latham Combination-Firing on Fort Sumter-State Loyal- Treasonable Utterance-A Pacific Republic-Disloyalty Rampant in Southern California- Union Sentiments Triumphant-Confederate Sympathizers Silenced.
CHAPTER XXXI.
TRADE, TRAVEL AND TRANSPORTATION. .. 211 Spanish Trade-Fixed Prices-No Cornering the Market-Mexico's Methods of Trade- V The Hide Droghers-Trade-Ocean Commerce and Travel-Overland Routes-Overland Stage Routes-Inland Commerce-The Pony Express-Stage Lines-Pack Trains-Camel Caravans-The Telegraph and the Railroad-Express Companies.
CHAPTER XXXII.
RAILROADS
..... 218
Early Agitation of the Pacific Railroad Scheme-The Pacific Railroad in Politics-Northern Routes and Southern Routes-First Railroad in California-Pacific Railroad Bills in Con- gress-A Decade of Agitation and No Road-The Central and Union Pacific Railroads- Act of 1862-Subsidies-The Southern Pacific Railroad System-Its Incorporation and Charter-Its Growth and Development-The Santa Fe System-Other Railroads.
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