USA > California > San Bernardino County > Ingersoll's century annals of San Bernadino County, 1769-1904 : prefaced with a brief history of the state of California : supplemented with an encyclopedia of local biography and portraits of many of its representative people > Part 23
Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).
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00
8.24
1898-99
.00
.00
.00
.03
.05
.44
2.03
.51
3.22
.07
.19
.95
7.49
1899-00
.00
T.
.01
.81
1.47
.84
.92
.00
.92
1.96
1.71
00
8.64
1900-01
.34
.00
.23
.36
6.10
.28
.04
1.65
3.02
3 89
.57
.12
.15
11.15
1902-03
.01
.00
.00
.09
1.94
1.94
1.96
1.67
6.47
3,10
.24
.00
17.42
1903-04
.00
15|
.46
.07
.00
.00
.181
2.21
5.341
.80
.16
.00
9.37
.61
.39
6.44
4.41
1.90
.42
.22
14.50
1887-88
.11
.04
.09
1.17
2.29
1.91
4.01
3.60
3.41
.58
.52
.03
17.76
1888-89
.00
.00
.00
.05
4.12
4.64
.93
5.44
2.59
.89
.00
.31
00
18.08
1891-92
.00
.91
.93
'r.
T.
1.67
3.24
3.30
1.75
.37
2.10
.30
2.28
1.26
.88
1.15
.40
.56
.00
8.13
1877-78
.00
.00
.00
.86
.50
3,95
3.33
6.68
.50 .* 1.11
2.65
3.30
2.82
2.95
.00
.00
11 54 9.17
1882-83
.00
.00
.00
.10
.15
1883-84
.19
.00
.53
.85
.09
2.63
1886-87
.00
.00
.00
.00
.11
1890-91
.13
.00
.16
.37
.13
2.10
.21
.57
2.10
.60
.97
.48
.56
1.23
.05
17.36
1901-02
.00
.27
.07
1.09
.00
3.48
4.58
.43
2.36
.32
.16
21 83
2.57
1.71
.66
.07
2.97
.00
.00
16.74
1897-98
T.
.00
2.16
.88
.58
* 12 inches snow Jan. 12. 1882.
1.08
1894-95
4,18
197
HISTORY OF SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY
We also present a table of Redlands rainfall kept by Scipio Craige of the Citrograph.
RAINFALL IN REDLANDS, 1888 TO 1903.
SEASONS.
July .
August.
September.
October
November .
December.
January .
February .
March
April.
May.
June.
Total.
1888-89
.00
00
.00
.05.4.12
4.64
.68 1 47 5.70
.99
58
.00
18.23
1889-90
.00
.28
31 1 50
.52 13.72 4.69 3.03
.89
16
.68
.00
25 78
1890-91
.00 2.16
.88
29
.00
3.02
1.51
87|4.37 2.06
. 13 1.88
.00
13.42
1892-93
.00
00
03
00
.63
.50
3 46 1.43 1.04 1.01
.25
.64
.00
10.18
1894-95
00
.09
17
.07
.00
.032.03
.52 1 52
.24 3.96
01 1.14
06
9 51
1896-97
01 2 00
.00 1.72 2.07
1.37 5 11 5.83 3.00
.14
63
.00
21.88
1897-98
.06
00
.83 2.38
.16
.70 1 96
.79
.99
.312.15
.00
10.33
1893-99
.10
00
.00
.04
.22
.62 2.80
.88 1.70
23
.29
.93
7.81
1899-00
00
.05
08
.79.1.96
.61 1 14
.07
.94 2.61
1.75
.03
10.03
1900-01
.06
.05
.78
59 3 72
.00 3.21 4 86
.75
.12 1.59
.10
15.76
1901-02
.00
.36
.00
.96 .44
.00 2.22 2.79 4.38
.65
.12
.21
12.16
1902-03
.00
.00
.00
16 1.58
1.65 .85 1.53 7.82 3.14
.61
.02
17,36
.97
.00
.00
1.58 3.02 3.93 7.22
.26
.00
.00
16.67
1893-94
.21
.00
.69
.95
7.38 8.66 1.30 3.29 1.37
.57
.00
22.90
1895-96
.00
.00
.00
CHAPTER VII.
THE HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE.
The history of agriculture in this county begins with the location of a branch of the San Gabriel Mission in the San Bernardino Valley. Although this station was chiefly valuable to the mother settlement as a stock range and protection from hostile Indians, it was also intended as a resting and out- fitting point for travelers over the Colorado route between the missions and Mexico, and it is probable that considerable quantities of wheat was raised here as there are well authenticated accounts of grain fields and storerooms full of grain. The fact that Mill Creek zanja was constructed about 1820, makes it likely that orchards, vineyards and gardens were also cultivated, although nothing but a few old grape roots remained when the Mormons came in.
Daniel Sexton says that in 1842, the Indians were raising considerable crops of corn, potatoes and beans around the old Mission. During the
.91 1.10
23
19.06
.00 9.28 1 19
1891-92
.001.63
198
HISTORY OF SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY
forties a few fruit trees and vines were in bearing on the grants of Cuca- monga, Chino and Rincon, and about this time a considerable number of New Mexicans located on San Bernardino and Jurupa grants and cultivated a number of fields and orchards along the Santa Ana river bottom. But the chief industry of that day was the raising of stock, and herds of cattle, horses and sheep grazed over the hills and plains of San Bernardino Valley until well into the sixties.
The agricultural development of the county really began with the advent of the Mormons in 1851. These settlers at once selected a large tract of their new purchase for cultivation and sowed it to grain. This land was sur- rounded by a ditch and pole fence to keep out stock and was cultivated in common for two or three years. The early yields of this virgin soil were very large, some claim from fifty to ninety bushels per acre. The grain brought a good price and enabled the new colonists to purchase their own land. The entire San Bernardino Grant was divided into tracts to suit pur- chasers and was sold at low prices and on easy terms. Upon the departure of the Mormons, their successors continued to sell the land to actual settlers on very favorable terms. Hence, at a time when California was still a vast stock range, San Bernardino county had a number of small farmers who raised grain and vegetables without irrigation and utilized the many natural streams that were at hand to irrigate, where necessary, their orchards and gardens.
The State Agricultural Report for 1856, credits San Bernardino county with 30,000 bushels of wheat and 15,000 bushels of barley; no account is taken of the grain cut for hay. The value of the fruit products of the county is put at $2,450-but there is no statement of what the fruit products were- probably wine and brandy, however. The same Reports give the acreage under cultivation in the county in 1860 as 8,219 acres ; in 1863, 15,000 acres are reported under cultivation. By this time a considerable acreage of wine grapes had been put out at Cucamonga, Old San Bernardino and Rincon, and some scattering orange trees had been set, but these were regarded rather as a curiosity than an investment.
The census of 1870 reports 10,360 bushels of wheat, 51.906 bushels of barley and 1808 tons of hay ; 48,720 gallons of wine was made and fruit pro- ducts were valued at $5,235. Stock was still the chief resource of the county, being valued at $151,530.
The settlement of Riverside in 1870-71, marks the commencement of horticulture as a business in the county. At first, deciduous fruits, wine and raisin, or Muscat grapes were the chief dependence, but by 1873 the plant- ing of orange trees had fairly begun. Statistics gathered by the state in 1873, show 7,III orange trees, 268 lemon and about 25,000 other fruit trees in the county.
Both the horticultural and agricultural interests of the county were rap-
199
HISTORY OF SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY
idly developed in the decade between 1870 and 1880. The latter year an acreage of 53,461 acres is under cultivation-nearly eight times the acreage of 1870. There were 741 acres in vines, 15,425 bearing orange trees and a largely increased area of deciduous fruit. The orchard products of 1879 are estimated at $56,612 in value while in 1881 they are put at $106,457-nearly double. The census report of 1880 gives the value of all farm products as $430,407, while live stock only footed up to $397,806-the supremacy of the cattle business was at an end.
The period from 1880 to 1890 was phenomenal in its expansion in every direction. For a time it was apparently believed that oranges and grape- vines could be raised anywhere. Hundreds of acres of these two fruits were set out on lands and in localities entirely unsuited to them, only to be later rooted out for fuel. It took years of time and thousands of mis-spent dollars for people to find that only a limited area possesses the exact combination of soil, water, elevation and exposure for bringing the orange to perfection, or for properly developing and curing the raisin grape. As early as 1873, the first Muscat, or raisin grapes were introduced at Riverside. By 1878, the making of raisins was becoming an important industry and in 1879, some 30,000 boxes were shipped from the county. For a time raisin culture was believed to offer fully as great inducements as citrus fruit growing and many vineyards were set out. About 1890 the shipments of raisins reached their highest point, but the raisin-making industry has steadily decreased since that date and now comparatively few raisins are made in the county, the vineyards having been replaced by citrus fruit, alfalfa, or other crops.
For many years large quantities of hay, grain and flour had been an- nually freighted from San Bernardino Valley to the mines in the eastern part of the county, to Arizona, Utah and other interior points. Early in the eighties the shipment of fruits began to form an important factor in the wealth of the county. The first shipments of oranges to the east began about 1882; by 1886, Riverside sent out over 500 carloads, and the shipments for the county in 1888 were a thousand carloads.
Although fruit growing had become so important and profitable an in- dustry, a large area of the valley was still devoted to grain culture. The San Bernardino Times, in May, 1888, thus comments on the grain prospects for the season :
"As a general proposition, the more trees and vines are set out in any section, the less grain will be grown there. All over the State the wheat field is being encroached upon by the orchard and vineyard. San Bernar- dino, however, is an exception to this rule. Though thousands of acres are now devoted to fruit growing, and though more orchards and vineyards will be set out this year than ever before, it is also a fact that the area seeded to grain is the largest ever known in the county. All over the valley, from one end to the other, the plow and seeder have been at work, and an immense
200
HISTORY OF SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY
area of virgin soil has for the first time felt the plow and will unquestionably produce a large crop.
"Go north from town, and on the Muscupiabe one finds almost a con- tinual grain field, reaching along the hills east and west for a long distance. East of the Santa Ana river the plain and mesa is all seeded to grain. Up through the San Timoteo and out in the broad San Gorgonio Pass is almost a continuous grain field.
"Out at Banning the Indians even have caught the infection, and for the first time on record they have gone into farming on a large scale and have put in nearly a thousand acres of barley.
"The plains above and below Riverside are either already sowed or are still being broken and seeded. Down at Rincon the same state of affairs prevails. On every side and in every direction grain growing is the order of the day. Barley is the crop mostly planted, and it will be converted into hay or allowed to mature as the season may favor."
AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS, 1890.
Acres under cultivation.
126,479
Acres irrigated, or under irrigation systems.
144.750
Acres in barley
16,682
Bushels of barley raised
302,916
Acres in wheat
3.728
Bushels in wheat
36,019
Acres in hay
24,967
Tons of hay.
49,885
Acres in grapes
9.562
Gallons of wine made.
279,000
Boxes of raisins
375,000
Acres in tropical fruit trees
16,523
Acres in orange trees
15.483
Boxes of oranges
619,980
Value of oranges
$1,221,360
Estimated value of farm products.
$2.545.910
AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS 1900.
Number of farms
2.350
Total value of domestic animals
$ 642,280.00
Number of cattle
13,000
Number of horses
6,500
Number of sheep
12,000
Number of poultry
54,000
Value of poultry
27,313.00
201
HISTORY OF SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY
AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS 1900-(Continued.)
Swarms of bees
5.602
Value of bees
16.959.00
Pounds of honey, 1899
123,450
Acres of alfalfa
6,347
Tons of alfalfa
29,637
Acres grain cut for hay
18,112
Tons of hay
12,074
Acres in potatoes
406
Bushels of potatoes
55,000
Acres in vegetables
312
Value of vegetables raised
31,134.00
Value of deciduous fruit products
150,482.00
Value of grapes, wine and raisins
90,573.00
Value of sub-tropical fruits
1,393,728.00
Boxes of oranges
1,244,021
$2,352,469.00
Total values given in U. S. Census, which does not include value of many agricultural products.
ALFALFA.
The cultivation of alfalfa has become an important industry in this state and throughout the West. As San Bernardino County can claim the first successful culture of this plant in the United States, a brief outline of its history may not be out of place.
Alfalfa is the oldest grass known, having been introduced into Greece from Media, 500 years before Christ. The Romans, finding its qualities good, cultivated it extensively and carried it into France when Caesar reduced Gaul. It has always been extensively cultivated in Europe under the name of lucerne, supposed to be derived from the province of Lucerne in Switz- erland. The name alfalfa was given the plant in Chili, where it grows spon- taneously in the Andes as well as on the pampas of that country and of Argentine Republic.
It was introduced into the United States as early as 1835-and probably earlier-and attempts at cultivation in New York and other Eastern states were unsuccessful.
In the United States Agricultural Report for 1872, Mr. N. Wyckoff, of Yolo, Napa County, Cal., reports : "In the winter of 1854. I sowed four acres with alfalfa, or lucerne, as it was then called, seed brought from Chili. As far as I know, it was a part of the first parcel of seed brought into this country. My sowing proved so foul with weeds that I plowed it up and
202
HISTORY OF SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY
did not re-sow until 1864." In the United States Agricultural Report of 1878, a considerable production of alfalfa is reported from some of the northern counties of the state.
In the winter of 1852-3, a party of Mormons arrived in San Bernardino from Australia. At least one of the party, Mr. John Metcalf, brought with him some alfalfa seed. This was sown on his place, now the Metcalf place on Mount Vernon avenue, near First street. It was irrigated from Lytle Creek and did well and the plant was soon cultivated by others. The seed was at first sold for $1.00 per pound and was distributed from San Bernar- dino to other points in Southern California. The early supply of seed for Los Angeles was obtained from San Bernardino, and the seed was taken from here to Salt Lake and thus the alfalfa industry, one of the most im- portant of Utah, was started. The alfalfa crop is now one of the most im- portant of the county and San Bernardino County had, in 1900, more than six thousand acres seeded to this plant.
WINERIES, CANNERIES AND DRIED FRUIT.
The first winery built in the county was that at Cucamonga, built in the fifties and still a landmark. So far as known the winery on the Barton ranch was the second one of any importance in the county. In 1873, the product of this establishment was 30,000 gallons of wine. It was operated for many years by the Vache Freres, and its wines were well known and of high repute. It is now known as the Brookside winery. In 1885, Dr. Stillman erected a winery on his place in Lugonia to utilize the product of his large vineyard of assorted grapes. In 1887, F. M. Slaughter built his winery at Rincon. It is probable that a winery was located in this vicinity during the Mexican period, also. Many smaller establishments and individuals put up wines in the early days, as at first all vineyards were of the "mission" or other wine varieties.
In 1880 a San Jose Company'established the first cannery in the county at Colton. A cannery was built at Riverside in 1882 and turned out an average of 8000 cans per day for the season. In 1887 a cannery went into operation at San Bernardino and in 1889 a fruit evaporator was built at Ontario and later a cannery established there. In 1897, Redlands secured a cannery. A large amount of canned fruit was put up at these various establishments, but a combination of all the canneries in the state, together with the decrease in the production of deciduous fruits, led to the closing of all canneries in the county. In the later seventies a dryer was put into operation at Riverside. As the production of fruit increased, it was found impossible to ship it all on account of difficulties in the way of transportation, and the drying of large quantities of fruit by individuals was not profitable. Fruit dryers which handled large quantities of peaches, apricots and other
203
HISTORY OF SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY
fruits were necessary. One was established in Redlands in 1881, and others followed at various points.
The dried fruit industry, like raisin making and wine and brandy manu- facture, has decreased with the growth of other industries that have replaced them.
CITRUS CULTURE.
The development of the Citrus Fruit Industry in this county is one of the most interesting and one of the most important features in her history. The production of oranges as a business has grown from the carefully counted hundreds of oranges growing on a few scattered seedling trees in 1876, to 14,000 acres of carefully cultivated orchards containing nearly a million and a half trees, in 1904. The sales have increased from a few loosely tossed together boxes and barrels of fruit to 4.500 carloads of scientifically packed fruit sent ont in recent seasons. And San Bernardino County has but kept pace with the increase in the state. In the year 1881, California sent out 400 cars of fresh fruit-of all varieties ; during the season of 1902-3, she sent out 22,390 carloads of citrus fruit alone.
GENERAL HISTORY.
The tale of the mission gardens which proved the possibility of citrus culture in the state has often been told. It is supposed that the first orange orchard in California was set at San Gabriel in 1804, the trees brought from the Lower California missions, although Vancouver reports having seen in 1792, apples, pears, figs, plums, oranges, grapes, peaches and pomegranates at Mission San Buenaventura.
In 1834, Louis Vignes set out a few trees, presumably from the San Gabriel stock at his home place, now a part of the city of Los Angeles. In . 1841, William Wolfskill put out two acres of trees, the first orange orchard put out for profit, and in 1858, he set out the famous "Wolfskill" orchard of thirty acres, for many years the largest orchard in the state. The ap- pearance of the white scale and the growth of the city caused the removal of this orchard about 1885. The first carload of oranges ever sent out from California were shipped from this orchard in 1877. In 1878 the first packing house in the state was erected here and that year Eugene Germain purchased the crop, paying $25,000 for it on the trees, and packed and shipped it from this packing house. The fruit went to San Francisco and thence to other coast points.
With regard to early experiments in orange culture, L. M. Holt, who is an authority, said in an address in 1890:
"Seventeen years ago (1873) orange culture in California was in its infancy. All orchards at that time were composed of seedling trees,
204
HISTORY OF SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY
About that time T. A. Garey and other nurserymen began to introduce budded varieties from other countries-from England, from South America, Australia, China and Japan. Over a hundred varieties were thus introduced, but only a few were retained as having any special value as compared with the seedlings.
"The first variety of importance that proved to be of value was the Med- iterranean Sweet. This tree was imported hy T. A. Garey, who ordered a number of trees from Ellwanger & Berry of Rochester, N. Y., who brought the trees from Europe. In this lot was one which had lost its label, but one of the trees was of a variety supposed to be called the Sweet. This was known as Garey's Best, and later as the Mediterranean Sweet. It proved to be the best variety of the lot, and was extensively cultivated. It is a late orange, and takes the market during the early summer months.
"There was also the Paper-rind St. Michael and large St. Michael, known to the nurserymen of that date. The former was a thin skinned, small orange of excellent flavor, and the other was a larger orange, somewhat re- sembling the Mediterranean Sweet. For several years past this latter variety has disappeared entirely, and today there is but the one St. Michael. It is a very fine fruit, of excellent flavor, but having many seeds. The rind is thin and very compact, and hence is a good shipper. This fruit was never largely planted, and is not propagated today to a very great extent.
"The Malta Blood was another variety that proved to be good, but the tree is a very poor grower, and hence this variety has never been planted to any great extent, although the fruit sells at a good price and brings in the market as much or nearly as much as the Riverside Washington Navel. "In 1876-7 the first Navel orange was fruited in Southern California-the fruit coming from an orchard at Orange. In 1879, the first Citrus Fair held at Riverside under the auspices of the Southern California Horticultural Society of which J. DeBarth Shorb of San Gabriel was president, developed the fact that there were two varieties of navels grown in this country, and they have proved to be of much more value than the others. The one came from trees imported from Australia, and the other came from trees sent from the Agricultural Department at Washington to L. C. Tibbetts of Riverside. Hence these varieties were named Australian Navels and Washington Navels to distinguish them. The latter was afterward called the Riverside Navel and still later the Riverside Washington Navel."
The resemblance between the Washington and Australian Navel stock was so close that even an expert could not tell them apart. Yet the Austra- lian Navel fruit proved to be so poor that nurserymen were asked to guar- antee their stock as Washington Navels and were compelled by the courts to replace Australian stock when a mistake was made. In consequence some dealers were compelled to go out of the nursery business and lose their stock, as they could not guarantee it.
205
HISTORY OF SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY
"The Tangerine was introduced and has been cultivated to some extent but it is not an orange that captures the market, and no large orchards of this variety have been planted except one put out by W. S. Chapman, of San Gabriel.
"It is a question with some good growers yet, whether there is more profit in any of these varieties-even the Riverside Washington Navel, than there is in the seedling, because of the fact that the seedling trees grow so much larger and therefore produce more fruit to the acre. If the markets were always to remain as they are today, then there would be good reason to stand by the seedling, but as prices become lower with increased pro- duction, it is believed that the seedling will become less profitable at a time when the navel will still bring a price that will pay largely." (This prophecy has been amply borne out by fifteen years experience since it was made.)
"From fifteen to twenty years ago the orange was propagated on various kinds of stock-the citron, Chinese lemon, lime and orange. The China lemon stock was used extensively, but it was soon demonstrated that the tree, which was a vigorous grower, produced a large, coarse orange of in- ferior quality and this stock was abandoned. The lemon stock was found to be unhealthy and it has ceased to be used even for propagating lemon trees, and for years past seedling orange stock alone is used on which to bud the choice varieties of oranges and lemons."
WASHINGTON NAVEL ORANGE.
"That world-renowned nurseryman, fruit grower, botanist, author and horticultural authority, Prof. H. E. Van Deman, writes for the Rural New Yorker an article on the origin of the now world-famed Washington Navel orange. Prof. Van Deman corroborates the story as frequently told in these columns, but we tell it again for the benefit of those who have but lately had the pleasure of regularly reading 'The Citrograph.' He says :
"The recent statement in the Rural New Yorker, and some other pa- pers, that Mr. L. C. Tibbets, of California, who is now in a house of public charity, 'Gave the seedless orange to the world,' is not entirely correct. It is evident that the variety known as Washington Navel, or more properly, the Bahia is meant. The latter is the true name, as it was and should have been first given by Mr. William Saunders of Washington, D. C. It is to him that the world is indebted for this orange more than to anyone else, although Mr. and Mrs. Tibbets too, (the latter now deceased), were instru- mental in bringing it prominently before the public in California. The facts are as follows:
"During the Civil War, a woman who had been sojourning in Brazil, told Mr. Saunders that she knew of an orange at Bahia, Brazil, that exceeded any other varietyshe had ever tasted or heard of. He sent there and had twelve trees propagated by budding, and sent to him in 1870. They all grew, and
206
HISTORY OF SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY
some of them are yet bearing fruit in the orange house at Washington. None of the original trees was sent out to the public, but all were there and used as stock from which to propagate by budding. Many young trees were budded from them, and sent to Florida and California.
"Early in 1873 Mrs. Tibbets was in Washington, just previous to going to her new home at Riverside, California. Mr. Saunders offered to give her some trees of this new and untried orange, and she most gladly accepted two trees. She and her aged husband planted them beside their cottage, and when they bore fruit, it was found to be equal to the most extravagant reports of its quality and size, and the trees were very prolific in that section. The trees sent to Florida produced equally good fruit, but they did not bear well. This is why many fruit growers thought there was more than one vari- ety in the lot of trees imported from Brazil; but the difference in fruitfulness came from climatic causes, as has been most thoroughly proved by many years of experience in all the orange-growing sections of the country. It has, also, been said that there was only one tree at the Tibbets place, and that it was unlike the other trees bearing the same name. But this is a mistake, for I have gathered and eaten fruit from these two trees, and had their his- tory direct from Mr. and Mrs. Tibbets, also from Mr. Saunders. Besides, I have critically examined the trees of Bahia in bearing in many parts of Florida and California. and compared them and their fruit in many ways, and found them to be identical, except in variations caused by climate, soil and culture."-Redlands Citrograph.
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