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41
GENEALOGY COLLECTION
1
ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 01066 9452
Jord Bowles.
HISTORY
OF THE
STATE OF COLORADO
EMBRACING ACCOUNTS OF THE
PRE-HISTORIC RACES AND THEIR REMAINS; THE EARLIEST SPANISH, FRENCH AND
AMERICAN EXPLORATIONS; THE LIVES OF THE PRIMITIVE HUNTERS, TRAP- PERS AND TRADERS; THE COMMERCE OF THE PRAIRIES ; THE FIRST AMERICAN SETTLEMENTS FOUNDED ; THE ORIGINAL DISCOVERIES
OF GOLD IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS; THE DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES AND TOWNS, WITH THE VARIOUS PHASES OF INDUSTRIAL AND POLITICAL TRANSITION, FROM 1858 TO 1890.
IN FOUR VOLUMES.
2 978.8 # 14.12 11.1
ILLUSTRATED.
Vol. I
BV
FRANK HALL,
FOR THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN HISTORICAL COMPANY.
CHICAGO : THE BLAKELY PRINTING COMPANY. 1889.
Entered According to Act of Congress, in the Year 188g, by THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN HISTORICAL CO., In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C
PREFATORY.
1186741
Every earnest endeavor to trace out the archæology of Colorado, will inevitably lead to an investigation of the prehistoric races and con- ditions of the American continent. About all the light we have con- cerning the peculiar race which ages ago occupied a portion of the southwestern division of our State, lies in the very full and extremely interesting reports rendered by Holmes and Jackson of the United States Geological Survey, and published in Prof. F. V. Hayden's report of 1876, which, together with the opinions of eminent ethnologists who have given close attention to the subject, have been freely quoted in the following pages wherein our ancient beginnings are epitomized. It is well to state in this connection, that the manuscript of the first five chapters of this work was submitted to, and approved by Mr. Jackson, who has been for some years an honored resident of Denver. As to the character of the people who built the remarkable structures described, and the ethnical, relations of the modern Pueblos to them, it is a fair presumption that we derive some knowledge of their civilization, habits, customs, industries and home life, from the writings of Castañeda, the historian of Coronado's expedition, for it may be assumed that the natives whom he met were much the same in matters of habit and modes of living as their ancestors, who first occupied the region. It would be superfluous to discuss the question of their antiquity here,
iii
Sender
L
iv
PREFATORY.
since the best conclusions of ethnological science thus far developed, have been given in the text.
What may be termed the ante-historic period of our State, is made up of the scraps and fragments of information that have been handed down to us respecting the original Spanish, French and American explorations of the plains and mountains, the lives, trails, trading posts and the commerce incident to the times of the primitive hunters and trappers, to which considerable space has been devoted, in the hope that they will not be found the least interesting portion of these chronicles.
The modern historic period opens with the expedition of the Cherokees, accompanied by Green Russell and party from Georgia, and the record of their prospecting for gold along the tributaries of the Platte River, which is the beginning of American occupation of the Rocky Mountain region, and formed the base of our settlement here. The first dozen years of this record is but the relation of the trying experiences of the pioneers in their heroic efforts to establish a perma- nent foothold upon the soil, by the discovery and utilization of its natural resources. The annals of the Territory from 1859 to 1872, com- prise the discoveries of the gold hunters and the progress of the chief settlements created by the miscellaneous immigration which fol- lowed the disclosures made by George A. Jackson, John Gregory and Green Russell, wars with the aborigines, and political transitions. Many towns and camps that were prominent centers of activity during the first five years have been wholly eliminated through abandonment and decay, while others, principally those founded in the agricultural divisions, have grown strong, rich and powerful, through the fruitage of wisely directed husbandry.
The plan of this work is to pursue in chronological order, the events attending the development of our commonwealth, from the earliest times down to the present, in order to insure comprehensive complete- ness of detail. Let it be borne in mind that there was no Leadville until
V
PREFATORY.
1878-9; that the great mines of the San Juan country were not peopled until 1871 ; that until 1871 Denver contained less than five thousand inhabitants, and the Territory less than fifty thousand; that Pueblo, Trinidad, Canon City, Boulder and Golden City were but small and feeble settlements ; that Colorado Springs, Manitou, Greeley, Fort Collins, Longmont, Las Animas, Buena Vista, Silver Cliff, Montrose, Grand Junction and many other towns that have acquired gratifying promi- nence since 1870 were until then unknown, and some of them undreampt of, and that therefore the first volume of our history which closes with 1872, is necessarily largely confined to the movements and developments transpiring at points of greatest lodgment and industrial prominence. The design in extending our work through four volumes instead of con- densing it into one or two, was to insure space enough for every record which properly belongs to the legitimate chronicles of the country, and when these shall have been exhausted, to find a place for interesting reminiscences and personal reviews of the strong hearted men who founded and have been conspicuous in building the State.
Our aim at the outset was to search for a beginning somewhere, and then trace the multifarious lines and threads down through their various channels to the present time, so that the historian of the future who shall write of the first generation long after it has passed into the inter- minable list of the forgotten, may have the most accurate guide which could be furnished during the lifetime of those who planted the seeds of civilization here. I am fully aware of the fact that in the conscientious pursuit of this purpose it will be necessary to collate the annals of every town and county in modern Colorado, and it is to this that the larger part of the second and third volumes will be devoted, so that the people of every section may feel that they have been treated fairly and impartially.
The second volume, which it is anticipated will be published not
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PREFATORY.
later than September next, will open with an exhaustive treatise on the ancient fossil remains that have been so widely distributed over many portions of Colorado, and the mining geology of the principal districts that are now pouring their treasures into the coffers of the nation, pre- pared by Prof. R. C. Hills, late president of the Colorado Scientific Society, and now the most eminent authority on those subjects in the State. This division of our work has been deferred for the reason that until well within the last decade the more important revelations of science respecting the geological structure of the Rocky Mountains and the great mineral deposits found in them had not been disclosed, nor had the great mining sections of Summit and the South Park, Leadville, Aspen, the San Juan, or those of Gilpin, Clear Creek and Boulder been subjected to more than cursory investigation. What has been deter- mined in regard to them by the most learned and skillful investigators who have labored patiently, intelligently and continuously to solve the great problems before them in geological and metallurgical science, will then be very fully set forth.
The general history relating to political, industrial and commercial advancement will be continued as heretofore, and upon substantially the same plan as herein defined. Much of the matter for the next volume has been prepared. A list containing the officers and members of every Territorial and State Legislature from 1861 to 1889 inclusive, with the first messages of Governor R. W. Steele and William Gilpin, both inter- esting relics of the olden time ; the officers and members of the several constitutional conventions ; the mayors and councils of Denver from 1861 to 1889 ; the diary of Geo. A. Jackson written in 1858-9-and relating the daily events attending the discovery of gold made by him on Vasquez Fork, together with the names of more than five hundred of the pioneers in the Pike's Peak region, will be made a part of the appendix to that volume.
vii
PREFATORY.
The selection of portraits has been made with especial reference to the identification of the individuals with the historic events in which they were the principal actors or participators, in the belief that this plan will be more satisfactory than miscellaneous distribution without regard to fitness. This design will in future be varied by the introduction of some fine scenic views of picturesque farms and ranches, and noted points in the mountains.
In conclusion I take infinite pleasure in publicly acknowledging my indebtedness to Capt. E. L. Berthoud for interesting notes of the itinerary of Padres Escalante and Garcia ; of De Bourgmont's expedition tc Kansas, and facts relating to the early Spanish explorations ; to Col. J. M. Chivington for the very complete annals of the First Regiment Colorado Volunteers; to General George West for important memo- randa added to Berthoud's sketch of the Second Regiment ; to Wm. N. Byers for files of the Rocky Mountain "News" from 1859 to 1867 ; for his careful reading and just criticism of all manuscript prepared for this volume, and for many valuable notes and additions; to George A. Jackson for the use of his diary of 1858-9, containing the particulars of his travels through the country in that time; to W. H. Jackson, Gov- ernor Alva Adams, Capt. J. J. Lambert, editor of the Pueblo "Chief- tain," and Halsey M. Rhoads for valuable old books loaned me ; and to General Edward L. Bartlett and Librarian Allison of Santa Fé, for much interesting data relating to early Spanish expeditions which form a part of the ancient archives of the city of Holy Faith, and finally to Mr. Charles R. Dudley, Librarian of the Chamber of Commerce, for innumerable favors in aid of the collection of important data. With this hasty introduction, the first volume of our History of Colorado is respectfully submitted, by
THE AUTHOR.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
1528 TO 1542. EXPEDITION OF PAMFILIO NARVAEZ -- LANDING AT TAMPA BAY-EXPLO- RATIONS INLAND-ABANDONED BY THE FLEET- WRECK OF THEIR BOATS-CABEZA DE VACA AND HIS COMPANIONS THROWN UPON THE COAST OF LOUISIANA-ENSLAVE- MENT BY THE INDIANS-THEIR ESCAPE AFTER SIX YEARS-JOURNEY ACROSS THE CONTINENT-INDIAN TRIBES MET WITH EN ROUTE-EXPERIENCES AMONG THE PU- EBLOS, OR TOWN-DWELLING PEOPLES-FIRST MEETING WITH SPANISH TROOPS-EFFECT OF DE VACA'S ADVENTURES UPON THE CONQUERORS OF MEXICO-CONQUEST OF FLO- RIDA BY DE SOTO-TRAILS OF FIRE AND BLOOD-DEATH OF DE SOTO-LOUIS MOSCO- SQ'S MARCH TO THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. . I7
CHAPTER II.
1530 TO 1540. EXPEDITIONS FROM THE SOUTHWEST-FRIAR MARCOS DE NIZA AND HIS GUIDE, ESTEVANICO-CORONADO'S MARCH TO THE SEVEN WONDERFUL CITIES OF CIBOLA-DESCRIPTION OF THE INHABITANTS, THEIR RELIGIOUS BELIEFS, MANNERS AND CUSTOMS-RESISTANCE TO THE INVADERS-DESTRUCTION AND SLAUGHTER -PARTIAL CONQUEST OF THE COUNTRY-INEFFECTUAL SEARCH FOR THE MYTHICAL CITY OF QUIVIRA-DISCOVERY OF THE GRAND CANYON OF THE COLORADO-THE CLIFF DWELLERS, THEIR CHARACTER, HABITS AND HOMES- TRAVERSING THE PLAINS OF KANSAS-RETURN OF THE ARMY TO MEXICO-THE AUTHOR'S VISIT TO THE PUEBLOS-INTERVIEW WITH A VENERABLE CACIQUE- SOME OLD MANUSCRIPTS-PERSONAL OBSERVATIONS OF THESE PECULIAR PEOPLE. 27
CHAPTER III.
THE RUINS IN SOUTHWESTERN COLORADO-DESCRIPTIONS BY HOLMES AND JACKSON OF THE U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY-NATURE AND EXTENT OF THE CLIFF AND CAVE DWELLINGS-HOW THEY WERE BUILT-ENORMOUS LABOR INVOLVED-REMAINS OF THE RIO MANCOS, THE SAN JUAN, DOLORES, CHELLEY, AND IN CHACO CANYON-DIS- COVERJES AMONG THE RUINS-INDIAN PICTOGRAPHY-COMPARISON OF ANCIENT
(viii)
ix
CONTENTS.
AND MODERN ARCHITECTURE-ANTIQUITY OF THE PEOPLE AND THEIR PROBABLE ORIGIN-AZTEC TRADITIONS-RECENT DISCOVERY OF SIMILAR TOWNS AND PEOPLE IN MOROCCO.
40
CHAPTER IV.
OUR PREHISTORIC RACES-ETHNOLOGICAL REVELATIONS-ANCIENT INHABITANTS AND THEIR WORKS-SOME HIGHLY INTERESTING DISCOVERIES-OPINIONS OF SCIENTISTS- EACH CONTINENT MAY HAVE PRODUCED ITS OWN RACE-OLD THEORIES OF ORIG- INAL MIGRATIONS OVERTURNED BY THE EXHUMATION OF HUMAN REMAINS AT GREAT DEPTHS-THE LIGHT OF MODERN INVESTIGATION LEADS TO STARTLING CONCLU- SIONS-DISCOVERY OF THE MOUND BUILDERS-EMIGRATION OF THE ANCIENT RACES WESTWARD-DESCENT OF THE AZTECS FROM THE NORTHWEST UPON THE TOLTECS OF MEXICO-THE BUILDERS OF THE SPLENDID TEMPLES IN YUCATAN-ANTIQUITY OF MAN UPON THE CONTINENT OF AMERICA. 59
CHAPTER V.
INDIAN CHARACTER, TRADITIONS, AND RELIGIOUS IMPRESSIONS-THE ANCIENT AZTECS AND MODERN PUEBLOS-WERE THE RUINS IN COLORADO OF AZTEC OR TOLTEC DE- VELOPMENT ?- LEGEND OF THE EXPULSION OF THE CLIFF DWELLERS FROM THE SAN JUAN MOUNTAINS, AND THEIR DISPERSION THROUGH NEW MEXICO AND ARIZONA- REMOTE ANTIQUITY OF THESE RUINS-VAST POPULATION OF THE ANCIENT TOWNS- TRADITIONS OF THE MOQUIS AND ZUNIS-PRIMEVAL RESERVOIRS AND IRRIGATION- BEAUTY AND COMPREHENSIVENESS OF THE AZTEC LANGUAGE. 74
CHAPTER VI.
1582 TO 1806. REVIVAL OF EXPLORATIONS FROM MEXICO-THE EXPEDITION OF DON JUAN DE ONATE-COLONIZATION OF NEW MEXICO-DISCOVERY OF GOLD IN THE SAN LUIS VALLEY-MARCHES OF ONATE AND PENALOSA TO THE MISSOURI RIVER- FRENCH EXPEDITIONS FROM NEW ORLEANS-THE PILGRIMAGE OF FATHERS ESCA- LANTE AND GARCIA TO THE SAN JUAN MOUNTAINS, AND THROUGH VARIOUS PARTS OF COLORADO-THE EXPLORATIONS OF LIEUT. ZEBULON M. PIKE AND HIS CAPTURE BY THE SPANIARDS-THE FIRST DISCOVERER OF GOLD ON THE UPPER ARKANSAS- ORIGINAL AMERICAN VISITORS TO THIS REGION. 85
CHAPTER VII.
1812 TO 1840-ROBERT STEWART'S JOURNEY FROM CALIFORNIA-MAJOR LONG'S EXPLORATIONS-ASCENT OF PIKE'S PEAK-ORIGIN OF THE COMMERCE OF THE PRAIRIES-THE OLD SANTA FE TRAIL-THE GREAT TEXAS-SANTA FE EXPEDITION
CONTENTS.
CAPTURED BY DIMASIO SALEZAR-AMERICAN FUR COMPANIES AND NOTED PIONEERS -GEN. ASHLEY-CAPT. BONNEVILLE-DECLINE OF THE FUR TRADE AND ITS CAUSES -THE PRIMITIVE HUNTERS AND TRAPPERS, THEIR HABITS AND CHARACTER. 99
CHAPTER VIII.
1840 TO 1853-COL. FREMONT'S FIVE EXPEDITIONS TO THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS GUIDED BY KIT CARSON-ADVENTURES IN THE WIND RIVER AND SANGRE DE CRISTO RANGES-OLD PARSON BILL WILLIAMS-CAMPING ON THE PRESENT SITE OF DENVER-ST. VRAIN'S FORT-OLD PUEBLO-VISITING THE BOILING SPRINGS AT MANITOU-TERRIBLE EXPERIENCES IN CROSSING THE MOUNTAINS-ARRIVAL AT TAOS-PURPOSE OF THE EXPEDITIONS-PACIFIC RAILWAYS FORESHADOWED- PUBLIC REJOICING IN ST. LOUIS. - II4
CHAPTER IX.
1846 to 1857-OUTBREAK OF THE MEXICAN WAR-DONIPHAN'S EXPEDITION-DARING EXPLOITS OF MAJOR WILLIAM GILPIN -- PURSUIT OF INDIANS IN THE SAN JUAN MOUNTAINS-SURVEYS FOR A PACIFIC RAILROAD-CAPT. GUNNISON'S EXPEDITION AND ITS TRAGIC ENDING-CAPT. MARCY'S MIDWINTER MARCH FROM FORT BRIDGER TO FORT MASSACHUSETTS-TERRIBLE SUFFERINGS-CAMPING AT MANI- TOU AND DENVER-DISCOVERY OF GOLD IN CHERRY CREEK. 128
CHAPTER X.
LIVES OF THE HUNTERS AND TRAPPERS-THEIR PART IN THE HISTORY OF OUR COUNTRY-BRIDGER, BAKER, GOODALE, SUBLETTE AND FITZPATRICK -SIR GEORGE GORE AND HIS MIGHTY RETINUE-BAKER'S FIGHT WITH GRIZZLIES-TORN BY A REPEATING RIFLE-KIT CARSON'S WONDERFUL CAREER-EPITOME OF HIS LIFE AND CHARACTER.
146
CHAPTER XI.
HISTORIC SETTLEMENTS IN COLORADO BETWEEN 1826 AND 1858-ARRIVAL OF THE BENTS AND ST. VRAIN-FIRST STOCKADE ON THE ARKANSAS AND TRADING POSTS SUBSEQUENTLY ERECTED-TRAFFIC AMONG THE INDIANS-TRAGIC DEATH OF CHARLES BENT-SETTLEMENTS ON ADOBE CREEK AND THE GREENHORN-THE OLD PUEBLO FORT-INDIAN MASSACRE-FORT MASSACHUSETTS-POSTS IN NORTHERN COLORADO-VASQUEZ, LUPTON AND ST. VRAIN-INDIAN TRIBES OF THE PLAINS, THEIR ORIGIN AND MIGRATIONS. 162
xi
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XII.
THE PANIC OF 1857-EMIGRATION TO THE WEST-DISCOVERIES OF GOLD IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS FROM 1595 TO 1860-GREEN RUSSELL AND THE CHEROKEES-PROSPECT- ING THE TRIBUTARIES OF THE PLATTE-THE FOUNDING OF MONTANA, COLORADO CITY, AURARIA, BOULDER AND DENVER-STATE OF SOCIETY-FIRST MOVEMENT FOR POLITICAL ORGANIZATION-FOUNDING OF THE "ROCKY MOUNTAIN NEWS." - 173
CHAPTER XIII.
1858-9-PROGRESS OF MINING ON THE PLAINS-STEADY INCREMENT OF POPULATION -GEORGE A. JACKSON'S DISCOVERY ON CHICAGO CREEK-EXPLORATIONS OF THE VALLEY- JOHN H. GREGORY'S GREAT FIND ON THE NORTH FORK OF VASQUEZ RIVER-D. K. WALL'S EXPERIMENTS IN AGRICULTURE-VISIT OF HORACE GREELEY -FRUITS OF THE FIRST SEASON'S WORK-DISCOVERY OF RUSSELL'S GULCH-A. D. GAMBELL'S NARRATIVE-GOLD IN BOULDER AND THE SOUTH PARK-STAMP MILLS
-NEWSPAPERS-MINING LAWS. I86
CHAPTER XIV.
1859-ATTEMPTS TO INSTITUTE SOCIAL AND CIVIL ORDER-MOVEMENT FOR STATE ORGANIZATION-CONSTITUTION REJECTED-ELECTION OF B. D. WILLIAMS TO CON- GRESS - THE TERRITORY OF JEFFERSON-PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT-LEAVEN- WORTH AND PIKE'S PEAK EXPRESS-AMOS STECK AND THE U. S. MAILS-DUEL BETWEEN R. E. WHITSITT AND PARK M'CLURE -- INCEPTION OF WHEAT CULTURE -PROF. O. J. GOLDRICK-FOUNDING OF SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES-APPEAL TO CONGRESS FOR A STABLE GOVERNMENT -- PEOPLE'S COURTS-HOW THE MINERS PUNISHED CRIMINALS-LAWLESSNESS IN DENVER. 206
CHAPTER XV.
CANON CITY, GOLDEN. BOULDER, HAMILTON, FAIRPLAY, AND OTHER TOWNS IN 1859- MR. LOVELAND'S PROJECT FOR A RAILWAY THROUGH THE MOUNTAINS-HORACE GREELEY'S INVOLUNTARY BATH-ADVENTURES OF BOULDER'S PIONEERS WITH LEFT HAND AND BEAR HEAD-INDIAN PROPHECY-MINING ON VASQUEZ, IN THE SOUTH, AND ON THE BLUE-MOUNTAIN CITY-PACIFIC RAILWAY LEGISLATION-INFLU- ENCE OF SETTLEMENT IN COLORADO UPON THAT MEASURE. 223
xii
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XVI.
1860-PROGRESS OF DENVER-CRYSTALIZATION OF BUSINESS-A CHAPTER OF HOR- RORS-DUEL BETWEEN LEW BLISS AND DR. STONE-ROMANTIC - TRAGEDY IN FAIRPLAY-TOM WARREN CHALLENGES W. N. BYERS-CHARLEY HARRISON-JOHN SCUDDER KILLS P. T. BASSETT -- BLOODY CAREER OF JAMES A. GORDON-FEARFUL RIOT IN LEAVENWORTH-TRIAL AND EXECUTION OF GORDON-CARROLL WOOD'S ATTACK ON THE "NEWS" OFFICE-KILLING OF STEELE-EXPATRIATION OF THE GANG OF OUTLAWS. 233
CHAPTER XVII.
1860-MEASURES FOR ORGANIZING THE TERRITORY-DIFFICULTY IN SELECTING . A TITLE-VARIOUS NAMES PROPOSED-PROGRESS OF THE BILL IN CONGRESS-EFFORTS
OF SCHUYLER COLFAX IN OUR BEHALF-OPPOSITION OF THE SLAVEHOLDERS DEFEATS THE BILL-POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN COLORADO-RETURN OF DELEGATE WILLIAMS-CONSOLIDATION OF AURARIA AND DENVER-HEAVY IMMIGRATION- DISCOVERY OF GOLD ON THE ARKANSAS RIVER-CALIFORNIA GULCH-INDIAN FORAYS-THE IRREPRESSIBLE CONFLICT-ORGANIZATION OF SOCIETY-D. H. MOFFAT JR -JOHN M. CHIVINGTON-CLARK & GRUBER'S COINAGE MINT-U. S. MAILS- DISCOVERY OF SILVER. 244
CHAPTER XVIII.
1861-ORGANIZATION OF THE TERRITORY OF COLORADO-DEBATES IN THE SENATE AND HOUSE-OVERSHADOWING INFLUENCE OF THE SLAVERY QUESTION-STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS VEHEMENTLY OPPOSES THE BILL-SYNOPSIS OF HIS ARGUMENTS- PASSAGE OF THE ORGANIC ACT-OFFICERS APPOINTED BY PRESIDENT LINCOLN- ARRIVAL OF GOVERNOR GILPIN-PUBLIC MEETINGS-CENSUS OF THE POPULATION -ORGANIZATION OF THE SUPREME COURT-BENCH AND BAR-UNION OR DISUNION -MOBILIZATION OF TROOPS-GILPIN'S DRAFTS ON THE NATIONAL TREASURY- THEIR FINAL PAYMENT-BIOGRAPHY OF OUR FIRST GOVERNOR. 258
CHAPTER XIX.
1861-1862-ACTIVITY OF THE SECESSIONISTS-PLOT TO CAPTURE COLORADO AND NEW MEXICO-ORGANIZATION OF THE FIRST REGIMENT COLORADO VOLUNTEERS-ITS MARCH TO FORT UNION-BATTLES OF APACHE CANON AND PIGEON'S RANCH- GALLANT EXPLOITS OF MAJOR CHIVINGTON-SLOUGH'S RESIGNATION-CHIVING- TON APPOINTED TO COMMAND-HIS ABILITY AS A LEADER-SERVICE RENDERED BY CAPTAINS DODD AND FORD-M'LAIN'S BATTERY. 275
xiii
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XX.
1862-1864-STATE OF POLITICAL FEELING-BENNETT AND GILPIN CANDIDATES FOR CONGRESS-BENNETT'S SERVICES TO THE TERRITORY-OPENING THE BRANCH MINT-REMOVAL OF THE CAPITAL TO COLORADO CITY-COL. JESSE H. LEAVEN- WORTH-HISTORY OF THE SECOND AND THIRD REGIMENTS OF COLORADO VOLUN- TEERS-DENVER SWEPT BY FIRE-THE CONSTRUCTION OF TELEGRAPH LINES- MAYOR STECK'S MESSAGE-A STALWART SENTIMENT FROM THE PACIFIC SLOPE- PROTRACTED DROUTH FOLLOWED BY A SEVERE WINTER-THE RAPID RISE OF GOLD-SALE OF COLORADO MINES IN NEW YORK-THE GREAT FLOOD IN CHERRY CREEK-THE STATE MOVEMENT OF 1864-REJECTION OF THE CONSTITUTION. 289
CHAPTER XXI.
1864-INVASION OF THE SOUTH PARK BY TEXAN GUERRILLAS-THEIR PURSUIT, CAP- TURE AND SUMMARY EXECUTION-TITLES TO MINING PROPERTY-GOVERNOR EVANS BEGINS A MOVEMENT FOR THE EQUITABLE ADJUSTMENT OF MINERS' RIGHTS-PROCEEDINGS IN WASHINGTON TO EXTRACT REVENUE FROM THE MINES BY DIRECT TAXATION-THE VARIOUS SCHEMES PROPOSED-GEORGE W. JULIAN'S BILL-FERNANDO WOOD'S RESOLUTION TO EXPEL THE MINERS-THE INCEPTION OF A LONG SERIES OF INDIAN WARS-REVIEW OF THE EVENTS WHICH CULMI- NATED IN THE BATTLE OF SAND CREEK-MAJOR WYNKOOP'S VISIT TO BLACK KETTLE'S CAMP-RESCUE OF WHITE PRISONERS-GOVERNOR EVANS' CORRESPOND- ENCE WITH THE AUTHORITIES IN WASHINGTON.
313
CHAPTER XXII.
1864 CONTINUED-AWFUL CRUELTIES PRACTICED BY INDIANS UPON THEIR CAPTIVES- HORRIBLE TREATMENT OF WHITE WOMEN -- STAKED OUT AND RAVISHED-MEN TORTURED AND BURNED-COUNCIL WITH BLACK KETTLE AND OTHER CHIEFS AT CAMP WELD-GOVERNOR EVANS TURNS THEM OVER TO THE MILITARY-COLONEL CHIVINGTON'S ULTIMATUM-THEIR RETURN TO THE ARKANSAS RIVER-PRO- CEEDINGS AT FORT LYON-WYNKOOP SUPERSEDED BY SCOTT J. ANTHONY- FURTHER CONFERENCES WITH THE INDIANS-SOME HISTORICAL ERRORS COR- RECTED-THIRD REGIMENT OF COLORADO CAVALRY-ITS MARCH TO FORT LYON -THE BATTLE OF SAND CREEK-CRITICISM OF CHIVINGTON'S ORDERS. - 336
CHAPTER XXIII.
1865-GEN. P. E. CONNOR-DEATH OF MAJOR JOHN S. FILLMORE-HIS LIFE AND CHARACTER-EFFECTS OF THE SAND CREEK MASSACRE-RENEWAL OF THE WAR
xiv
CONTENTS.
-FURTHER APPEALS FOR TROOPS-COLONEL MOONLIGHT DECLARES MARTIAL LAW-MILITIA CALLED OUT-DEVELOPMENT OF THE COUNTRY-BANKS AND BANK- ING-FOUNDING OF THE FIRST NATIONAL BANK-CHAFFEE AND MOFFAT- ARRIVAL OF SCHUYLER COLFAX-MESSAGE OF PRESIDENT LINCOLN TO THE MINERS OF THE WEST-THE PACIFIC RAILROAD-REVIVAL OF THE STATE MOVE- MENT-CONSTITUTION RATIFIED-SAND CREEK AN ELEMENT IN THE CAMPAIGN- NEGRO SUFFRAGE-ARRIVAL OF GOVERNOR CUMMINGS-A TURBULENT ADMIN- ISTRATION-ROUNDING UP THE TERRITORIAL OFFICERS-HIS ATTACK ON SECRE- TARY ELBERT-SOME RACY CORRESPONDENCE-ALIENATING THE JEWS-A SEA- SON OF BITTER POLITICAL WARFARE-ELBERT RESIGNS, AND THE AUTHOR IS APPOINTED TO SUCCEED HIM-FEARFUL SCENES IN SOUTH PARK-THE BLOODY ESPINOSAS. . 357
CHAPTER XXIV.
1866-STATE BILLS BEFORE CONGRESS-SECOND VETO-ATTEMPTED BARGAIN WITH EVANS AND CHAFFEE-ORGANIC ACTS AMENDED-EVANS REVIEWS THE VETO- CHILCOTT AND HUNT FOR CONGRESS-MORE OF CUMMINGS' PERFORMANCES-A MIDNIGHT MESSAGE TO THE PRESIDENT-SECRETARY HALL REMOVED-SENATE REFUSES TO CONFIRM A SUCCESSOR-CAUSTIC REVIEW OF CUMMINGS' ACTS BY A CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEE-CHILCOTT SEATED-HUNT APPOINTED GOVERNOR- LOVELAND AND THE CLEAR CREEK RAILWAY -- FINAL LOCATION OF THE PACIFIC RAILROAD -- FIRST PIONEERS' ASSOCIATION-KOUNTZE BROS. AND THE COLORADO NATIONAL BANK-GEORGE T. CLARK-ARRIVAL OF BAYARD TAYLOR AND GEN- ERAL SHERMAN-FIRST BALLOTS CAST
BY THE BLACKS-EARLY HISTORY OF CHURCH ORGANIZATIONS-FIRST REPUBLICAN CLUB. 382
CHAPTER XXV.
THE BUILDING OF OUR FIRST RAILWAYS-GENERAL HUGHES AND THE OVERLAND STAGE LINE-BUTTERFIELD'S LINE THROUGH THE SMOKY HILLS-LOVELAND AND CARTER'S PROPOSITION TO DENVER-ARRIVAL OF COLONEL JAMES ARCHER- ORGANIZATION OF BOARD OF TRADE-HISTORY OF THE DENVER PACIFIC RAILWAY-REMOVAL OF THE TERRITORIAL CAPITAL-INAUGURATION OF WORK ON THE COLORADO CENTRAL-GOVERNOR EVANS UTTERS A PROPHECY-GENERAL WM. J. PALMER-SKETCH OF THE UNION PACIFIC RAILWAY. - 409
CHAPTER XXVI.
THE MURDERERS OF PONT NEUF CANON-THEIR PURSUIT BY THE VIGILANTES OF MONTANA-A THRILLING INCIDENT OF THE FRONTIER-OVERLAND MERCHANDISE
XV
CONTENTS.
TRAFFIC-COLORADO AT THE PARIS EXPOSITION-THE BOSTON & COLORADO SMELTING WORKS-OPENING OF A NEW ERA-GOVERNOR HUNT'S ADMINIS- TRATION-TRIALS AND DIFFICULTIES-DESTRUCTION OF CROPS BY GRASSHOPPERS -THE AMERICAN HOTEL-RENEWAL OF THE STATE MOVEMENT-LOCATION OF THE TERRITORIAL PENITENTIARY-RIOT IN TRINIDAD-ARRIVAL OF GRANT, SHERMAN AND SHERIDAN-RETURN OF SCHUYLER COLFAX-CHILCOTT'S RECORD IN CONGRESS-THE INDIAN WAR OF 1868-GREAT EXCITEMENT-THE COLFAX PARTY ENDANGERED-PURSUIT OF THE INDIANS BY SHERIDAN-TERRIBLE EXPE- RIENCE OF COLONEL FORSYTHE ON THE REPUBLICAN.
- 438
CHAPTER XXVII.
1868-1871-ARRIVAL OF ROSCOE CONKLING, PROFESSOR AGASSIZ, SECRETARY WM. H. SEWARD, GENERAL J. M. SCHOFIELD, AND OTHER DISTINGUISHED MEN-AGASSIZ'S OPINION OF COLORADO-RESIGNATION OF SENATORS EVANS AND CHAFFEE-GAS WORKS ESTABLISHED-ANNUAL MEETING OF THE BOARD OF TRADE-PROGRESS OF THE COLORADO CENTRAL-ATTEMPT TO ESTABLISH SMELTING WORKS-GOV- ERNOR HUNT SUPERSEDED BY GEN. M'COOK -HAYDEN'S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY - THE ROBBING OF ORSON BROOKS-PURSUIT AND CAPTURE OF THE OUTLAWS- FRANKLIN KILLED, DOUGAN LYNCHED-A GHASTLY SPECTER BY MOONLIGHT- THE LYNCHING OF MUSGROVE BY DENVER VIGILANTES-DEVELOPMENT OF BOULDER, CLEAR CREEK, PUEBLO AND CANON CITY -FOUNDING OF IRON WORKS-THE AUTHOR DINES WITH ANSON RUDD-PIONEER COURTS-DEALINGS WITH THIEVES -AUNT CLARA BROWN-CHRISTENING THE GARDEN OF THE GODS-TRADITIONS
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