USA > Connecticut > Connecticut as a colony and as a state; or, One of the original thirteen, Volume I > Part 2
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CHAPTER XIII
THE ROYAL CHARTER .245-253
The General Assembly offer Allegiance to Charles II-Gov- ernor Winthrop's appointment as Agent-New Haven Pro- claims her Allegiance to the King-Winthrop's Arrival in England-His Instructions-Winthrop Obtains a Charter- The Royal Charter-Names of the Patentees-The Charter Recognized as a Continuation of the Government already Established-Arrival of the First Copy of the Charter in America-Custodians appointed.
CHAPTER XIV
THE UNION OF CONNECTICUT AND NEW HAVEN .... .255-263
Dissensions in New Haven Colony-The Inhabitants tender their Persons and Estates to the Colony of Connecticut- Amicable Union of the Colonies suggested-Violently op- posed by Leading Citizens of the New Haven Colony-Pro- ceedings suspended until the Return of Winthrop-Petition to the King prepared by New Haven-Winthrop assures their Messenger that the Colony shall Suffer no Annoyance -Decree of New England Congress-The New Haven Case Stated-New Haven Finally unites with Connecticut-The Last General Court of New Haven.
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CONNECTICUT AS A COLONY
CHAPTER XV
KING PHILIP'S WAR.
. ..... .265-272
Death of Massasoit-The Wampanoags' Territory-The Old Chieftain succeeded by Alexander-His Death-English ac- cused of Poisoning Him-Alexander's successor Philip- Murder of John Sausaman-Connecticut's Red Men im- pressed by Former Lessons-Mistakes of the Massachusetts Authorities-Treat's Expedition-Engagement at Bloody Brook-Dissatisfaction amongst the Colonies-The Deser- tion of the Springfield Indians-Massacre of the Whites pre- vented by Treat's Command-Measures taken by the Gen- eral Assembly-Narragansetts become Allies of the Wam- panoags-The New England Congress raises an army- Indian Fight in the Swamp-Connecticut's losses-Capture of the Chief of the Narragansetts-Treat elected Deputy Governor-Major Talcott appointed Chief Commander-The Wabaquesset County raided-Battle at Stockbridge-Death of King Philip-Connecticut's disbursements.
CHAPTER XVI
INDIAN TITLES AND MOHEGAN LAND TROUBLES. . . . 273-289
Territory purchased from the Aboriginees-Indian grants of Early Settled Towns-Laws for the Purchase and Occupan- cy of Lands-Land Transactions in Southern part of the Col- ony-Purchases made of the Tunxis Indians-Also in the Housatonic and Naugatuck Valleys-Other Purchases- Agreement with Uncas-Major John Mason as Guardian of the Indians-Uncas' grants in 1661-5-Death of Attawanhood -Death of Uncas-Mason's Deed to the Mohegans-The Sequestered Lands-Mohegan's claims to Territory-Owen- eco succeeds Uncas-Mohegan's Memorial presented to Queen Anne-Royal Commission appointed-Connecticut refuses to Present her Claims-Conveyances of Ben Uncas and others-Caesar succeeds Oweneco-His Death-Major Ben Uncas selected as his Successor-Holding of second Royal Commission-Withdrawal of the New York Commis- sioners-Commission re-organized-Decision rendered fav- orable to Connecticut-Appeal taken by Mohegans to the King's Privy Council-Commission of 1743-In session Sev- enteen Days-Decision rendered Revoking Decree of 1705- An Appeal taken-The Lord Commissioners decide in fav- or of Connecticut-The Indian Census of 1900.
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CONNECTICUT AS COLONY AND STATE
CHAPTER XVII
THE ORGANIZATION OF TOWNS AND COUNTIES. .. . 291-31I
The Town a unit of Civil Organization-Connecticut's Pop- ulation in 1637-The Town Tribunals-A System of Town Records established-Settlements at Stratford, Fairfield, Guilford and Milford-Farmington settled-Stamford settled in 1641-Naming of Greenwich-Mr. Pierson's Congregation form a Settlement at Branford-Founding of New London- Naming of Middletown and Norwalk-Settlement of Nor- wich and Stonington-The First Organization of Counties- Towns incorporated along the Connecticut River-Walling- ford, Simsbury and Woodbury made Towns-Derby and Waterbury-Incorporation of Glastenbury and Windham- Preston and Lebanon organized-Connecticut at the open- ing of 18th Century-Plainfield and Canterbury-Danbury receives Town Privileges-Colchester, Groton and Mansfield created-Hebron named for a Palestine City-Killingly and Durham-Ridgefield and Coventry incorporated-Newtown and New Milford become Towns-Pomfret, Ashford, Tolland and Voluntown-Litchfield named for an Episcopal City- Bolton becomes a Town-Formation of Windham County- Wellington and East Haddam-New Towns created in the Northwestern part of the Colony-Boundary troubles with Massachusetts-Formation of Litchfield County-Stafford represented in General Assembly-Norfolk and Hartland- Chatham named-Redding and Winchester-Connecticut divided into Seventy-two Towns-Population.
CHAPTER XVIII
BOUNDARY TROUBLES WITH RHODE ISLAND AND
NEW YORK . 313-325
New England Congress establishes Mystic River as Boundary line between Massachusetts and Connecticut- This disregarded by Connecticut-Rhode Island's Charter- Decision of the Royal Commission-Rhode Island's offer to leave Boundary disputes to Legal Tribunal-Her Appeal to the King-Sir Edmund Andros as a political Factor-Earl of Bellomont appointed Referee-Agreement of 1703-De- cision of the Privy Council in 1727-Boundary disputes be- tween Connecticut and New York-The Duke of York Title -English take possession of New Netherlands-Connecti- cut extends Greetings to His Majesty's Honorable Commis- sion-Southold and Southampton pass from the Control of the Colony-Lovelace Visits Hartford-A Monthly Mail in- stituted-Dutch Fleet enters New York Harbor-English again in Possession-Major Andros appointed Provisional Governor-His appearance at Saybrook-Captain Bull's defi- ance-New York Claims to Rye, Greenwich and Stamford-
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CONNECTICUT AS A COLONY
Appointment of a Commission-Ridgeville Angle-Equiva- lent Lands-The Rebellion of Rye and Bedford-Death of Governor Winthrop-William Leete his Successor-Robert Treat as Governor.
CHAPTER XIX
THE ROYAL GOVERNOR
327-345
The Lords of the Committee of Trade and Plantations- "Duke's Laws"-Appointees of James II-The King's Policy -Randolph's Methods-Connecticut's Enemies-Donegan's Letter to the Duke-Death of Charles II-Connecticut Ac- knowledges James II-James' attempt to Vacate the Royal Charter-Instructions to Randolph-Writs of Quo War- ranto-Randolph advises the Surrender of the Charter-Un- appropriated Lands divided among the Towns-Randolph serves the Writs-Divisions in Connecticut-William Whit- ing appointed the Colony's Agent at London-Andros de- mands the Charter-Treat's Diplomacy-Andros sends Two Commissioners to Connecticut-Andros appears at Hartford -Disappearance of the Charter-Connecticut annexed to Andros' Government-Appointment of Officials-Griev- ances under Andros' Government-TheFlight of James II to France-Connecticut joyfully proclaims the Sovereign- ty of William and Mary.
CHAPTER XX
FIRST AND SECOND INTER-COLONIAL WARS. . 347-361
War declared between England and France-New York Governor appeals to Connecticut for Assistance-Captain Bull's Company dispatched to Albany-Massacre at Schnec- tady-Montreal Expedition-Fitz John Winthrop in Com- mand-Winthrop's Arrest and Escape-Connecticut's re- sponses for Troops-Her Disbursements-Fitz John Win- throp elected Governor-Changes made in Formation of General Assembly-War of Spanish Succession-Dudley and Cornbury as Royal Governors-Their Attempts to dismem- ber Connecticut-Queen's Council sustains the Royal Char- ter-Saltonstall succeeds Winthrop as Governor-Troops raised at the Request of Queen Anne-Unsuccessful Expe- dition against Montreal-Finances of the Colony-Capture of Port Royal-Hovenden Walker's luckless Expedition- Treaty of Utrecht-Thirty Years of Peace-Expenditures of Connecticut-Joseph Talcott becomes Governor.
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CONNECTICUT AS COLONY AND STATE
CHAPTER XXI
THIRD INTER-COLONIAL WAR. .363-375
"The War of Jenkins' Ear"-Formation of the Colony's Mi- litia-Connecticut raises 1000 Men for the Jamaica Cam- paign-New Tenors-Arrival of the English Armament- Cartagena-Jonathan Law as Governor-French attempt to Re-capture Port Royal-New England Expedition against Louisbourg-Surrender of that Fortress-Connecticut's fresh Issue of New Tenors-Peace Treaty signed at Aix-la- Chapelle-Roger Wolcott elected Governor-Commission- ers from each Colony meet at Albany-The Royal Gover- nors favor a Union of the Colonies-Franklin's Plan-Oppo- sition of Connecticut's Delegates-The Crown's disapproval of the Plan-Wolcott succeeded by Thomas Fitch as Gover- nor-Fitch takes an Oath to enforce the Stamp Act-This results in his Defeat for a Thirteenth Term.
CHAPTER XXII
FOURTH INTER-COLONIAL WAR 377-394
Final Struggle between France and England for Suprema- cy-Population of Canada compared to the English Settle- inents-Campaign of 1755-Dieskau attacks the English at Lake George-Defeated by Gen. Lyman-Earl of Loudon as Viceroy-The English Army rendezvous at Albany-Wash- ington's first visit to Connecticut-Montcalm attacks Fort William Henry-Atrocities Committed-The inactivity of General Webb-Campaign of 1758-General Abercrombie as Commander-in-Chief-Connecticut responds to Pitt's call for Troops-New Bills of Credit issued-English Ministry plan three Campaigns-Death of Lord Howe-Unsuccess. ful Attempt on Ticonderoga-Mrs. Nabbycombe-Putnam taken Prisoner-Amherst in command of the Army-Con- necticut raises her Quota of Troops-The Bloodless Vic- tories of Ticonderoga and Crown Point-The Army's inac- tivity-Subjugation of Canada decided upon-Campaign of 1760-Putnam assists Amherst to enter Canada-West In- dies Expedition-The Emission of Bills of Credit-Standard of Values established-The Treaty of Paris ratified.
CHAPTER XXIII
THE BLUE LAWS
.395-421
The phrase applied to Legal Code of New Haven-Gener- al History of Connecticut-Its Author-A Study of Peters- Scholars believed that
They were invented-Large-
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CONNECTICUT AS A COLONY
ly taken from Neal's History of New England-The Blue Laws forty-five in Number-A Digest of these Laws- They should not be called Forgeries-Kissing upon Charles River and Trolley Parties in Philadelphia subject to Local Ordinances-Daily Life little disturbed by Criminal Codes- New Haven Colony overthrown by Internal Discontent.
CHAPTER XXIV
EDUCATION AND YALE COLLEGE 423-446
The Settlers of New England largely University Gradu- ates-Attempt to establish a College at New Haven-Gov- ernor Hopkins' bequests-School System established in Con- necticut in 1644-Maintenance of the Schools-Subdivisions -The School of the Church established-First Meeting of the Trustees-Rev. Noadiah Russell appointed Librarian- A Charter obtained-Rev. Abraham Pierson chosen Rec- tor-First Student-First Commencement-Removal to New Haven-College named Yale-A Resident Rector appointed -Troubles in regard to Episcopacy-Rev. Elisha Williams choosen Rector-Gifts from Dean Berkeley-Rev. Thomas Clap becomes Rector-Adoption of a Code of Laws-So- cial Distinctions Maintained in College Catalogues-A New Charter Obtained-Connecticut Hall erected-Theological Chair established-Additional Buildings-Professorship of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy established-Rev. Ezra Stiles elected President-Various Donations-State Offi- cials become Members of the Corporation-The Erection of Union Hall-Death of President Stiles.
CHAPTER XXV
CONNECTICUT'S SETLEMENTS IN PENNSYLVANIA. . . 447-469
Bancroft's Estimate of Population-The Desire for Emigra- tion-Wyoming and New Hampshire Grants-The Connect- icut Susquehanna Company-Lands purchased from the Iroquois-The Delaware Company-The Protest of the Pennsylvania Proprietors-Settlement made at Cushatunk- Settlers take up lands in the Wyoming Valley-The death of Tedeuscung-Whites accused of his Murder by the Dela- wares-Indian Massacre-The Pennamite Wars-Arrival of Captains Butler, Durkee and Ransom-Pennsylvania ap- points a Chief Executive Directory-Connecticut Settlers arrested-The Journey to Easton-Capture of Fort Durkee- Arrival of Fresh Settlers from Connecticut-Wilkesbarre named-Pennsylvanians build Fort Wyoming-End of the First Pennamite War-Connecticut Settlers victorious-Pop- ulation increased to Two Thousand-Territory Erected in- ty-Second Pennamite War. to the Town of Westmoreland-Annexed to Litchfield Coun- ty-Second Pennamite War.
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CONNECTICUT AS COLONY AND STATE
CHAPTER XXVI
ECCLESIASTICAL MATTERS 471-486 Opposition to the Established Church in England-Puritans and Independents-The Parish Way-The Church Way- Differences between the Fundamental Orders and the First Compact of New Haven-A fully organized Church-Dif- ferences among Religious Trustees-Controversies on Bap- tism-The Half Way Covenant-The Westminster Confes- sion-The Saybrook Platform-Strict Congregationalists or Separatists-"Standing Order"-The Ecclesiastical Taxes allowed to "Sober Dissenters"-Establishment of the Church of England-Religious Differences at Yale College-The Great Awakening-Jonathan Edwards-George Whitefield and James Davenport-The Old and New Lights-Indian Revivals-Jonathan Barber's Missionary Work-Samson Occum-The Lebanon School-Dartmouth College estab- lished.
CHAPTER XXVII
THE COLONIAL JURISPRUDENCE. .487-499
Indian Name of the Colony-Its Orthography-The General Court-The Particular afterwards the Quarter Court-The Inferior Judicial Bodies-General Court becomes the Gen- eral Assembly-Laws of Marriage and Divorce-First Meet- ing place of the General Assembly-Erection of the First Assembly House-The Court of Assistants-Formation of County Courts-The Superior Court organized-Primog- eniture cast out from New England-The Public Seal-Its Motto-Armorial Bearings of Connecticut.
CHAPTER XXVIII
THE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS OF THE COL- ONY .501-514
New England Colonists engage in Slave Traffic-Shipment of Pequot Captives to the West Indies-The African Corner -Value of Slaves-Agitation at New London-Mineral De- posits-Governor Winthrop's Grant-Copper found at Sims- bury and Wallingford-Granby Coppers-Simsbury Mines as a Prison-Iron Mines opened at Salisbury-Bog Ore in Tolland and Windham Counties-Magnetite along the Coast -Early Development of Manufacturing-Home Gov- ernment Protective Laws-Iron Works established at New Haven-Silk Culture-Connecticut's Commercial Trade
28
CONNECTICUT AS A COLONY
-The Merchant Marine Fleets of the Colony-Eight Shipping Ports in 1753-Shipbuilding-Increase of the Ship- ping Interests-The Last Report made to the Board of Trade and Plantations-Transportation throughout the Colony- The Monthly Mail-The Introduction of Stage Coaches- William Pitkin Elected Governor.
29
ILLUSTRATIONS
Hooker, Thomas Frontispiece
Andros, Sir Edmund Facing p. 336
Davenport, John Facing p. 168
Johnson, D. D., Samuel
Facing p. 482
Peters, Hugh Facing p. 88
Philip, King
Facing p. 268
Saltonstall, Gurdon
Facing p. 356
Saltonstall, Sir Richard
Facing p. 72
Smith, John
Facing p. 38
Stiles, Ezra
Facing p. 440
Stuyvesant, Peter
Facing p. 194
The Emigration to Connecticut . Facing p. 108
The Pequot War
Facing p. 130
Winslow, Edward Facing p. 102
Winthrop, Fitz John Facing p. 350
Winthrop, John, of Connecticut. Facing p. 160
Winthrop, John, of Massachusetts Facing p. 240
Yale, Elihu
Facing p. 432
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CHAPTER I FORERUNNERS OF CIVILIZATION
1448932
W HILE it is not within the scope of a work of this character to give the historical events preceding the settlement of Con- necticut, they are too important a factor in its history-being indeed the founda- tion of American civilization and the direct cause of the birth of the state-to be entirely ignored.
The Vikings of the North, even if they ever saw New Eng- land, never set foot within the present confines of Connecti- cut nor visited her seacoast; and the only connection that the state claims in those much-disputed discoveries of Amer- ica is that her chartered borders reached one side of Nar- ragansett Bay, and Vineland may possibly have been not far from the other.
The discovery of America nearly five centuries after these events, and the edicts of Pope Alexander VI. in 1493, divid- ing the unexplored portions of the globe between Spain and Portugal, while they were met with contempt in Eng- land and France, had the effect of stimulating these nations to further exploration and discoveries in the Western World.
Henry VIII., the reigning monarch of England, deciding to compete for those rich prizes ready to the hand of the venturesome, accepted the offer of John Cabot, a Venetian merchant residing in England, to fit out several ships for explorations; and issued a patent in the spring of 1496 au- thorizing Cabot and his three sons "to sail to all parts, coun- trys and seas of the East, of the West, and of the North" under the banners of England. It was one of those curi- ous commissions so common in those days, when the sov- ereign allowed private adventurers to use their own money on condition of sharing the profits with the Crown; but more one-sided than they seem, however, as the Crown had to pay
35
CONNECTICUT AS COLONY AND STATE
for the wars which invariably resulted. Cabot's son Sebas- tian, a native of England, made three voyages to North America. Though engaged in warfare with the Emperor of Spain, Francis I. of France fully realized the importance of these discoveries and settlements in the New World; and in 1524 he engaged Jean Verrazzani, a Florentine, to ex- plore the unknown West. With but a single vessel, Verraz- zani coasted the shore of America, and entered what are now the harbors of New York and Newport. Verrazzani was followed ten years later by Jacques Cartier, who made explorations and discoveries in the interest of the same French monarch. During the last year of the reign of Eliza- beth, Bartholomew Gosnold, in attempting to find a more direct course to Virginia, reached the Massachusetts coast, and, landing on a promontory, named it Cape Cod. This is the first spot in New England ever trod by Englishmen. Gosnold afterwards settled on the island of Cuttyhunk, in what is now Buzard's Bay, and built a fort; but owing to lack of provisions and hostility of the Indians, was obliged after a residence of four months to return to England.
The New England coast was next visited by Henry Hud- son, an Englishman sailing in the interest of the Dutch East India Company. Hudson discovered the present New York Bay, and sailed up the river that bears his name. Thus we see that at the beginning of the seventeenth cen- tury, the territory now comprising New England was claimed by three different nations. England based her rights of pos- session on the discoveries of Cabot and the settlement of Gosnold; France on the explorations made by Verrazzani and Cartier; and Holland on Hudson's discoveries and on purchases made of the Indians.
The death of Queen Elizabeth and the accession of James
36
CONNECTICUT AS A COLONY
I. was followed by a declaration of peace between England and Spain. As a result of this, many hardy men hitherto en- gaged in warfare sought new fields of enterprise and adven- ture in the New World. Others engaged in mercantile pur- suits, as well as artisans and followers of the plow, became interested in the new continent through the glowing descrip- tions of Gosnold and his companions; expeditions under Martin Pring and Captain Waymouth despatched to verify these statements returned with even more favorable reports. The King was petitioned by a body of wealthy and power- ful subjects, to sanction by his authority an attempt to make a permanent settlement. James listened favorably to these applicants, but deemed a grant of such a vast region as the American continent to one body of men an act of unwise pro- fusion. He therefore divided the territory between the thirty-fourth and the forty-fifth degrees of north latitude into two nearly equal districts. The one between the thirty- eighth and forty-fifth degrees, or between Delaware Bay and Halifax, he granted by charter to residents of the west of England, under the title of "The Second Colony of Vir- ginia," which afterwards became more familiarly known as "The North Virginia" or "Plymouth" company. The su- preme government was invested in a council of thirteen men, who were to be residents of England, and appointed by the King; while the subordinate jurisdiction was committed to resident council in America nominated by the King, and who were to act in compliance with his instructions. By the charter, the emigrants were secured in all those rights of citizenship they would have retained had they remained in their native land. All export duties for sustenance or com- merce in the new colonies were abolished for the space of seven years, and liberty of trade granted with all nations.
37
CONNECTICUT AS COLONY AND STATE
Permission to coin money, repel enemies, and detain ships trading illegally, was also granted. It will be seen by this that while the right of choosing their own gov- erning power was denied the colonists, they received remark- able concessions to facilitate commerce.
The first attempt of the North Virginia Company to make a permanent settlement was in 1606, when a vessel fitted out under Captain Henry Challons was captured by a Span- ish fleet, and the emigrants carried to Spain as prisoners. The next year the company fitted out two ships and placed Admiral Raleigh Gilbert in command; who sailed with one hundred planters, landing in August near the mouth of the Sagadahock or Kennebec River. The severity of the winter caused over one-half of the company to return to England in December. The Sagadahock colony suffered incredible hard- ships, including the loss by fire of their storehouse and pro- visions. The death of their president, the return of his suc- cessor to England, together with the death of Lord Chief Justice John Popham, who made every exertion to keep the colony alive by repeatedly sending it supplies, so disheart- ened the colonists that the remainder returned in a body to England the following year. The unfavorable reports of these early colonists prevented any further attempts to settle North Virginia for several years.
In 1614 Captain John Smith, who had been connected with the early settlement of Virginia, with two ships under his command made a voyage to what is now the New Eng- land coast, to catch whales and hunt for gold mines, or in default of this, to fish and trade for furs with the Indians. In the summer he explored the sea shore between the mouth of the Penobscot and Cape Cod, drawing a map from point to point, isle to isle, and harbor to harbor, specifying sound-
38
JOHN SMITELI
CONNECTICUT AS COLONY AND STATE
[viswenn fo coin money, repel enemies, and detain Wy tradimgr illegally, was also granted le will be vreo by- bis Hiat while the right of choosing their own goy rising former was dentes! the colonists, they received remark- Ale concessions to fagditate commerce.
The they wenige of the North Virginia Company to make Captabt Flery Cuallons was captured by a Spen- Recapi ta migrants carried to Spain as prisoners. The sent your the company hited out two ships and placed Admiral Raleigh Gilbert in command; who sailed with one howitril planters, Vinding in Aluguer near the mouth of the Expinshock or Kennebec River The severity of the winter cosediner one-half of the company to return to England ie Devemlex: The Sagadahock colony suffered increddit- band ships orchiding the loss by fire af their storehouse and po- Schma The death of their prestilent, the return of his cossu te Kopland, together with the death of Lord Chick Frath July Popham, who wale every exertion to keep the Je che Vr repekindly sending it supplies, so dishesre- Ge bonita that the remainder returned in a body to Vay And The following year. The Gofavorable mpurts of cele colonists prevented any further attemjes id settle Musth Virgoals for several years.
To 16kg Captain John Smith, who had been connected with the early settlement of Virginia, with two ships under Wia conwound made a voyage fix what is now the New Eng- Jand Coust, un catch whales amd hunt for gold mines, or fa defride of this, ro fish and trade for Furs with the Inditos lo the summer be explored the sea shore between the south nữ the Penobseot and Cape Cod. drawing a map from point to point, isle ro iale, and harbor to harbor, specifying sound-
38
JOHN SMITH
CONNECTICUT AS A COLONY
ings, shoals, rocks, and landmarks; naming the rivers, is- lands, and hills. He called the country New England; the whole north continent had previously been called Nova Al- bion and Nova Britannia, and the New England region Nor- umbega,-one of those queer dreamland names which in the Middle Ages start up from nowhere, like that of California, and suddenly attach themselves to certain regions with the grip of fate. Smith returned to England in July, leaving Captain Thomas Hunt with one vessel to equip himself for a voyage to Spain. Hunt enticed twenty Indians on board, and afterward sold them as slaves at the island of Malaga. The ethical standard of the aborigines would not have condemned this in the least, but their practical one furnished an intense reluctance toward being the subjects of it, and dread of the race who practiced it; and for many years they were wary of all intercourse, and ready to kill on the least suspicion. The act at the lowest estimate was reckless folly if any trade relations were to be expected, and was typical of the ill- starred introduction of whites to Indians. On Smith's re- turn to England, his map of the country and descriptions of the land captivated the future King of England, Charles I .; but that prince, then fifteen, disliked Smith's barbarous In- dian names, and changed about thirty of them to English ones. Some of these, as Cape Ann[a] and Cape Elizabeth, Charles River and Plymouth, have remained in situ or nearly so; some, as Boston, Hull, and Ipswich, have been transferred to other spots; many have been dropped for oth- ers, as Smith Islands for Isles of Shoals, Cape James for Cape Cod, Cheviot Hills for Blue Hills, Snowdon for Agamenticus, etc.
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