USA > Georgia > Troup County > History of Troup county > Part 18
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BETHEL CHURCH. Organized in 1835, and together with its cemetery located in land lot 121 of the 5th district. This is one of the old com- munity churches on the east side of Long Cane Creek, and is a part of the present West Point circuit, sharing with Harmony, Long Cane, and Pleas- ant Grove the services of one pastor for the four churches.
CHAPTER XXI. ORGANIZATIONS
A MERICAN LEGION, BAXTER L. SCHAUB POST. The LaGrange Post was organized on November 21, 1919, and was named in honor of Baxter L. Schaub, the first Troup County man to lose his life in the service. He was the son of Mrs. J. L. Schaub, and saw service on the Mexican border as a member of the Fifth Infantry, National Guard of Georgia. He continued in service when this regiment was mustered into service as the 122nd In- fantry after the declaration of war with Germany. He was a mess Ser- geant, and lost his life when the mess hall at Camp Wheeler was destroyed by fire, November 24, 1917.
In the thirteen years of the existence of the Post, it has rendered service to the community in many ways. The care of disabled service men is the first objective of the Legion, and this Post has contributed its services to many deserving cases. The promotion of Americanism by lectures in the schools and the observance of great anniversaries constitutes another activ- ity of the Post. The Legion loyally assisted the other organizations of the city of LaGrange in the erection of the public library as a memorial to the Troup County men who lost their lives in service during the war.
In 1929, under the leadership of Albert Brooks, a drum and bugle corps was organized, and proved very popular. This corps received the honor of being the prize corps in the meet of 1933.
In 1930, under the leadership of John R. Finn, the membership of this Post was increased by the addition of more than 300 members, and enter- tained the state organization in 1931.
The commanders of this Post are as follows:
Howard, W. L. 1919-20
O'Neal, R. S. 1927-28
Callaway, Enoch
1920-21
Thomason, J. Toombs 1928-29
Bradfield, Loyd
1921-22
Brooks, Albert 1929-30
Martin, Raymond W.
1922-23
Finn, John R. 1930-31
Philpot, Eugene A.
1925-26
Holleran, Owen C. 1931-32
Dunaway, Eugene
1926-27
Winn, Frank
1932-33
No elections were held in 1923, nor in 1924.
AMERICAN LEGION AUXILIARY. In February, 1931, John R. Finn as Commander of the Legion named a membership committee for the estab- lishment of an Auxiliary, and they were Mrs. Cason J. Callaway, Mrs. T. H. Nimmons, and Mrs. Albert Brooks, and an application was made on Feb- ruary 1, 1931, for a charter for the LaGrange Auxiliary of the Baxter L. Schaub Post of the American Legion.
On February 21, 1931, a meeting was called, at which the state presi- dent, Mrs. E. S. Travis, addressed the gathering on the subject of "Rehabili-
176
HISTORY OF TROUP COUNTY
tation, Child Welfare and Americanism." At this meeting the following officers were elected:
Mrs. T. Harvey Nimmons. President Mrs. Walter Binns Chaplain Mrs. R. S. O'Neal First Vice-President Mrs. J. D. C. Wilson Historian
Mrs. J. B. Davis. Second Vice-President Mrs. George Cahall. Sergeant-at-Arms
Mrs. Albert Brooks. Secretary-Treasurer
At the time of organization, this Auxiliary had the largest charter mem- bership of any organization of auxiliaries in the state of Georgia. The Auxiliary assisted the Legion most graciously in entertaining the state le- gionnaires in LaGrange in July, 1931.
At the recent meeting of the Legion in Valdosta in 1933, this Auxiliary received the award for the greatest increase in membership in the state.
UNION MASONIC LODGE. Union Lodge, No. 28, Free and Accepted Ma- sons was one of the early organizations of the county. The charter was applied for on October 22, 1842, and was organized on December 4, 1842, with the following officers: Kinchen L. Haralson, Worshipful Master; Blount C. Ferrell, Senior Warden; Hampton W. Hill, Junior Warden; Lewis Hines, Treasurer; Daniel McMillan, Secretary; Jesse King, Senior Deacon; William C. Buffington, Junion Deacon; George A. Dudley, Tiler.
The charter members of the Lodge were:
Buffington, William C.
Hines, Lewis
Dudley, George A.
Key, Caleb W.
Fears, Oliver P.
King, Jesse
Ferrell, Blount C.
McMillan, Daniel
Ferrell, Mickleberry
Peel, John J.
Gage, John E.
Stokes, William B.
Haralson, Kinchen L.
Ferrell, William B. M., FC
Hardin, William S.
Latimer, James, EA
Hill, Hampton W.
The roster of Worshipful Masters, or presiding officers, and their years of service are given below.
Haralson, Kinchen L. 1842
Ferrell, Blount C. 1843-45
Bogart, Peter 1846
Ridley, Robert A. T. 1847-49
Morgan, D. W. 1850
Todd, J. C. B. 1851
Sims, W. H. 1852
Hodges, Henry 1853-54
Long, James A. 1855-56
Bigham, Benjamin H. 1857
Jones, Waters B. 1858-60
Tuller, W. M. 1861
Teague, E. B. 1862-63
Ridley, Robert A. T. 1864
Jones, Waters B. 1865
Scott, J. H. 1866-67
Curtright, B. F. 1868-71
Jones, Waters B. 1872
Yancey, William C. 1873-74
Toole, J. Edward, Jr. 1879
Bigham, Benjamin H. 1877-78
Toole, J. Edward, Jr. 1879
177
ORGANIZATIONS
Huntley, William H. 1880-84
Smith, Clifford L. 1915-19
Banks, Henry 1885-87
Connally, Pyron R. 1920
Longley, Francis M. 1888
Sargent, George H. 1921
Chapple, J. A.
1889-90
Connally, Pyron R. 1922
Banks, Henry
1891-92
Johnson, J. Forest 1923
Smith, Clifford L.
1893-95
Smith, Clifford L. 1924
Banks, Henry
1896-98
Weaver, William H.
1899
Cleaveland, William L. 1900-02
Sutherlin, J. J. 1927
Gorham, Zachry T. 1903
Wooten, George F. 1927
Smith, Clifford L.
1904-05
Turner, Walter L. 1928
Lovejoy, Hatton 1906-07
Sutherlin, C. Wilner 1929
Reeves, Henry 1908
Davis, R. Cooper 1930
Ricketson, James E. 1909-10
Turner, Henry 1931
Campbell, Walter R. 1911-12
Calhoun, Frank F., Jr. 1932
Dye, A. Luther 1933
LAGRANGE WOMAN'S CLUB. In 1908, Mrs. Sallie Boykin Cary organ- ized the LaGrange Woman's Club and was elected the first president. Like the other clubs of the Georgia Federation, which it joined in 1909, this club was organized for civic, philanthropic and cultural purposes. It was di- vided into a number of departments which followed as near as possible the Federation departmental system, and during the twenty-five years of its existence most of these sections have continued to function. The child welfare, community service, fine arts, American home, garden, and junior sections have been especially successful.
Splendid contributions have been made to the patients at Alto and Mil- ledgeville, Red Cross, Christmas seals, Camp Viola for undernourished chil- dren, Tallulah Falls School, and many other worthy causes. A number of scholarships have been given for student aid. The club has maintained a scholarship at Tallulah Falls for two years.
The civics, community service, and garden sections have inaugurated, planted and supervised a city park and a playground, and has planted hun- dreds of trees, shrubs and roses on the highway.
The child welfare section has conducted a clinic for diphtheria and other preventable diseases in pre-school children for many years.
The fine arts section has exerted a cultural influence in the community by giving concerts and bringing celebrated artists to the city, also sponsoring fine collections of paintings, etc.
The club met in the homes of the members for many years. In 1911, the Heard House on Church Street was bought for a club house for $3,- 300.00, on which a part payment was made from the small sum that the club had been able to save, and the balance was borrowed from the LaGrange
Clark, Eugene B. 1913
Harwell, Frank
1914
Park, Howard P. 1925
Almand, Henry G. 1926
178
HISTORY OF TROUP COUNTY
National Bank through the courtesy of Fuller E. Callaway, the following women indorsing the note and forming a body of trustees for the club: Mesdames Enoch Callaway, C. M. Awtrey, C. V. Truitt, W. A. Holmes, F. E. Callaway, Sarah Reid, T. A. Atkinson and Clifford Smith. This note was paid in the course of time, and in 1920 the trustees deeded the building to the club. It was not used by the club, however, till 1921, the rents be- ing used to help pay the debt. It was at this time that the club put into existence the principal project for which it had been working for many years: a public library.
This library was maintained almost entirely by the club until 1926, when the old club house was torn down and replaced by a beautiful new library and club house. The library has continued to be the principal activity of the club. During the years since 1926 up to the present, 1933, the club has contributed $3,441.36 as its share of the expense of maintaining the building and running the library, in addition to the contribution of the club towards the erection of the building.
The club has won the district gavel many times for its excellent work, the Tallulah Falls gavel, and the General Federation prize of fifty dollars for its Book Week observance. This prize was used to purchase two etchings for the library.
Mrs. Clifford Smith served the club for fourteen years as president, and Mrs. Henry Reeves for three years. The following women have served as presidents of the club:
Mrs. Sallie Boykin Cary
Mrs. Howard P. Park
Mrs. Clifford Smith
Mrs. Jarrell Dunson
Mrs. Sarah White Dunson Mrs. L. D. Mitchell
Mrs. Henry Woodyard Mrs. F. C. Ferrell
Mrs. H. H. Childs
Mrs. Henry Reeves
The following members constitute the officers, who have been elected for the current year of 1933:
Miss Margaret Edmondson President Mrs. Render Terrell. Secretary Mrs. J. T. Nichols. ...... First Vice-President Mrs. T. L. Arnett. Treasurer
Mrs. Neil Glass. Second Vice-President
WEST POINT WOMAN'S CLUB. When the realization of what organized women could do was first sweeping the country in 1898, a group of West Point women with a vision of accomplishment banded themselves together as the West Point Woman's Club.
From the beginning the objects of the club were "social, literary and hu- manitarian." Interesting women of all denominations met in friendly in- tercourse to exchange ideas under the cheering influence of the "cup of
179
ORGANIZATIONS
tea." Picnics and outings as well as the annual club reception in Septem- ber were all parts of the social aspects of the club. The literary and cul- tural features were in the form of well-executed programs including the study of travel, music and art, suggestions on home making, and always the high lights in current events. A deep interest was developed in civic affairs for the betterment of the community in public buildings, schools, welfare of the poor, care of the cemetery, and the like.
For a number of years the membership approximated thirty members, and under the wise direction of Mrs. J. Lindsay Johnson, at that time president of the Georgia Federation of Woman's Clubs, the club joined the federation in 1899, and acceded to the suggestion that the club be unlimited in numbers.
Standing as a monument of achievement of the club, is the City Audito- rium, wherein are provided quarters for the club, Chamber of Commerce, Welfare Association, and the Boy Scouts. Credit also is given the club for the establishment of the Hawkes Children's Library, which is elsewhere de- scribed in these pages. The activity of the club made possible the bonds for the school building, the pride of the city.
The care of the cemetery has always been a part of the club plans, and under the leadership of Mrs. E. F. Lanier funds for the fence and gate were provided. The club has always maintained a chairman of cemetery main- tenance, among whom the following are noted: Mrs. Benjamin T. Smith, Mrs. E. F. Lanier, Mrs. Clarence Hudmon, Mrs. John H. Horsley, Mrs. Lewis Askew and Mrs. Grady Webb.
Under the direction of the civic chairman and in the interest of beautifi- cation of the city, shrubs have been planted at the new school buildings, both at the white and the colored schools.
Under the direction of the forestry chairman, Mrs. Harold Parker, a be- ginning has been made for the beautification of the highway from West Point to LaGrange, and replacements and extension will be continued.
Plans for a garden section of the club are being worked out with Mrs. George H. Lanier as chairman, and plans for a Junior Woman's Club are being considered in the hope that a junior club may result.
Much attention has been given in the past few years to social enter- tainments, both for the social intercourse and for the securing of funds for various projects by means of enjoyable entertainments.
For the past two years the club has been interestingly entertained by the dramas given under the direction of Mrs. Jack Hodnett, Jr., who is chair- man of drama. The audiences and the participants have been very enthu- siastic over the renditions.
180
HISTORY OF TROUP COUNTY
The welfare work of the club has been under the direction of the chair- man of social service, Mrs. Edmund F. Cook, who is also president of the West Point Welfare Association.
Each year an active chairman handles the sale of Christmas seals in sup- port of the Georgia Tubercular Association, and the present chairman is Mrs. William Keith; and the club annually conducts the campaign for Red Cross members under the direction of C. E. Wright, representative of the Red Cross in West Point.
In 1912 the club was chartered, and many of the present active members were included in the roll of charter members. The list of the charter members follows:
Adams, Mrs. David L.
Heyman, Miss Bertha
Adams, Miss Emma
Heyman, Mrs. Lee
Avary, Mrs. J. Arch
Humphrey, Mrs. Robert T.
Bankston, Mrs. W. Trox
Higginbotham, Mrs. W. B.
Clarke, Miss Carrie
Logan, Mrs. J. G.
Cohen, Mrs. Morris
Lovelace, Mrs. John L.
Crowder, Mrs. R. L.
McAfee, Mrs. M. J.
Cumbee, Mrs. Edward L.
McCulloh, Mrs. Mark
Dixon, Mrs. Mary
McKemie, Mrs. J. Courtney
Fullerton, Mrs. Claude L.
McNamara, Mrs. P. Joseph
Hagedorn, Mrs. Max
Mitchell, Mrs. Edgar
Hagedorn, Mrs. Philip
Omer, Mrs. L. M.
Hagedorn, Mrs. Zach
O'Neal, Mrs. Rance
Harris, Mrs. Anna
Oslin, Mrs. Mary
Herford, Miss Marjory
Poer, Mrs. John M.
Herford, Mrs. William B.
Shaefer, Mrs. Mollie
Herzberg, Mrs. Helen
Scott, Mrs. Fannie
Herzberg, Mrs. Hetty Lou
Stanfield, Mrs. W. H.
Heyman, Mrs. B.
Tatum, Mrs. P. A.
In February, 1933, the club celebrated its thirty-fifth anniversary. The club has continuously served its members, its city, and its citizens and those of the communities which it brings together.
On the organization of the West Point Woman's Club, the officers were limited to a term of two years' consecutive office holding. The presidents of the club commencing with the year of organization in 1898 are as follows:
Lang, Mrs. Ed 1898-1900
Heyman, Miss Bertha 1910-12
Adams, Mrs. David L. 1900-02
McNamara, Mrs. P. J. 1912-14
Herford, Mrs. W. B.
1902-04
Avery, Mrs. J. A. 1914-15
Humphrey, Mrs. R. T.
1904-06
Wright, Mrs. C. E. 1915-16
Bankston, Mrs. W. Trox
1906-08
Avery, Mrs. J. A. 1916-17
Humphrey, Mrs. R. T. 1908-10
Bankston, Mrs. W. Trox 1917-19
181
ORGANIZATIONS
McCulloh, Mrs. Mark 1919-21
Wallace, Mrs. James M.
1926-27
Poer, Mrs. J. M. 1921-23
Cook, Mrs. Edmund F. 1927-29
Hodnett, Mrs. H. J. 1929-31
Byrd, Mrs. Mark M. 1931-33
McCulloh, Mrs. Hugh, Jr. 1933-
LAGRANGE BAPTIST WOMAN'S MISSIONARY UNION. During the pastor- ate of M. B. Hardin in 1882, the Woman's Missionary Union of the First Baptist Church of LaGrange was organized with twenty-eight members, and the following officers:
President
Mrs. John Pitts. Mrs. U. B. Frost Secretary
Mrs. J. C. Forbes Treasurer
The following consecrated women have acted as presidents during the fifty or more years that the society has diligently labored to carry on the work of Christ: Mesdames F. M. Longley, C. C. Cox, A. T. Cason, W. V. Gray, P. G. Awtrey, W. A. Reeves, R. S. O'Neal, and Misses Ella Mclendon and Alice Amoss. Miss Amoss served for fourteen years.
During the administration of Mrs. P. G. Awtrey, a handsome new organ was bought and presented to the church by the union.
During the administration of Mrs. W. A. Reeves there was the greatest increase in the size and number of circles, and in the general excellence of the work. The Bible department under Mrs. Duke Davis won the Western Association award for a number of years.
The union is active in the support of Camp Viola, and their work in be- half of home and foreign missions is deserving of highest praise. At this date, 1933, the union has two hundred and eighty members, and is di- vided into nine circles. The officers for 1933 are as follows:
Mrs. R. S. O'Neal President
Mrs. L. C. Schaudies Vice-President
Mrs. Enoch Callaway, Sr. Second Vice-President
Mrs. Frank Stevens. Secretary
Mrs. E. C. Market Treasurer
PRESBYTERIAN LADIES' AID SOCIETY. The Ladies' Aid Society of the La- Grange Presbyterian Church was organized in 1835, and has been noted from that time to the present day for its many benevolent activities. Among its first projects were the purchase of the first church organ, and the assumption of all the expenses of the church except the salary of the pastor.
During the Civil War this society was disbanded in order to form the "Soldiers' Aid Society," which was composed of all the women of the town.
DeLamar, Mrs. Mary 1923-24
Hudmon, Mrs. W. C.
1924-25
McCulloh, Mrs. Hugh, Sr. 1925-26
182
HISTORY OF TROUP COUNTY
These women ministered to the sick and wounded soldiers, and after this work was over, they reorganized their own societies and took up their sep- arate interests once more.
By their diligence and devotion these noble women were enabled to can- cel $3,000.00 of the indebtedness of the present beautiful church. Mrs. Thomas A. Boddie was a member of this body for sixty-seven years, and Mrs. J. L. Schaub for fifty-one years.
UNITED DAUGHTERS OF THE CONFEDERACY. The LaGrange Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy was organized July 3, 1897, under the leadership of Mrs. A. V. Heard, better known as Miss Queen Heard. The chapter entertained the state convention in 1902, at which time the Con- federate monument on Court Square was unveiled. This monument bears this inscription:
"Erected by the LaGrange Chapter, United Daughters of the Confed- eracy to the memory of our Confederate soldiers-those who fought and died, and those who fought and lived. In our hearts they perish not."
The aims and objectives of the LaGrange Chapter can best be stated in the words of the creed of the general organization:
"We are daughters of the Confederacy to preserve in loving remem- brance the memory of those who gave their lives to the Confederacy and to protect their last resting places from neglect and obliteration; to care for the needy ones who still abide with us; to guard the truths of his- tory; to educate worthy young people who are descendants of Confederate veterans; and by mutual study and research to keep alive for many years a distinctly Southern womanhood."
The LaGrange Chapter through the years of its existence has been the ac- tive Memorial Association, of which Mrs. Caroline E. Gay was president for so many years. Among the names of those who presided over the chapter the following are noted: Mrs. A. V. Heard, Mrs. Caroline E. Gay, Mrs. Sarah Reid, Mrs. Eugenia Nix, Mrs. F. T. Reid, Mrs. R. O. Pharr, Mrs. Henry Reeves, Mrs. J. L. Bradfield, Mrs. J. J. Milam, Mrs. Enoch Callaway, Sr., Mrs. Roy Dallis, Mrs. L. D. Allen, Mrs. T. G. Polhill, and Miss Mattie McGee.
CHARTER MEMBERS
Bigham, Mrs. M. J. Boyd, Mrs. Mary A. Burks, Miss A. F. Callaway, Mrs. Fannie Banks Fitts, Mrs. B. B. Gay, Mrs. Caroline E. Gorham, Miss .I. L.
Gorham, Mrs. Z. T. Heard, Mrs. A. V. Herring, Mrs. S. J. Hooten, Miss Lutie May Hooten, Mrs. N. J. Hutchinson, Mrs. N. R. Longley, Mrs. F. M.
McCaine, Miss Mary McFarlane, Mrs. Ida Mooty, Miss Tommie B. Newsom, Mrs. W. H. Nix, Mrs. Eugenia Gay Park, Mrs. L. M. Pitts, Mrs. Littleton
183
ORGANIZATIONS
Ragland, Mrs. Sallie H.
Ridley, Miss Julia
Tomlinson, Mrs. J. M.
Rakestraw, Mrs. M. E.
Speer, Mrs. G. A.
Toole, Miss E. J.
Ward, Mrs. M. A.
Reid, Miss M. E.
Strong, Miss Frances
Swanson, Mrs. Graves
Thornton, Miss Elizabeth
Witherspoon, Mrs. Philo
DAUGHTERS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. In 1894 a small but flour- ishing chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution was organized as the eighth in the state, the Atlanta chapter being the first in 1891. This chapter was called, "The Susannah Elliott Chapter," but it was afterward disbanded. The LaGrange Chapter, as at present constituted, was organized on February 5, 1920, with twenty-three charter members. The LaGrange Chapter was named not only for the beloved "City of Elms and Roses," but also in honor of LaGrange, the ancestral home of the Marquis de LaFayette, French hero, who aided America so materially in her struggle for independ- ence. The officers of this charter member band were:
Mrs. Alice M. Rushton King (B. J. K.) Regent
Mrs. Birt Thomas Park (H. P. P.) Vice-Regent
Mrs. Mary Park Polhill (T. G. P.) Recording Secretary
Mrs. Mary Lane Hutchinson (Frank H.) Corresponding Secretary
Miss Annie Newton Registrar
Mrs. Jennie Evans Bradfield (J. L. B.) Treasurer
Mrs. Mattie Turner Faver (J. D. F.) Historian
CHARTER MEMBERS
Awtrey, Mrs. Ada M. (P. G.)
Awtrey, Mrs. Nemie F. (C. M.)
Bateman, Mrs. Erroldine H. (T. D.)
Bradfield, Mrs. Jennie E. (J. L.)
Callaway, Mrs. Ida C. (F. E.)
Callaway, Mrs. Lula W. (E. R.) Dallis, Mrs. Ruth E. (Roy D.)
Davis, Mrs. Sarah B. (W. S.)
Faver, Mrs. Mattie T. (J. D.)
Gerlach, Mrs. Sarah L. (R. F.)
Hooker, Mrs. Louise S. (Scroope)
Hutchinson, Mrs. Mary L. (Frank)
King, Mrs. Alice M. R. (B. J.)
Lane, Mrs. Mamie B. (R. R.)
Newton, Miss Annie
Newton, Miss Janie
Parham, Mrs. Daisy R. (V. S.)
Park, Mrs. A. Elizabeth S. (R. H.)
Park, Mrs. Birt T. (H. P.) Phillips, Mrs. Julia (Robert)
Polhill, Mrs. Mary P. (T. G.)
Strong, Mrs. Mary I. R. (J. B.)
Terrell, Mrs. Lena M. (Henry)
REGENTS OF THE CHAPTER
1920 Mrs. B. J. King
1920-22 Mrs. C. M. Awtrey
1922-23 Miss Annie Newton
1924-25 Mrs. E. T. Moon
1925-27 Mrs. J. L. Bradfield
1927-29 Mrs. T. G. Polhill
1929-31 Miss Mattie McGee
1931-32 Mrs. H. R. Slack
1932-33 Mrs. T. G. Polhill
1934- Mrs. J. D. Faver
Reid, Mrs. J. B.
Strong, Miss Elizabeth
Ware, Mrs. J. J.
Ridley, Mrs. C. B.
Whitfield, Mrs. E. G.
Ridley, Miss Ellie
Thornton, Mrs. J. P.
184
HISTORY OF TROUP COUNTY
The LaGrange Chapter has awarded prizes each year in the High School for excellence in American history and citizenship. Scholarships have been given to LaGrange College and the Penn Studios. A chapter of Children of the Revolution was organized by Mrs. Polhill, the second such chapter in the state. The bi-centennial of the birth of George Washington was celebrated during the regency of Mrs. H. R. Slack by planting a tree in the city park with a suitable marker.
LAGRANGE LIBRARY CLUB. One of the first Woman's clubs in the state was organized in LaGrange in 1897 by Mrs. Enoch Callaway, who acted as the president for several years, and represented the club at the first state fed- eration meeting in Rome, Georgia, in that year. The object of this club was to found a library. The meeting was held in the old council room, which occupied a part of the space where the present Masonic hall is now located. A small but select library was installed in this building, and Mrs. I. H. Lane and Mrs. Daniel Curtright acted as librarians. Dr. Callaway was of great assistance to the club in financing the library and furnishing the room. A small fee was charged for library membership, but this was found to be hard to collect, and finally the library was given to the public schools, and made the nucleus of the present school libraries. The club disbanded after dis- posing of the library.
CHAPTER XXII. ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES
RIMITIVE. The original type of houses built by the pioneers was adopted from the Indian design. The floor plan was simple, being that of two rectangles separated by a space, and the entire structure covered by a continuous gabled roof of boards. The intervening space was some- times floored over and sometimes merely raised with carefully packed earth, and was used by the Indians as a meeting place for a council, by the pioneers as a porch or a daylight sitting room when the weather permitted. The name given to this part of the cabin by the pioneers tells the story of other occu- pants for at least part of the time, as it was called the "dog trot."
Wide and high fireplaces of stone capped by a chimney built of sticks and mud constituted the heating and cooking facilities of the indoors. Chimney corner seats within the cavernous fireplace were the choice seats in winter, during which season the homefires never died, but heaps of ashes kept live coals through a whole season. Huge logs constituted the fuel.
The barns, stables, cribs and houses of the quarters or servant houses con- tinued to be made of logs long after the "big house" became a mansion.
The difficulties of transportation of window glass over rough trails made the use of transparent windows prohibitively expensive; hence most of the window openings were closed with rude wooden shutters, which were seldom opened in winter or closed in summer.
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