USA > Georgia > Memoirs of Georgia; containing historical accounts of the state's civil, military, industrial and professional interests, and personal sketches of many of its people. Vol. I > Part 24
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Needs of Georgia Agriculture .- Agriculture in Georgia needs for its full devel- opment the inauguration of a system based on improvement of the soil as the primal consideration. The development of the fertility of the soil is possible when there exists a soil. The thorough tillage and pulverization of the earth is the first step to secure increased fertility in the soil. The judicious terracing of hillsides and lands subject to washing away is important to preserve the soil of fields in cultivation. Diversified and intensive farming are essential factors in improving the condition of the soil and those who till it. Rotation of crops, and the planting of crops suitable to the location of the particular plat of land, will be found of great practical benefit. The limit of the productive capacity of an acre of Georgia soil has never been reached or determined. A system that will
163
INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES.
return to the soil more fertility than has been taken from it and keep and main- tain it in proper condition at all seasons will enable the farmer to approximate the capacity of the soil to produce. The possibilities of Georgia soil under a wise and comprehensive system are great.
MANUFACTURING IN GEORGIA.
Silk Raising .- The policy that led to the establishment of the royal colony of Georgia was the same that in ancient times led to the founding of Carthage by the mother cities of Tyre and Sidon. England wanted to increase her trade and her power. She was contesting with Spain the supremacy of land and sea; and she was engaged in her long and marvelous struggle, decided a century ago in her favor, for the commerce of the world. Spanish fleets from the West Indies continually threatened the devastation of her colonies along the Atlantic coast, and she was paying to Piedmont $3,000,000 annually for importation of silk. It was thought by English statesmen that a colony founded to the south of Charleston could be made to perform the double duty of setting bounds to Spanish aggression from the martial province of Florida, and of transferring the silk trade with Piedmont to the American plantations. With the military feature of the colony we are not concerned in this sketch; but the attempt to establish the silk industry in Georgia is of peculiar interest, because it is the beginning of our history of manufacturing, and because of the vast expectations and visions of remunerative commerce it excited in English minds. It was the heroic age of American industry; and although the production of silk in the plantations was doomed to an early fate, it bears for us the charm of being one of the chief causes that led to the foundation of Georgia, and presents to our imagination all the elements of romance.
It was the dream of English economists that the mother country could save imillions of sterling annually if the American colony would produce silk. Joshua Gee, a noted populist, had written: "As this nation (England) very much inclines to the wearing of silk garments in imitation of the French, to the great discour- agement of our woolen manufactures, the manufacture of silk from our plantations would not only make us to supply ourselves, but to be capable of exporting very great quantities of silk fully manufactured."
Twelve years after the founding of Jamestown, Va., eggs of the silk worm were sent to that colony, and the cultivation of mulberry trees was enforced by fines and rewarded by bounties. Every planter, by an act of colonial assembly of 1656, was fined if he did not have at least ten mulberry trees to each hundred acres of land. Hartlib, in an essay published in 1652-5 says that the " 'bottoms,' or cocoons, raised in Virginia were so large as to be the wonder of the world; to the glory of the Creator and exaltation of Virginia." But all efforts failed, and the silk industry in Virginia died, partly for want of encouragement from England, and partly from the lack of trained workmen, who were prevented from coming to America by Cromwell's navigation laws. The culture of silk in the Carolinas also met with an early fate. These two colonies exported only 251 pounds of silk in the twenty-five years from 1731 to 1755. When the revolutionary war put a stop to English bounties it also put an end to silk culture. The experiment in Georgia was more successful. When, in 1732, Georgia was separated from Carolina and made a distinct province, it was the aim of the trustees that silk should be raised as the principal article of export. On every ten acres of cleaned land 100 white mulberry trees were to be planted. The colonial seal consisted of a device showing the silk-worms weaving their cocoons and bearing the motto:
164
MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
Non sibi sed alias. "Not for ourselves but for others." Oglethorpe was of the opinion that 40,000 or 50,000 people might be profitably employed in the silk industry, and that the cost of production would be 25 per cent. less than the cost of its production in Piedmont. In 1734-35 the general carried to Eng- land a package of eight pounds of Georgia raised silk, which Sir Thomas Lambe, by the royal command, had woven at his factory. This was made into a robe for Queen Caroline, and worn by her majesty on the king's birthday in 1735. The trustees sent over a number of skilled workers from Piedmont to teach the colonists the art of manufacture. Every colonist had to plant mulberry trees or keep them standing where they had been planted, and liberal bounties were offered by England for the production of silk. This latter greatly stimulated the industry. The colonists soon became very skillful in the business. In 1739, as we find recorded in "An Impartial Inquiry into the State and Utility of the Province of Georgia," printed in London in 1741, "Some was brought over by one Mr. Samuel Auspourquer, who has made an affidavit that he saw the Italian family winding it off from the balls. It was viewed by Mr. Zachary, an eminent raw silk merchant, and Mr. Booth, one of our greatest weavers, who affirmed it to be as fine as any Italian silk, or any they would wish to use, and that it was worth at least twenty shillings per pound." Here we are given an expert opinion upon the quality of Georgia silk.
The muse was summoned to celebrate the triumph of Georgia silk. Upon the occasion of Gen. Oglethorpe's visit to England bearing the eight pounds of silken thread that was thought to be an augury of the success of British trade, the muse did not hesitate to predict a great commerce from the new colony:
"The merchant hence unwrought the silk imports, To which we owe the blaze of queens and courts,"
which may very probably be an allusion to Queen Caroline's robe of Georgia silk. Another poet prophesied that
"Hence annual vessels shall to Europe sail With the gay treasures of the silky spoil."
But the colonists must not rest satisfied with the production of a few pounds, and the statesmen and poets of the mother country united in an effort to encourage the colonists to greater activity. The author of "A True and Historical Narrative of the Colony of Georgia" says that they could instance a hundred hackney muses, "but confined themselves to the celebrated performance of the Rev. Samuel Wes- ley, where we might well expect a sufficient stock of truth and religion to coun- terbalance of poetical license." After commanding Georgia merchants to "bring wine no more, or from the Iberian or the Tuscan shore," and inviting France herself to "drink her best champagne," as all these were to be produced abundantly in the "young province," Mr. Wesley cautions the general against neglecting the golden possibilities of the silk-worn:
"Nor less the care, Of thy young province, to oblige the fair; Here tend the silk-worm in the verdant shade The frugal matron and the blooming maid."
Under the stimulus of a poetic policy on the part of the statesmen, and a politic poetry on the part of the bards, the colonists devoted their best energies to the production of silk. The town of New Ebenezer, one of the "dead towns"
165
INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES.
of Georgia, where the "wandering emigrants," as the persecuted Protestants of Salzburg were called, had settled, led in the culture of silk. In 1747 these Salzburgers produced one-half of all the silk of the colony. They continued the industry several years after the other colonists had abandoned it for the more profitable raising of cotton and rice. The reels used by them were of their own manufacture, and were so admirably adapted to the work that one of them was sent to England as a model, and another to the East Indies. The following table, which is compiled from Jones' "Dead Towns," McCall's History, and from the United States census reports, gives the production of silk in Georgia, as far as it can be ascertained, from 1735 to 1772:
SILK PRODUCTION IN GEORGIA.
1735-Enough to make a robe for Queen Caroline.
1747-847 pounds of cocoons.
1748-850 pounds of cocoons (estimated).
1749-762 pounds of cocoons and fifty pounds of spun silk.
1750-6,300 pounds of cocoons at filature.
1750-54-Value of raw silk exported, $8,800.
1756-268 pounds of raw silk exported.
1757-1,052 pounds of cocoons received at filature.
1758-7,040 pounds of cocoons received at filature.
1759-Excess of 10,000 pounds of cocoons at Savannah.
1764-15,512 pounds of cocoons produced.
1766-20,000 pounds of cocoons produced.
1768-1,084 pounds raw silk sent to England.
1758-68-In ten years 100,000 pounds of cocoons at filature.
1770-291 pounds raw silk produced.
1771-438 pounds raw silk produced. Silk raising confined to New Ebenezer.
1772-485 pounds raw silk produced.
1755-72-In seventeen years 8,829 pounds of raw silk exported.
It will be seen that the industry reached its most productive period in 1766, when 20,000 pounds of cocoons were produced. From 1770 the industry was confined to New Ebenezer. Operations at the filature in Savannah ceased in 1771, and Sir James Wright, the royal governor, suggested to the common house of assembly in 1774 that the building should be used for some other purpose. The cessation of the royal bounties, which was the immediate result of the war with England, was the finishing stroke, and the prediction ventured upon by Judge Law in his oration at the celebration of the first anniversary of the Georgia Historical society, in 1840, tliat "silk is doubtless destined to bring again into utility our exhausted soils and greatly to increase the wealth and capital of our state" has not been fulfilled. But the effort to establish the silk trade had given an interesting and instructive page to the history of Georgia, and may serve to teach the needful lesson that bounties and tariffs cannot secure for an industry successful competition with other countries more favorably conditioned for its pursuit.
Among these futile efforts to legislate against the laws of nature and create prosperity by decree, may be mentioned the act of George II., 1749, which provided that raw silk from the American plantations should be admitted free of duty and that Georgia and South Carolina should be known as the "Silk Colonies," a right they have long since forfeited. In 1754 George II. directed that a silver seal should be made for Georgia with the device of a figure presenting a skein
1
166
MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
of silk to his majesty and the motto: "Hinc laudem sperate coloni." All this royal solicitude was in vain. By the time of the revolution the industry was in its last stages of decay. During that war it is recorded by Thomas McCall that French settlers at New Bordeaux, seventy miles north of Augusta, supplied "much of the high country" with sewing silk spun from their own cocoons. In 1790 two hundred-weight of raw silk was purchased in Georgia for export, the price paid being eighteen to twenty-six shillings a pound. This is the last men- tion of the silk industry.
GENERAL MANUFACTURES.
The "frugal matron and the blooming maid" no longer tend silk-worms on the white mulberry trees which were the pride of the trustees, the dream of England, and the despair of the colonists. They have turned their hands and cares to more profitable pursuits. It was inevitable that the industry should fail; and it has yielded room for other occupations better suited to our climate, latitude and soil .. As soon as Georgia devoted her attention to such industries as were adapted to her condition and resources, she began a development which increases in greater proportion than her population, and which is destined to put her in the foremost rank of the states of the Union. It is an error to suppose, as is too often done, that manufactures were neglected in the "Old South" and that since the war. they are of recent development and largely due to the inflow of northern energy In thousands of homes throughout the south the "frugal matron and the blooming maid," of the Rev. Mr. Wesley's poem, who had abandoned the unprofitable silk reels, spun and wove cotton and wool into clothing for their households. They had laid their hands to the spindle and their hands held the distaff. Cotton manufactories, blomary iron forges, naileries, smithies, and little unpretentious factories, wherein were made the few implements and manufactured articles that were needed in those days of "plain living and high thinking" were springing up everywhere. There is no record of them and the world no longer accepts traditions without sustaining documents. But they were the germs of the stupendous manufacturing industries of the south of to-day, and the greater south of to-morrow.
In 1810, at the third census enumeration, the national government made the first attempt to get statistics of the manufacturing industries of the country. That year, therefore, is the era of manufacture, the dawn of authentic history. It was ascertained by the census that in 1810 the manufactured products of Georgia and the two Carolinas were greater, both in variety and in value, than the manu- factured products of all New England. What a change has taken place in eighty years. To-day the south operates 2,774,087 spindles-to limit the comparison to one industry, and the very one in which the south should lead the world- while New England operates more than 12,000,000. From 1810 to 1860 the growth of manufacturing at the south was rapid. In the latter year out of a total value of what was known as home-made manufactures of $24,300,000, the south was credited with $16,500,000. The war not only put a stop to all development, but involved the south in such disaster that manufacturing was impossible. New England eagerly took advantage of the situation. She had capital and labor, the south had neither. The raw products of the south went to New England factories, and the south by reason of helplessness suffered a second spoliation at the hands of her late enemy. Conditions are rapidly changing, however, and the growth of manufacturing is now more marked at the south than it is in any other section of the country. The situation has been admirably summed up by a recent writer who says: "It (the south) has accumulated capital enough
167
INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES.
to undertake very extensive manufacturing. It has demonstrated that the south- ern man makes a successful manufacturer and as skilled a mechanic as the northern man or the Englishman, and that the climate is rather advantageous than otherwise to successful and profitable work. In iron, cotton and lumber manufacture it is not a question whether the south can hold its own against other sections, but whether other sections can compete with the south."
What is true of the south is doubly true of Georgia, because in variety of climate, soil, natural resources, products of agriculture, and in the energy and. thriftiness of the people she is the heart of the south. She was founded as a manufacturing colony, a history that no other state can boast. She led her sister colonies in the manufacture of silk, and her development since the war has been such as to indicate that she will be the center of southern industries. The list of manufactures in Georgia, as disclosed by the census of 1810, is remarkable. It shows that manufacturing has sprung up in small industries everywhere, and that its extent was very much greater than is generally supposed. As given in the report, the list includes "cotton goods in families, etc., cotton manufacturing establishments, flaxen goods in families, etc., mixed goods and hempen, chiefly mixed; blended and unnamed cloths and stuffs, woolen goods in families, etc .; bagging for cotton or hemp, flaxen and mixed goods, stockings, carding machines, spinning wheels, looms, labor-saving machinery, drawing and roving machines, mules, billies, jennies, looms with fly shuttles, spinning frames, spindles, blomaries, forges, naileries, soap and candles, tanneries, deer-skins, distilleries, breweries, gun- powder mills and saw-mills," which last are classed as "articles of doubtful nature." We can see in this list, which has great historic interest and value, the early begin- nings of our manufactures of the present day. We do not find fertilizers, cotton-seed oil and meal, marble, stone, crackers, confections and "patent medicines," which constitute a large proportion of the manufactured products of Georgia at the present time. The first was not needed in the virgin soil, and the others are products created to supply new demands in the world of trade.
The following table shows the growth of Georgia manufactures since 1850, the earliest date from which definite statements are obtainable:
Year.
No. Estab- lishments.
Capital Invested.
Hands Employed.
Wages Paid.
Value Material.
Value Products.
1850
1.422
$5,456,183
8,368
$1,709,664
$3.404.917
$7,082,075
1860
1,890
10,890,875
II.575
2.925, 148
9.986,532
16,925. 564
1870
3.836
13,930,125
17,87I
4.844, 508
18,583,751
31, 196,115
1880
3.593
20,672,410
24,875
5,266, 152
24,143 939
36,440 948
1890
4,285
56,383
17, 312,196
35.774,480
68,917,020
From 1880 to 1890, the increase in value of the manufactured product of the United States, was 69.31 per cent. During the same period the increase in the value of these products in Georgia was 90 per cent. In 1880, wages in Georgia were $211.70 per capita; in 1890, $307.04; an increase of 45 per cent. The percentage of increase in wages for the United States for the same period was 39. The increase in population in Georgia during the same decade was 19.14 per cent., showing that the growth of manufacturing is greatly in excess of the growth of the population.
The development in manufacturing was also far greater than the growth of wealth. In 1860, the real and personal property of the south was worth
I68
MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
$6,332,456,289. In 1870, after the loss of all property in slaves, in cotton, in the general devastation of war, the value of all property was $4,401,462,507. The wvar had cost the south about $2,500,000,000. In 1880, the south had slightly more than recovered her lost ground, and the value of all property was $7,641,000,000. In 1890 the value was $11,534,261,685. Taking this rate of increase as a basis for the estimate, the present value of all property is not less than $15,000,000,000 in 1894. The rate of increase in property is over 50 per cent; while the increase in manufactures in Georgia is 90 per cent. In other words, while the population of Georgia will double in about forty years-at the present rate-the value of all property will double in about twenty years; and the value of manufactures will double in about ten years.
At this point, before we taken up the history and development of separate industries, it will be of interest to consider the general condition of manufacturing in the state in 1860. In that year the state was at its highest point of ante-bellum prosperity. The old order, in which the most prominent features were slavery and the extensive plantations, had more than doubled the wealth of the southern states in a single decade, from 1850 to 1860. It had, possibly, done its greatest work, because the old order was already passing away. For these reasons the condition of every southern state in 1860 will always be the basis for future com- parisons to illustrate development and prosperity. In Georgia, in 1860, the true value of all property according to the national census, was $645,895,237. In 1870, it was only $268,169,207. In 1880, it was $606,000,000. In 1890, it was $852,409,449.
The following table shows the condition of manufactures in every county in the state that had any to report, and the condition in the state as a whole. It is given in its entirety because of its great historic value.
169
INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES.
MANUFACTURES IN GEORGIA BY COUNTIES IN 1860.
Employés.
Counties.
No. of
Establish-
ments.
Cost of Raw Material.
Male. Female
Annual Cost of Labor.
Annual Value of Product.
Baker
4
$ 13,800
$ 20,450
12
$ 2,760
$ 30,412
Baldwin
19
146.725
178.233
123
79
40,348
269, 898
Berrien
7
45,200
14.700
18
4,932
22,725
Bibb
88
955,13I
460,030
719
78
308,664
1,003,824
Brooks
13
8,175
6,923
34
9.024
24,570
Bryan
5
31,000
12,000
IO
2,412
19,240
Bulloch
9
15,600
14,440
21
5, 100
32,290
Burke
32
92 000
265,02C
89
I
27,600
427,143
Butts
6
54.500
49,700
60
30
17.520
76,500
Calhoun
4
10.700
9,197
14
I
3,624
16.650
Camden
7
78.750
88.390
94
9
20,508
147,756
Campbell.
13
84,900
44,771
71
58
19,728
83,609
Carroll
42
37.886
88,945
77
2
47,256
211,750
Catoosa.
16
38,800
123,775
55
I
22,644
210,620
Charlton.
5
73,500
83,000
181
3
42,504
1 50,355
Chatham
38
913,400
1,273.393
654
20
270,216
1,917,357
Chattahoochee
18
18,475
55,625
21
4,248
68,671
Chattooga
5
87,000
29,567
29
50
10,920
48,700
Cherokee .
7
17,200
23, 150
28
I
3 432
33,600
Clarke.
.36
294,700
218,823
229
136
70 224
398.838
Clay.
28
46 060
62,851
84
23.616
116.897
Clayton
II
29,100
20.760
21
5,076
30,400
Cobb
16
468.453
383 051
260
256
97,188
676,609
Columbia
5
99,500
16,356
70
5
13,956
59,270
Colquitt
4
9,000
2,325
II
2,400
6,890
Coweta
58
192, 560
191,777
174
4
45.768
294.720
Crawford
5
20,900
5,600
15
3,180
11,4CO
Dawson
4
6,400
3,064
6
1,080
4,959
Decatur
15
107,100
71,650
100
35
28,452
143,100
De Kalb
20
37.700
65,679
60
I
13,488
98.325
Dougherty
19
46,000
14 620
91
I
24.300
64,580
Echols .
5
4,600
12,700
IO
1,980
22,250
Effingham
4
32,500
6,6co
53
3
10,584
34,900
Elbert
40
70,575
199,206
87
20
22.512
263,252
Fannin
4
306,700
19.962
68
18,144
48.400
Floyd
6
93.500
44,475
100
12
34,080
100,800
Franklin.
8
5,800
5, 100
12
2,460
15,825
Fulton
15
770,600
198,781
319
110,484
414,336
Gilmer
3
2,050
900
6
I
1, 596
2,375
Glynn
I
16,000
7,000
9
3,240
13,300
Gordon
23
54,875
26,544
74
15.456
50,295
Greene .
17
152,100
204,475
III
85
29,784
283,090
Habersham
=
24,050
26,933
26
6,960
40,372
Hall. .
6
17,275
164.300
35
11,352
21,100
Hancock
18
122,400
5.600
96
ICO
34,200
244,922
Haralson
6
II,OCO
8.700
7
1,224
11.545
Harris
45
79,185
236,626
115
32,012
325,460
Hart
16
16,CO5
9,403
37
5
7,824
19,75I
Houston
38
130,Cco
213,862
128
27
35,916
304,808
Jackson.
18
30,550
61,700
35
6,372
81,044
Jasper
17
55,210
50.274
56
13,824
83,821
Jefferson
6
73,000
57.300
44
12,960
83,000
2
8,000
1 5,000
18
5, 100
30.000
Dade .
12
40,200
5,360
33
8,940
18,750
Dooly
16
19,040
23,375
36
7,404
38,175
Fayette
IO
27,600
48,650
28
5,820
74,500
Clinch.
31
107,615
124,390
175
16,392
121,988
Cass (Bartow)
Capital.
170
MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
MANUFACTURES IN GEORGIA BY COUNTIES IN 1860 .- Continued.
Counties.
No. of
Establish-
ments.
Capital.
Cost of Raw Material.
Male. Female
Annual Cost of Labor.
Annual Value of Product.
Jones
14
$ 72,023
$ 39,405
119
2
$ 21,756
$ 144 000
Laurens
7
9,400
16,Sco
17
2,880
22,625
Lee
6
29,440
31.710
49
14,988
81,373
Lincoln .
IO
16.200
12.580
22
4,596
20,700
Lowndes.
24
39,865
03 750
65
14,316
98.c65
Macon
14
13,175
22,899
39
I
10,044
44,370
Madison
1 5
18,500
15,870
30
2
7,152
34.120
Marion
4
9,900
1,765
I ]
3,420
9,251
McIntosh
IO
217,400
I 16,200
161
9
36.144
197.475
Meriwether
44
69,412
28,822
119
2
29,856
84,775
Monroe.
6
74,500
28,085
53
I
17,664
109,450
Murray .
8 000
21,200
9,585
26
4,200
18,925
Muscogee.
19
808,500
762, 245
540
415
222,912
1,409,711
Newton.
89
200,730
212,379
224
73
13,572
187,343
Pickens
13
27,100
17,724
40
5
10. 332
33,000
Pierce
2
10,000
3,000
30
9,600
34.000
Pike.
37
52,372
107,723
99
30,300
177,857
Polk.
7
9,850
16,776
44
I
14,880
45,800
Pulaski
15
60,200
63,350
46
2
13.380
88,870
Putnam
3
95,000
45,200
49
34
14,760
85,000
Quitman
6
15,340
7,464
26
6,804
17.948
Randolph.
12
18,880
16,221
+
14,808
42,432
Richmond
47
1,057,200
844,400
591
250
234,696
I. 362,642
Schley.
9
13,050
42,784
24
4 512
57,675
Screven
3
34,750
39,000
62
4
18,756
62,400
Spalding.
14
61,000
48,906
86
I
24,960
114.67I
Stewart
9
34,250
33.575
44
13,224
57,150
Sumter
19
25,925
61,811
45
10,596
89. 188
Talbot.
44
90,285
46,650
126
36,552
102,225
Taliaferro
14
17,455
87,062
24
7,608
110, 1 30
Tattnall
22
35,800
13,720
38
4,968
24,525
Taylor
88
103,522
356,505
245
II
42,972
533,433
Terrell
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