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HISTORY
OF
AUDUBON COUNTY IOWA
ITS PEOPLE, INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS
H. F. ANDREWS Editor
.
With Biographical Sketches of Representative Citizens and Genealogical Records of Many of the Old Families
ILLUSTRATED
1915 B. F. BOWEN & COMPANY, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana
14
PURDIE LIBRARY 325820B
DEDICATION.
This work is respectfully dedicated to THE PIONEERS,
long since departed. May the memory of those who laid down their burdens by the wayside ever be fragrant as the breath of summer flowers, for their toils and sacrifices have made Audubon County a garden of sun- shine and delights.
AUTHOR'S FOREWORD
Time flies, never to return. Sixty-four years have flown since the set- tlement of Audubon county. That period lies behind; the future is before us. Posterity will eagerly scan every source of information to be found concerning the history of their forbears. It is the duty to future genera- tions to perpetuate the history of our people. The best time to write history is at the time of its passage; but, in large measure, this has been neglected to the present time. Our people have been too busy in home-making and in wresting sustenance from a new country; their lives too fully occupied with the duties, necessities and cares of every-day life, and often too poor to devote time or attention to preserving records of the events of their lives and acts. When they passed away, perhaps brief obituaries or grave-stones recited their names, ages, etc., all that is now known about them; even this is often wanting. Some of the history of our people can be found in the public records; the newspapers contain mention of individuals and events that have transpired; church and society records tell of their memberships; the monuments of the dead record names and dates of births and deaths of those who lie in the cemeteries; the family Bibles are repositories of the records of others.
The unit of history is the individual; it proceeds into the family, the neighborhood, town, county and state relations; the aggregate forms the history of a given people.
Three principal events enter into the lives of persons-births, marriages and deaths. The record of marriages were by law required to be kept before the settlement of this county, and we find such records kept from the organ- ization of the county. It is doubtful if all marriages which have occurred here since then have been recorded here; many of our people were married before settlement, and some were married outside the county. The records of births and deaths were not required by law to be kept until long after the settlement of the county, and were not kept for many years. Our public vital statistics are far from complete. It is impossible at the present time to discover accurate vital statistics of all people who have lived here, and this is especially true of the early settlers. The current events of the daily lives of
the people have become in large measure obsolete; the early settlers have mostly passed away, and the memories of the few remaining with us are imperfect, their recollections of early events being often contradictory. Most that occurred here in early times, except such as is of record, has been for- gotten, never to be recalled. It is remarkable that so many events of early times have been rescued from oblivion at this late day.
It has been the purpose of this work to compile and preserve some of the principal events and affairs that have transpired in Audubon county since its foundation, in the year 1851, gathered from every available source dis- covered, for future reference and use.
In its preparation the writer has been assisted by very many persons, too numerous to mention even by name, who have been universally kind in imparting information, and who are entitled to my profound, kindest thanks, as well as to the gratitude of the countless posterity who may rejoice in find- ing their contributions.
Exira, Iowa, June, 1915.
H. F. ANDREWS.
PREFACE
All life and achievement is evolution; present wisdom comes from past experience, and present commercial prosperity has come only from past exer- tion and suffering. The deeds and motives of the men who have gone before have been instrumental in shaping the destinies of later communities and state. The development of a new county was at once a task and a privi- lege. It required great courage, sacrifice and privation. Compare the pres- ent conditions of the people of Audubon county, Iowa, with what they were seventy years ago. From a trackless wilderness and virgin land, it has come to be a center of prosperity and civilization, with millions of wealth, systems of railways, grand educational institutions, splendid indus- tries and immense agricultural and mineral productions. Can any think- ing person be insensible to the fascination of the study which discloses the aspirations and efforts of the early pioneers who so strongly laid the founda- tion upon which has been reared the magnificent prosperity of later days? To perpetuate the story of these people and to trace and record the social, polit- ical and industrial progress of the community from its first inception is the function of the local historian. A sincere purpose to preserve facts and per- sonal memoirs that are deserving of perpetuation, and which unite the pres- ent to the past, is the motive for the present publication. A specially valuable and interesting department is that one devoted to the sketches of representa- tive citizens of this county whose records deserve preservation because of their worth, effort and accomplishment. The publishers desire to extend their thanks to the gentlemen who have so faithfully labored to this end. Thanks are also due to the citizens of Audubon county for the uniform kind- ness with which they have regarded this undertaking, and for their many services rendered in the gaining of necessary information.
In placing the "History of Audubon County, Iowa," before the citizens, the publishers can conscientiously claim that they have carried out the plan as outlined in the prospectus. Every biographical sketch in the work has been submitted to the party interested, for correction, and therefore any error of fact, if there be any, is solely due to the person for whom the sketch was prepared. Confident that our effort to please will fully meet the appro- bation of the public, we are,
Respectfully,
THE PUBLISHERS.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I-GEOLOGY, TOPOGRAPHY, ETC.
33 Location of Audubon County-Area-Natural Features-Native Grasses- Prairie Fires-The Soil-The Rivers and Water System-Timber and Groves-The Indians-Their Habits, Customs and Sports-Incidents Con- cerning the Relations of the Red Men and the Whites-An Indian Apollo- Wild Animals-A Hunter's Paradise-A Pen Picture of Early Times Here- Names of Rivers and Places.
CHAPTER IJ-ORGANIZATION OF AUDUBON COUNTY
46
How Named-Legislative Enactments Relating to Creation of the County -Subsequent Changes in Boundaries-An Injustice to Audubon County- First County Election-Locating the County Seat-Political Organizations -Congressional Districts-Senatorial Districts-Representative Districts- Judicial Districts-Constitutional Convention District-Civil Townships- County Seat Aspirations-Organization of New Townships-Unsatisfactory Boundaries-Subsequent Changes-Pioneer Conditions and Improvements- Live Stock-First Death in the Settlement-Mills.
CHAPTER III-OFFICIAL ROSTER 63 Representatives in Congress-Judges of the District Court-Judges of the Circuit Court-Attorney-General-State Senators-Representatives in Leg- islature-County Judges-Treasurers and Recorders-Clerks of Court- County Attorneys-County Auditors-County Treasurers-County Record- ers-Sheriffs-Superintendents of School-County Surveyors-Coroners- Soldier Relief Commission-Boards of Supervisors.
CHAPTER IV-SETTLEMENT OF AUDUBON COUNTY 68
Before the Settlement-The Mormon Trail-Government Surveyors-First Settlement-The Actual First Settler-Settlers. Who Came Before 1861- Old Settlers Now Residing in the County-The Homesteaders-Railroad Lands-Squatters-Contentions with the Railroads-First Events-Early Marriages-First Settlers in the Several Townships.
CHAPTER V-THE FIRST SETTLERS
The Hamlin Family-Nathaniel Hamlin-William P. Hamlin-The Jenkinses -Dr. Samuel M. Ballard-David Edgerton-Reuben Carpenter-The Heaths -A Noted Character-The Herricks-Hon. Daniel M. Harris-The Lewises -Rev. Richard C. Meek-The Hallocks-Other Prominent Pioneers of the County.
82
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER VI-GOVERNMENT SURVEYS AND LAND ENTRIES 135
Dates and Location of Surveys, and by Whom Made-Surveyors' Notes- Original Entries of Government Lands-Some Early Conveyances of Land.
CHAPTER VII-POLITICAL PARTIES AND ELECTIONS 138 Origin of First Settlers-Trend of First Elections-Much Local Excitement in Early Campaigns-Tricky Politics-County-Seat Contests and Other Noteworthy Events.
CHAPTER VIII-COUNTY SEATS AND COUNTY SEAT CONTESTS 144 Dayton Chosen the County Seat-Sale of Town Lots-Holding of the First Court-First Court Officers-First Jury-Petition for Removal of County Seat to Viola-Efforts to Move it to Hamlin-"Woods Rats"-Contest Between Exira and Audubon-Intemperate Newspaper Editorials-Election for New Court House.
CHAPTER IX-RAILROADS, HIGHWAYS AND TRANSPORTATION 159 Old Mormon Trail and Other Early Highways-Laying Out of State and County Roads-Bridges-Modern Road-building-Railroads-Hack Lines, Stages and Mail Lines.
CHAPTER X-AUDUBON COUNTY IN THE CIVIL WAR 164 Population in 1865-Union Soldiers from this County-Drafts-Organization of a Local Militia Company-Muster Rolls-The Audubon County Rifle- men-War-time Incidents.
CHAPTER XI-THE BAR OF AUDUBON COUNTY 173 List of Audubon County Lawyers, Past and Present, with Residences and Periods of Practice.
CHAPTER XII-THE MEDICAL PROFESSION 175 List of Physicians, Past and Present, Who Have Practiced in Audubon County, with Residences and Periods of Practice.
CHAPTER XIII-THE PRESS 177 The First Newspaper-Papers at Exira, Audubon, Gray, Hamlin and Kim- ballton.
CHAPTER XIV-BANKS AND BANKING. 184 First Bank in Audubon County-Banking Institutions at Exira, Audubon, Gray, Brayton, Kimballton and Hamlin Station.
CHAPTER XV-CHURCHES AND RELIGION 186
The Country Church-Religious Spirit Among the Pioneers-First Religious Work in Audubon County-Establishment of Classes and Their Develop- ment Into Churches-The Great Sunday Meetings-Congregational Churches -Methodist Episcopal Churches-Presbyterian Churches-United Brethren -Evangelical Association-Friedman's Evangelical Church-Christian Churches-Evangelical Lutheran Church (German)-German Lutheran
CONTENTS.
Church-Danish Lutheran Church-Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church- Seventh-day Adventist Churches-Baptist Churches-Church of Christ, Sci- entist-Catholic Churches-Recapitulation of Church Statistics.
CHAPTER XVI-AUDUBON COUNTY SCHOOLS 238 The First School in the County-Location of Some Early County Schools- First County Institute-County Superintendents-Children of School Age, 1905-School Statistics for 1914-Present Splendid Condition of Schools- What School Houses Should Be.
CHAPTER XVII-LODGES AND FRATERNAL SOCIETIES 245
Ancient Free and Accepted Masons, and the Appendant Orders-Independ- ent Order of Odd Fellows-Knights of Pythias-Grand Army of the Republic-Woman's Relief Corps-Sons of Veterans-The Danish Brother- hood in America-Danish Sisters' Society in America-Modern Woodmen of America-Ancient Order of United Workmen-Knights of the Macca- bees-Brotherhood of American Yeomen.
CHAPTER XVIII-TOWNS AND VILLAGES 256
Exira - Audubon - Brayton - Oakfield - Gray - Hamlin - Kimballton -Ross-Obsolete Towns.
CHAPTER XIX-THE DANES 290
First Dane Settler in Audubon County-List of Early Danish Settlers, with Places and Dates of Settlement-Desirable Immigrants-Building Elkhorn College-Towns in the Danish Neighborhood-Worthy Citizens.
CHAPTER XX-AUDUBON COUNTY STATISTICS 296 Present Postoffices-Obsolete Postoffices-Census Statistics, 1856-Improved Lands-Occupations-Population of the County by Years-Population by Townships-Male Population, by Years-Voters, by Years-Nativity of Population-Natives of Iowa-Occupations, 1895-Farm Productions-Cen- sus, 1905.
BIOGRAPHICAL MENTION
305
HISTORICAL INDEX
A
Acreage crop
297, 302
Agriculture
297, 302
Ancient Free and Accepted Ma-
sons
245, 250
Ancient Order of United Workmen_ 252
Andrews, Henry F.
39, 64, 78, 138.
146, 149, 239, 259
Animals, Wild
40
Arable Lands 34
Attorney-General
63
Attorneys
173
Auditors, County
65
Audubon-
Banks
184, 274, 280
Becomes County Seat. 158
Business Interests, Early
269
Business Interests, 1888
274
Business Interests, Present
279
Churches
194, 196, 209, 215
219, 225, 230, 235
County-seat Fight
149, 150
Court House 270
Description of, Early 267
Father of Audubon 271 1 1 1 1 1
Founding of 150 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 High School 277 1
Growth, Early
267
Homes
275
Incorporation
273
Laid Out 267
Lawyers
173, 269, 274, 279
Lighting System
274
Lodges 245 I
Newspapers 177
1 Officers, Early 273 1
Officers, Present 279
Physicians
175, 269, 274, 280
Population
298
Postmasters
274
Postoffice
296
Audubon-Continued.
Sale of Lots
267
Schools
239, 240, 241, 275
Sewer System
275
Values in 1879
270
Waterworks
274
1
Audubon Center
296
1
1
Audubon City
288
Audubon County Riflemen
169
Audubon Heights
296
Audubon Township-
Changes in 53, 55, 57
Churches
222
Creation of
1
52
Drainage
1
34
First Settlers
81
1
Original township
52
Population
298
1
Roads, Early
159
1
Schools
240, 241
1
Survey of
135
I
Timber 36 1 1 1
I
B
Ballard, Dr. Samuel M
62. 69, 70, 72,
79, 100, 136
Bank, First
79, 184
Banks and Banking 184
Baptist Churches
231
Bar of Audubon County.
173
I Birth, First 78
Blacksmith, First
79
Boards of Supervisors
66
Boundaries, Changes in
47
Boundaries of County
46
Bowen, William H. H.
112
Brayton-
Bank
185
Business Interests
281
Church
233
1
IIISTORICAL INDEX.
Brayton-Continued.
Incorporation
Laid Out
281
County-seat Aspirations 53
County-seat Campaign Literature 153
County-seat Commissioners 48
County-seat Contests 144
County Seat, Locating the
48
County Superintendents 240
County Surveyors 66
Court, First Term of.
79
I Court House Election 158
Court House, Proposed 259 1 I
Creeks
34
297
D
Danes, the 290
Danish Brotherhood
248, 253, 255
Danish Sisters Society 249,253
Daughters of Rebekah 249, 254
Dayton
144, 288
Death. First 60, 79
I 1 1 Deer Hunting 39
District Court Judges. 63 1 1
Doctors 175 1 1
Douglas Township-
Church 226
Creation of
57
Danish Settlers, Early 293
Drainage 35
First Settlers 81
Hunters, Early 41
Population 298 1 I
Schools 240, 241
Survey of
135
Timber 1 1 36
Draft. Military
166
Drainage, Natural
I
34
Congregational Churches 1
192
Congressional Districts 49
Congressmen
63
Conkling 175, 296
Constitutional Convention District. 52
Contests for County Seat 144
Conveyances, Early Land 137
Coroners 66
County Attorneys 64
County Auditors 65
County Institute, First 239
1
1
I
1
1 296
Civil Townships 1
52
1
I
Clerks of Court I I
64
1
1
1
E
Early Bridges 160
Early Improvements 58
Eastern Star. Order of. 246, 250
Edgerton, David 111
Education 238
Election, First County
48, 79
Election for New Court House
158
Elections
138
1
1
1 1
I
1 1
1 1
1
1 Schools 240, 281 1
Brick Building, First
79
Bridges
Brotherhood of American Yeomen 253
Crops
C
Cameron Township-
Churches 214, 215
Creation of 58
Drainage
35
First Settlers
81
Naming of
45
Population
298
Schools
1 240, 241 J
Survey of
135
Carpenter, Reuben
111
Catholic Churches
234
Census Statistics
297
Character, A Noted 1
113
Christian Churches 1
219
Church Edifice, First 79 1
Church of Christ, Scientist 1 234
Church, The Country 186 1 1 I 1
Churches 186 1 I
Circuit Court Judges 1 1 I 63 1
Civil Point
1
County Judges 64
County Roads, Early 159
Lawyers 174 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 I
Lodges
1
1
1
1
1
1 Mayors I 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Named, How I
1 A
1
1 1 I Physicians 175 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 Population 298 1 1 1
Postoffice 1 1
296
160
I
1
I I
249
281
45
281
1
1
1
1
HISTORICAL INDEX.
Elkhorn College, Building of 194
Enlistments for Civil War 164
Enrollment of Pupils in Schools
241
Entries of Government Lands
136
Evangelical Association
215
Evangelical Churches
218
Exira-
Additions 261
Banks
184
Bond for Court House
147,158
Business Directory
266
Business Men, Early
257
Churches
188, 192, 193, 219, 227, 230, 234
Contest Over County Seat 150
County-seat Aspirations
53
County Seat, Chosen as
145
Court House Bond
147
Court House, Proposed
259
Founding of 53 1 1 1 1 1 I 1
Growth, Early 257 1 1
Hall Company 159 1 1 I 1 1
I High School Alumni I I I 1 1
264
Incorporation 261 1 1 1
Industries, Early
257
Laid Out
1
256
1 I Lawyers 173, 259
Location
256
Lodges 250
4 Made the County Seate 145
Municipal Items 261
Name of
45
Newspapers 179 I
Notable Citizens 265 1
Officers, Municipal 261
Park 259
I Physicians 175,260 1
Population
298
Postmasters
257
Postoffice 296
Professional Men, Early 257
Residences
265
Sale of Lots
256
Schools
239, 240, 241, 262
Survey of 256
Exira Township-
Changes in 53, 55, 57, 58
Creation of 52
Drainage
35
First Settlers
81
Exira Township-Continued.
Hamlin Settlement 88
Hunters, Early 42 I 1 1 I 1
Indian Sepulchre 1 1 1 1 40 1 1 1
Mills 62 1
1 Population 298 I I I 1
Roads, Early 159 I 1 I
Schools
239, 240, 241
I
1
Survey of
135
Timber
36
Exline
296
F
Fair, First County 79
Farm Products
297, 302
Fires, Prairie
34
1
First County Election
48, 79
1
First Death
60,
79
First Events
78
First Religious Services
187
First Settlement
69, 78, 81
Fiscus
296
Fraternal Societies
245
Freeman, Ethelbert J
271
Freemasons
245,250
Friedman's Evangelical Church
217
Frost, J. Lyman
113
G
Game, Wild 40
Gault, Richard 114
Geography of Audubon County 33
Government Surveys
.68,135
Grand Army of the Republic
247,252
Grasses, Native
33
Gray-
Business Interests, Early 284
Business Interests, Present 286
Churches
205,214
1
Incorporation
286
1 Lodges 254 1 1 1 1 1
Mayors
1 286
Named, How
45
Newspaper
179
Officers
I
1
1
1
I
1 286
Physicians 1
I
1 175
1
Platting of
284
1 Population 298 I
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1 1 I
1
1
F
1
1
1 1
1
1
1
1
F
1
HISTORICAL INDEX.
Gray-Continued.
Postmasters 285
Postoffice 296
Schools
240, 241, 285
Horace
296
Hotel. First 79
Houston. A. B.
258
Hunters, Pioneer
I
Illiterates in County
240
Improvements, Early
58
Independent Order of Odd Fellows
246, 249. 254
Indian Apollo 38
Indian Sepulchre 40
Indians, the
36
Institute, First County __ 239
Irwin
296
H
Hallock Family 128
Hamlin-
Bank
185
Business Interests 286
Churches
206, 218. 227
Judges of Circuit Court 63
Judges of District Court 63
Judicial Districts
51
K
Kimballton-
Bank 185
Business Interests, Early. 287
Business Interests, Present 287
Church 227
Founding of 294 1 1
Laid Out
1 286
1 1 Lodges 255 1 1
Municipal Items 287 1 1
Newspapers
1
1
1
1
1 183
Physicians
176
Population
1 287, 298
Postoffice
296
Schools
241
Knights of Pythias
247
Knights of the Maccabees
252
Knights Templar
245
Hardships of Pioneers
98
Harris, Daniel M.
48, 53, 73, 79, 91, 118, 171. 238, 256, 257
Heath Family 111
Herrick, Alvin
74, 115, 136, 160
Merrick Family 115
Highways 159 1
1 Homesteaders, the 76
Settlers, Early
284
Greeley Center
Greeley Township-
Churches 207, 209. 218. 232
Creation of 57
Drainage
35
1
First Settlers 81 1 1 1
Population 298 1 1 1 1 1 A 1
240. 241
Survey of
1
1
1
1
296
Grove
1
1
I
I
I
1
35
Groves
1
1
1 I
1
I
I 1
1
1
135
County-seat Contest
149
Lodges
255
1 Named. How 45
Newspaper
1
179
Physicians
1
I I
1
1
I
1
175
I 1 Population 298 1
Postmasters
286
1
Postoffice 296 1
Hamlin Family 82
Ilamlin Grove 144. 239, 296
Hamlin Script
91
Hamlin Township-
Creation of 57
Danish Settlers, Early 291
Drainage 35
First Settlers 81
Population
298
Schools
239. 240, 241
Survey of
135
Timber
35
Hamlin, William P
92
L
Land Conveyances, Early
137
Land Entries
136
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
J
Jenkins Family __ 70, 78. 94, 136, 138, 145
Jobes
296
Schools
1
207
41
I
1
HISTORICAL INDEX.
Land Grants 76
Land. Improved 297
Lands, Arable 34 1 1 1 1
1 I 1 Lands, Railroad 76
Larland 296 1 1 1 1
Lawyer, First 1
1
1
79
Lawyers 173
Legislators
64
1
Leroy Township-
Changes in
57
Creation of
56
Drainage
35
1
First Settlers
81
Named. How
45
1
Population
298
1
I
Schools
240, 241
1
1
Survey of
135
1
1
1 1 1 Timber 36
Leroyville
297
Lewis Family
122
Lincoln Township-
Church
223
Creation of
58
Drainage
35
First Settlers
81
1
Population
1
298
Schools
240. 241
Survey of 135
Live Stock. Pioneer 60
Location of Audubon County 33
Lodges
245
Log Cabin. First
78
Louisville
53. 62. 288. 296
Lutheran Churches
225
M
Mail Routes. Early
162
Marriage, First
79
1
Marriages. Early
79
Masonic Order
245, 250
Medical Profession
175
Meek. Rev. Richard C.
74, 126
Melville
297
Melville Center
207, 215
Melville Township-
Churches 207
Creation of 58
1
Drainage
35
1 1 First Settlers 81 1
1
Melville Township-Continued.
Named, How 45
Population
298
Schools
240, 241
Survey of
135
Methodist Episcopal Churches 193
Military History
164
Militia Organized
167
Mills
60, 62, 79. 283
Modern National Reserve
253
Modern Woodmen of America
250. 251, 254
Mormon Trails
68, 159
Muster Rolls
168, 169
N
Name of County
46
Names of Rivers
44
Nathaniel Hamlin
53. 68, 69. 72, 73.
78, 79. 84. 136, 138, 144, 160, 238
Natives of Iowa. by Counties
300
Nativity of Population
299
Newspaper. First
79
1
1
1
1
1
Newspaper Salutatory
150
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Newspapers
177
1
1
1
1
1
1
Nishna Botna Rivers
34
1
1
Noted Character. A
113
1
1
O
Oakfield-
Business Interests. Early 282
Churches
193. 196. 233
Founding of
54
1
1
1 1 1 1 Location 282 1 1 1 1 1
Mills
283
1
Named. How
45, 282
Physicians
175
1
1
1
Platting of
1
282
1
Population
298
6
Schools
239, 283
Settlers. Early
283
Oakfield Township-
Changes in
53. 55. 57. 58
Churches
228. 231
Creation of
52
Danish Settlers. Early
290
1
Drainage
35
1
First Settlers
81
1
1
1
Mills
62
1
1
1
1
HISTORICAL INDEX.
Oakfield Township-Continued.
Population
298
Roads, Early
159
Schools
239, 240,
241
Survey of
135
Timber
36
288
Obsolete Towns 1 1
298, 301
Occupations
Odd Fellows.
246, 249, 254
Official Roster
63
Old Hamlin ____ 45, 54, 145, 146, 147, 214
Order of the Eastern Star
246, 250
Organization of County.
46
Organization of Townships
54
Orleans
297
Representative Districts 50
Representatives in Congress
63
Representatives in Legislature
64
Revival Meetings, Great
189
Rivers, Names of
44
Rivers of Audubon County
34
Roads
16]
Ross
205, 217, 288, 296
Roster of County Officials
63
245
Royal Arch Masons
S
Saw-mill, First
79
Scenery of Audubon County
33
School Age, Children of. 240
School House, First
79
School Houses in County. 241 1
School Statistics, 1914 240 1 I 1
School Teacher, First
79
School, the First 238 1 1 1 1
Schools, Condition of. 241
Schools, County, Location of
239
Schools of the County
238
Secret Societies
245
Senatorial Districts
49
Senators, State 64
Settlement of Audubon County 68
Settlers Before 1861
72
Settlers Now Living
76
228
Sharon Township-
Churches 227, 229
Creation of
58
Danish Settlers, Early 292
Drainage 35.
Population 1 1 298
294
Schools
L 240, 241
Survey of
1
1
1
1
65
Sheriffs
79
Shoemaker, First
Sketches of Pioneers 82 1
Soil, the 34 1 1 1 I 1 1
I Soldier Relief Commission 1 1 1 66
Soldiers in Civil War
164
Sons of Veterans 248 1
Spring Valley
220
Stage Lines, Early
162
State Roads Established. 159
Religious Statistics
236
1
1
98
Pioneer Hunters 1 I 1
41
Pioneers Now Living 1
1 1 1
76
Pioneers, Sketches of.
82
Political History 138 1 1
49
Poplar
297
Population, by Towns
298
Population, by Townships
298
Population, by Years 298
Population, Male, by Years 299
Population, Nativity of 299
79
Postoffices, Obsolete 1 ! 1 1
296
Postoffices, Present 1
296
Prairie Fires
34
Presbyterian Churches I
209
Press, the
297
Price
Pupils Enrolled in Schools 241
251
R
Railroad Lands 76
Railroads
1
162
Recorders, County 64, 65
1 Religious Societies 186
I
f
1
1
I
1
1
1
177
135
I
1
1
1
I
Pythian Sisters
1 1
1
1
1 1 Political Organizations 1 1 I 1
1
1
Postmaster, First
I
1
1
79
Petitions, County-seat 145
Physician, First
Physicians 175 1
1 Pioneer Conditions 58 1 L
Pioneer Hardships 1 L 1
1
Seventh-day Adventist Churches
Railroad Tax
1
I
HISTORICAL INDEX.
State Senators 64
Statistics, General County I
296
Steam-mills, First I 1
79
Store, First
79
Streams 34 1 L 1
Stuart Family 273 I 1 1
Sunday Meetings 189
Superintendents of Schools 66, 240
Supervisors, Boards of. 66
Surface of Audubon County 33
Surveyors, County 66
Surveys, Government
68, 135
T
Teachers in County 241
Thompson 297
Timber
35
Towhead
45
Town Platted, First 79
Townships 52
Townships, First Settlers in 81
Trails, Old
68
Treasurers, County 64, 65
Trees
36
U
Unimproved Lands
297
United Brethren Churches 214
United Workmen 252
V
Value of Farm Products 302
Viola
144, 145
Viola Center
175, 206, 297
Viola Township-
Church 218
Creation of
57
Drainage
34
I First Settlers 81 1 1 1 1 1
Named, How
45
Population
298
Roads, Early
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