USA > Iowa > Audubon County > History of Audubon county, Iowa; its people, industries, and institutions > Part 22
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The Holy Trinity school has also been connected with this church, but has been temporarily discontinued. The present church membership is one hundred and seventy, or about forty-five families. The list of pastors who have served the church is Rev. Father Gaul, Rev. Father P. Daley, both from Atlantic; Rev. Father P. J. Morin, Rev. Father Bernhard Jacobmire, Rev. Father J. J. Moran, from Audubon, and the following resident pastors, Rev. Father H. J. Zaiser, May, 1894, to August 18, 1898; Rev. Father Julius Farlenschmid, August 18, 1898, to 1902; Rev. Father S. F. Wieland, 1902 to 1907; Rev. Father Charles F. Hundt, 1907 to 1911; Rev. Father James McDonald ( from Audubon), 1911 to 1913; Rev. Father John Mayer, 1913 to date.
ST. PATRICK'S ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH, AT AUDUBON.
Early in the history of Audubon there settled in the town, John Holland and family, Nicholas Roth and family, John Ballman and family, J. P. Thanish and family, John Martin and family, and, in the country adjacent to Audubon, B. Cunningham and family, E. Roche and family and possibly other Catholic families whose names are not recalled.
In about 1881, Rev. Father Gaule came from Atlantic to look after these families and, at the first meeting, celebrated mass at the home of John Hol- land. Later, the meetings were held in the public school house, Father Gaule continuing his visits every four or six weeks until 1883. In the spring of 1882, under the direction of Father Gaule, a church, twenty-eight by forty- five feet in size, was erected on the brow of the hill, two blocks east of the park. Soon after its erection the church, during a severe storm, was moved from its foundation, but was replaced, with much effort and expense.
In 1883 Rev. Father Daly, who was then stationed in Atlantic, began visiting Audubon, as a successor to Father Gaule, about every four weeks, and continued to do so for six years.
Rev. Father P. J. Morin was the first resident pastor, coming in 1889 and serving one year. He was followed by Rev. Father Bernhard Jacob- meier, who, in 1891, built the comfortable parsonage just north of the church. He served three years and in 1894 was succeeded by Rev. Father J. J. Moran, whose pastorate lasted one year. In 1895 Rev. Father Mathew Gleason came as pastor and rendered the church six years of very acceptable service,
236
AUDUBON COUNTY, IOWA.
being a very popular pastor and building up the church till it became neces- sary to enlarge the structure to its present size, building an addition, twenty- eight by forty feet. He was followed by Rev. Father Loftus, whose pastor- ate lasted till 1901. During his time the parsonage was remodeled and rebuilt to harmonize with the ability and needs of the parish. Rev. Father Flavin succeeded Father Loftus in 1901 and remained until 1904. During his pastorate, a two-story school building, thirty-two by forty-eight feet in size, was erected, east of the church, and a parochial school opened under his direction, assisted by two Sisters; this after an existence of some years, was discontinued.
In 1904, the present pastor, Rev. Father James McDonald, was assigned to the parish and has done faithful and efficient service for his church dur- ing these twelve years. He is very popular with both Catholics and Protes- tants, his congregations being large and harmony prevailing between pastor and people. The present membership is fifty families, or more than two hundred members, many of them being families of wealth.
RECAPITULATION.
The following table shows the number of churches, their value and the number of members of the various denominations :
Bldgs.
Value. $3,000.00
Members.
Adventists
2
129
Baptists
3
7,500.00
106
Congregational
I
1,200.00
74
Catholic
2
1,500.00
300
Christian
3
1,000.00
160
Evangelical
3
5,500.00
170
Lutheran (Danish)
8
21,000.00
1,407
Lutheran (German)
2
11,500.00
210
Methodist Episcopal
9
24,800.00
587
Presbyterian
I
15,000.00
210
Scientist (Christian)
I
700.00
7
United Brethren
2
3,000.00
91
1
1
1 1 1
I
1
1
1 1
The foregoing figures as to valuation and membership are approximate only, as. owing to incomplete records, it is impossible to be exact. It should also be borne in mind that some denominations include all members of the family in their roll of members, while others do not.
237
AUDUBON COUNTY, IOWA.
The number of church buildings in each township is as follows: Viola, 2; Cameron, I; Lincoln, 3; Douglas, I; LeRoy, 10; Milville, 2; Gurley, 2; Hamlin, 2; Sharon, 3 ; Oakfield, 4; Exira, 6; Audubon, I ; total, 37.
The rise and fall of so many places of religious service in the county indicate this one thing, that these churches apparently have not been able to solve the ever-present problem in all denominations, namely, the conservation of our rural churches. The constant ebb and flow of the rural population renders. this one of the live questions of the day in the religious world. The removal of a single family, and, not infrequently, of one individual, from a community ofttimes so cripples a church congregation or class, as to almost compel the abandonment of the work at that point.
Thus we find that, especially, Protestant churches have here and there been compelled to drop one-time flourishing points and take up new points where the promise appeared good for greater usefulness.
The proposition to make the rural church a social center for a neighbor- hood or community, now being tried in many places, may prove of great value in solving this problem, but, with the present-day means of transportation, the fleet automobile, with ordinary roads, hardly a family in the county would be more than a half-hour's ride from a place of worship. Especially does this appear true when we consider the churches and places of worship that are just beyond our borders in adjoining counties and where many of our people hold their membership and are accustomed to worship. These places are not men- tioned here, as this history is confined to Audubon county, excepting a few instances in its early history.
CHAPTER XVI.
AUDUBON COUNTY SCHOOLS.
THE FIRST SCHOOL.
Daniel M. Harris and Peoria I. Whitted are said to be entitled to credit for starting the first school in Audubon county. At their suggestion, in the spring of the year 1854, they, with Nathaniel Hamlin, Richard M. Lewis, Thomas S. Lewis, Isaac V. D. Lewis, W. H. H. Bowen, John M. Donnel, and perhaps others, met in Mr. Hamlin's dooryard and agreed to erect a log room for a private school house. Mr. Hamlin and Mr. Bowen agreed to give the timber in the tree for the building. The Lewises, Elijah and William Carpenter and Mr. Bowen cut the logs and Bowen hauled them with an ox team. The people assembled on a day set, made a log rolling and put up the walls of the building on the land of Mr. Hamlin, in the edge of the timber on the west side of the road leading south from near Hamlin's house, about a quarter of a mile distant.
Some of those who performed the work were John S. Johnson, Reuben Carpenter, John M. Donnel, Daniel M. Harris, James Eagan, Walter J. Jar- dine, W. H. H. Bowen, and perhaps others. Mr. Hamlin was the "boss," and Richard M. Lewis, Isaac V. D. Lewis, William Carpenter and Peoria I. Whitted were axmen, and each carried up a corner of the building. The walls were rough hewed inside and chinked, and a roof put on. As was the custom, and to encourage the workmen, a supply of "liquid inspiration" was on hand, but tradition does not mention the "bottle holder." Reuben Carpenter gave an oak tree for the "shakes," or long shingles, to cover the roof, which were "rived" by him and the Lewises and were laid on by Ham- lin, Whitted, the Lewises, and perhaps others.
A half-sash window, with ten by twelve lights, was placed in the north and south sides, and a door in the east end of the room. Mr. Bowen got boards at Iraniston, Iowa, for the door and writing desks, the latter being formed by stout pins in the wall, upon which boards were fastened. The floor was made of split basswood logs, called "puncheons," and the benches for seats were made in the same manner, with pins for legs.
239
AUDUBON COUNTY, IOWA.
Miss Ella Northgraves, of Cass county, taught the only term of school in this room, which began in March, 1855. She was hired and paid by Ham- lin and Harris. The pupils were Mary, Hannah, Rose, Malinda and W. Allan Hamlin; Belle, James, Clarinda and Daniel W. Harris; Nancy Stan- ley and another pupil from Grove City, name unknown. Such was the foun- dation of school instruction in Audubon county. The Hamlin children, except Mary, and the Harris children mentioned are now living. Hannah Hamlin, now Mrs. Hawk, and Rose Hamlin, now Mrs. Thomas, became school teachers. John F. Wallace afterward taught a term of private school in Nathaniel Hamlin's old first log dwelling.
LOCATION OF SOME COUNTY SCHOOLS.
In 1865 there were but five school houses in Audubon county, viz. : one at Exira; one at Audubon City (Hamlin's Grove) ; one on section 27, Exira township, known as the Frost school; one on the northeast corner of section 17, Exira township, where the present school house is situated, known as the Green school house, and one at Oakfield.
The following year there was a new school house built at Jobes, on section I, Audubon township; one near Ballards, on section 36, Oakfield township; and another near Beerses, on section 2, Hamlin township. From that time onward school districts and school houses increased, until at the present time every part of the county is well supplied.
The youths of Audubon county have first-class opportunities of obtain- ing primary education, and the high schools of Audubon and Exira furnish extra facilities for pursuing higher branches of study.
FIRST COUNTY INSTITUTE.
In 1866, while Benjamin F. Thomas was county superintendent of schools, a teachers' county institute or convention was held at Exira for a week, conducted by Professor Enos, from Cedar Falls, Iowa. This was the first meeting of the kind in the county attended by the writer. It is tradi- tional that there had once been previously a teachers' meeting, when Robert N. Day was county superintendent. Those in attendance at the institute in 1866 were Benjamin F. Thomas, Clara Barlow, Malinda A. Norton, Jennie M. Norton, Jennie McCowan, Susan Ballard, Carrie Ballard, Helena Dela- hoyde, Laura Delahoyde, Julia Delahoyde, Tryphenia Hopkins, Edna Prior, H. F. Andrews, Charles H. Andrews, Van Buren Crane and probably others.
240
AUDUBON COUNTY, IOWA.
It was a pleasant occasion and highly enjoyed by the teachers and citizens in attendance. Among the teachers conspicuously absent were John A. Hal- lock, Beulah Sylvester, George A. Dissmore and Juliette Bowen.
In 1878 there were forty-nine school houses and one thousand two hundred and five pupils of school age in Audubon county.
COUNTY SUPERINTENDENTS.
Charles F. Wilcutt was county superintendent from 1884 to 1889, inclu- sive. He had been at the head of the Exira school several years. He graded the school and brought it up to standard requirements. He was an impor- tant factor in establishing the county school system on a modern basis. In 1888 the system of the rural school districts and school houses was com- pleted about as we have it at the present time, with three thousand two hun- dred and eighty-three pupils of school ages. David P. Repass was the next superintendent, from 1890 to 1897, inclusive, another model school officer. He was followed in turn by Robert C. Spencer and Arthur Farquhar, who were also able and efficient officers.
Miss Ella M. Stearns, the present incumbent of the superintendent's office, was elected in 1906, practically as a nonpartisan candidate, and was re-elected successively several times in the same manner. This unusual com- pliment and courtesy suggests her ability and popularity as a practical, pro- gressive, up-to-date educationalist, and head of the present county school system.
CHILDREN OF SCHOOL AGE IN 1905.
The enumeration taken in 1905 showed the following number of chil- dren of school age in Audubon county : Independent Districts-Audubon, 542; Exira, 242; Gray, 64; Brayton, 76. Townships-Audubon, 377; Cameron, 234; Douglas, 370; Exira, 348; Greely, 278; Hamlin, 376; Leroy, 255; Lincoln, 358; Melville, 203; Oakfield, 376; Sharon, 504; Viola, 247. Total, 4,850. Illiterates in the county, 97.
SCHOOL STATISTICS FOR 1914.
The following table shows the school enumeration for the year 1914, in the independent districts and in the respective townships of Audubon county :
24I
AUDUBON COUNTY, IOWA.
School houses. Teachers.
Pupils enrolled.
Audubon
2
I6
503
Exira
I
9
30I
Gray
I
3
67
Kimballton
I
3
72
Audubon township
9
I6
225
Cameron township
9
I3
150
Douglas township
9
I5
220
Exira township
IO
18
200
Greeley township
9
I5
I76
Hamlin township
9
I3
230
Leroy township
8
I2
183
Lincoln township
8
II
I4I
Melville township
9
I4
I55
Oakfield township
9
14
195
Sharon township
9
I3
225
Viola township
9
20
I7I
Totals
II2
205
3,214
1
1
1
Value of school houses in 1915, $141,950.
REPORT SHOWS GOOD CONDITION OF SCHOOLS.
In her report for the year 1914, County Superintendent Ella M. Stearns included the following :
"Born in rejoicing and cradled in hope, Pointing new paths for adventurous feet, Promising power with the future to cope, Whispering low of the summer-time sweet Camest thou hither. Now nearing thy bier, What dost thou leave us, Oh, vanishing year ?"
"In accordance with the time-honored custom, this is where the business world is getting ready to take its annual inventory of its resources and liabil- ities, and so we believe this may be a fitting time for a brief review or inven- tory of our schools.
"Our commission of education has recently said, 'Among the greatest (16)
2.42
AUDUBON COUNTY, IOWA.
needs of rural schools of the United States is that of better houses. Most of the older houses are cheap, ugly, uncomfortable, badly ventilated, poorly heated and lighted, with no conveniences for school work and many with inadequate and filthy outbuildings. In many places, abandoned churches and cabins, no longer fit for use as homes, are given over to the schools-some- what as out-grown, out-worn and cast-off clothing is given to paupers.
CONDITIONS IN AUDUBON COUNTY.
"The first part of this statement will apply to some of the schools in our county. The 'vanishing year' will leave us with some 'ugly, uncomfortable, badly ventilated, poorly heated and lighted school buildings and some wrecked and filthy outbuildings, that are both a physical and moral menace to the pupils of those districts. While these are classed as liabilities, we have a goodly number of resources to place on the other side of the balance sheet.
"The year 1914 has added several new and sanitary school buildings to our capital stock of new buildings given in at the beginning of the year.
WHAT SCHOOL HOUSES SHOULD BE.
"School houses are not only the temples which we erect to the god of childhood ; they are the homes of our children for a large part of the day, through the most plastic years of their lives, the years when they are the most responsive to impressions of beauty or of ugliness, and when their environment is, therefore, most important. The houses should, therefore, be planned and built not only with the feeling of reverence with which all tem- ples and other sacred buildings are erected, but also with that care for health, comfort and convenience which we exercise in the building of our homes. It is economic waste of the worst type to spend annually large sums for schools, perhaps larger sums in the time of children and then fail of the best results because of bad construction and poor equipment of school houses. It is worse than an economic waste to destroy the health and lives of children through failure to observe simple and well-known sanitary laws. The school improvement leagues of some of our states have taken for their motto, 'For Our Schools : Health, Comfort and Beauty.'
HEALTH, COMFORT AND BEAUTY.
"This has been the motto taken for our new buildings in this county and has been carried out to the best of our ability in several of the older buildings
243
AUDUBON COUNTY, IOWA.
in the county. 'Health and Comfort' have been looked after in lighting, heating and ventilating of the buildings, in the heated cloak-rooms, in the handy arrangements of the fuel room, right-sized desks and proper arrange- ment of them and in the use of the sweeping compounds to guard against an undue amount of dust in the school rooms. There are also many schools using the stone water jars and individual drinking cups. One of the most difficult problems of hygiene in the rural school is that connected with the water supply.
THE BEAUTY SIDE.
"And now for the 'Beauty' side. The walls of several school rooms have been tinted a subdued but pleasing color, and treated with a flat or oil paint, devoid of gloss, washable without injury, the effect of the decoration. This has been done at comparatively slight expense. There have been put up picture rails in order to protect the walls, if for no other reason. The school rooms have been supplied with a few good pictures suited to the age of the pupils ; many of these are worthy copies of the great masterpieces. And we will also say here that several of these have built-in book cases, filled with suitable books and supplementary readers, along with other suitable furni- ture.
"In many other districts having the older buildings, the room furnaces have been installed and the school rooms have been made cheerful and com- fortable. The large majority of Audubon county rural schools are kept in very good condition. In talking with other county superintendents, we have come to the conclusion that we rank well with the other counties of the state, yet there is still room for improvement.
"The town schools in the county are well housed and equipped consider- ably above the average towns of their size. One of our towns is putting up a new school building which is modern in every respect and certainly reflects credit upon the community, school board and city superintendent.
"In listing our resources, we have kept close to the physical or material equipment of our schools, but there are other resources, did space permit, we might mention such as the home credit work, the spelling contests, etc.
COMMUNITY MEETINGS.
"The work the young people, and older people, too, have been doing in lyceums, debating clubs and country life clubs, must at least have mention. The work for the coming winter has already started. There used to be the
244
AUDUBON COUNTY, IOWA.
husking bees, the barn raisings, the threshing days and even the log-rollings. There used to be the spelling bees, the old-time 'literataries,' the 'heated' debates. We hope to hear of every community having some kind of organia- tion this winter whereby the people may come together for profit and amuse- ment. We have considerable material accumulated in our office just waiting to be used in such ways, and we want the young people to feel free to come to the office for this material.
"The school house door must swing open freely for all who would work for the public good and for everything that may contribute to community welfare. Above the door of every rural school house in the land should some such sentiment as this be written: 'This Building is Dedicated to the Service of this Community and to a Common Cause of a Better Life for All.'"
CHAPTER XVII.
LODGES AND FRATERNAL SOCIETIES.
ORGANIZATIONS AT AUDUBON.
Veritas Lodge No. 392, Ancient Free & Accepted Masons. Dispensa- tion dated February 18, 1879. Charter dated June 4, 1879. First meeting March 7, 1879. Charter members : Elias W. Beghtol, Emerson H. Kimball, Arthur L. Sanborn, Joseph Snyder, William L. Swaney, A. A. Campbell, John C. Bonwell, Robert M. Hubbard, William Wilde, Chester Wheeler, Cyrus H. Earhart, Frank H. Burr, Robert G. Sands.
These have held the office of worshipful master: Elias W. Beghtol, Ethelbert J. Freeman, John D. Holmes, Marion Johnson, Andrew F. Arm- strong, Henry W. Hanna, John H. Scott, John McKarahan, James L. Rippey, Daniel L. Freeman, A. M. Currier, Joe H. Ross, Walter A. Brainard, Edward B. Cousins, William R. Smith, Abner H. Edwards, Halleck J. Mantz, George Scott, George G. Wever.
Present membership, one hundred and thirty-six.
Amity Chapter No. 93, Royal Arch Masons. Dispensation dated April 18, 1881. Charter dated October 28, 1881. Charter members: Thomas Chadwick, Elias W. Beghtol, Andrew F. Armstrong Henry Young, Alpheus F. Rogers, Philip Young, Isaac A. Shingledecker, Francis M. Jones, Robert G. Sands, George E. Hastings.
These have held the office of high priest: Thomas Chadwick, Elias W. Beghtol, Andrew F. Armstrong, Henry W. Hanna, Alexander H. Roberts, Charles W. DeMotte, Edward B. Cousins, Daniel L. Freeman, John M. McKarahan, Frank S. Watts, Abner H. Edwards, George W. Preston, John Weighton, Charles L. Tramp, Earl Maharg.
Present membership, ninety-three.
Godfrey Commandery No. 44, Knights Templar. Dispensation dated April 15, 1882. Charter dated June 22, 1882. Charter members : Elkanah S. Foster, Isaac A. Shingledecker, Ethelbert J. Freeman, Elias W. Beghtol, Andrew F. Armstrong, Henry W. Hanna, William H. Scott, Edward B.
246
AUDUBON COUNTY, IOWA.
Cousins, Wilson Burnside, John Norris, George E. Hastings, Francis M. Jones, Alpheus F. Rogers.
These have held the office of eminent commander: Elkanah S. Foster, Ethelbert J. Freeman, Isaac A. Shingledecker, Daniel H. Walker, Andrew F. Armstrong, William H. Scott, Alexander H. Roberts, John A. Nash, Edward B. Cousins, John B. Doak, Cyrus H. Earhart, James E. Griffith, Dan- iel L. Freeman, John M. McKarahan.
Present membership, ninety.
Audubon Chapter, Order of the Eastern Star. Instituted November 21, 1888, with sixty-one charter members. First officers: Mrs. Gertrude R. Nash, worthy matron; Mrs. A. H. Roberts, worthy patron; Mrs. B. W. Brown, associate matron; Eva Freeman, treasurer; Mrs. H. W. Hanna, secretary ; Mrs. H. W. Wilson, conductor.
Audubon Chapter No. 421, Order of the Eastern Star. Organized June 15, 1908. Chartered October 29, 1908. Charter members: Harriet M. Bilharz, Martha A. Bryant, Christine Christensen, Agnes Cole, Lucile Cole, Ada Currier, Drucca Davis, Nellie Farquhar, Alice Layland, Clara E. Mc- Leran, Bertha Musson, Eva Eearls, Kathryn Simpson, Villa Talbott, Anna Tramp, Nettie L. Ward, Ada K. Wever, Emma K. Wilson, Walter A. Brain- ard, Daniel L. Freeman, John A. Musson, Will R. Smith, Harper W. Wilson, A. M. Currier.
These have held the office of worthy matron and worthy patron, respec- tively : 1908-9-Harriett M. Bilharz, worthy matron, Daniel L. Freeman, worthy patron; 1910-Clara E. McLeran, Arthur Farquhar; 1911-Anna Tramp, Adam M. Currier ; 1912-Nellie Farquhar, George G. Wever; 1913- Etta Kennels, Joe H. Ross; 1914-Kathryn Simpson, George W. Wever; 1915-Ada K. Wever, Daniel L. Freeman.
Present membership, eighty-seven.
Aretas Lodge No. 396, Independent Order of Odd Fellows. Instituted August 17, 1879. Charter dated October 23, 1879. Charter members : Henry E. Cole, William Mallory, S. B. Johnson, Samuel P. Rhoads, T. M. Acres, George W. Myers.
These have held the office of noble grand: Henry E. Cole, Seth Paine, J. F. Wells, J. W. Rosenburg, Evan Davis, Thomas J. Stafford, E. M. Funk, Fred A. Buthweg, Joseph H. Breniman, O. A. Overfield, George W. Ellis, William Cloughley, H. M. Stuart, Andrew J. Bailey, James R. Chandler, John H. Frahm, Charles T. Tramp, Thomas J. Frederick, Peter M. Sheafer, Peter I. Drury, Melvin Nichols, Eugene M. Johnson, S. A. Aikeman, James H. Baker, Harlan P. Albert, James L. Rippey, John F. Consigney, Henry J.
247
AUDUBON COUNTY, IOWA.
Cooley, Henry Rohrbeck; William H. Kelley, Jr., Joseph Dixon, William P." McLaren, John T. Chapman, John Kennedy, Joseph Moody, George W. Hoover, Roy L. Hibbs, William Hamilton, C. E. Delahoyde, Jens O. Christ- ensen; Joe H. Ross, William Blohen, O. C. Donaldson, Harry Parrott, A. H. Delahoyde, J. H. Freedline, William A. Thompson, George W. Oelke, John M. Hite, Charles E. Nelson, H. M. McLuan, Howard E. Kettell, Jesse Graves, John A. Graham, A. M. Carrier, George W. Dye, F. J. Schwardt.
Present membership, one hundred and five.
Allison Post No. 34, Grand Army of the Republic. Organized March 19, 1881. Re-organized May 4, 1883. It was named for Capt. Robert Alli- son, Company C. Sixth Regiment, Iowa Volunteer Infantry, who was killed at Missionary Ridge, November 25, 1863. Charter members: Elkanah S. Foster, Seth Paine, H. C. Paul, W. P. Roades, Emerson H. Kimball, D. H. Walker, Ethelbert J. Freeman, Elias W. Bechtal, J. B. Roades, John F. Con- signey, Henry E. Cole, J. P. Gray, B. P. Schovill, Arthur L. Sanborn, J. C. Williams, James Pollett, P. H. Anderson, David Adams, John Both, Robert C. Cobean, Henry Newmire, C. P. Maple.
These comrades have held the office of post commander: Elkanah H. Foster, 1881; Ethelbert J. Freeman, 1883; Melvin Nichols, 1884; J. W. B. Cole, 1885; Clark H. Cross, 1886; J. Mal Bryan, 1887; Elisha Baxter, 1888; Harper W. Wilson, 1889; Henry E. Cole, 1890; John S. Dennis, 1891 ; Henry F. Andrews, 1892; Ed. B. Cousins, 1893; Joel E. Sharp, 1894; A. S. Culver, 1895: Abner H. Edwards, 1896; G. H. Jones, 1897; George Agnew, 1898; Charles Wilkins, 1899; Hiram M. Talbot, 1900; Joseph Ridpath, 1901 ; Mar- tin Smith, 1902; J. W. Baker, 1903; William Lyman, 1904; John Ott, 1905; Daniel L. Thomas, 1906; John C. Willson, 1907; Clark Wilson, 1908; Lewis A. McGinnis, 1909; Ethelbert J. Freeman, 1910; Wesley H. Jay, 1911 ; John N. Brockway, 1912; George Agnew, 1913; Anthony N. Detwiler, 1914; J. C. Fisher, 1915.
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