USA > Iowa > Early settlement and growth of western Iowa; or, Reminiscences > Part 10
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Rev. John Todd
his loaded rifle behind him when he preached, and families took their places in the pews, while the head of the household sat next the aisle with his ready rifle in easy reach to defend his own. (Thus began the custom of the husband taking the head of the pew, which continues to this day.)
During this time of terror, the following tragic scene occurred on the farm adjoining the writer's native place, as heard by him repeatedly later. A large family of several grown boys and some small children occupied the place. It was in the autumn -- wheat sowing time. Two boys with rifles in hand were standing on guard. The father was sowing, and two others with teams were harrow- ing; when, before they had any knowledge of the presence of Indians, the two on guard were shot down. The others fled-one of the sons hastened to the house, hid the small children, hastily ad- justed affairs within, and then ran to the woods and climbed a tree, where he could overlook the proceedings, and while there he saw the Indians pursue, overtake, tomahawk and scalp his father at the door-yard gate. Though the Indians en- tered the house, the hidden ones were not found. When the survivors of that family gathered again around the home hearth, how lonely ! how sad !
A stone house with port holes, which the writer has often seen, was the refuge for that neighbor- hood in a time of Indian alarm. Such a time of
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Reminiscences
peril must be exceedingly trying; but such our ancestors endured, and fearful times were had all along the western frontiers.
A destructive war was waged by the Miamis, Kickapoos and Pottawattamies, against the Illinois in 1768. The latter were defeated at the Wabash -at Blue Island near Joliet, and at Morris. The remnant took refuge on this inaccessible rock- henceforth to be known as " Starved Rock." Here their enemies besieged them until hunger and thirst impelled them, as a last resort, to attempt an es- cape. On a very dark and stormy night, they broke forth upon their besiegers, when eleven of their number succeeded in escaping down the river. Thus ended a once brave and strong nation. Their name appears no more on the Indian commission- er's report. The tribe of Benjamin is blotted out. Their enemies have glutted their revenge. They vanish before the advancing march of white men.
The Sacs and Foxes, whose hunting grounds in Iowa, in the eighteenth century, extended from the Mississippi to the Missouri, were first heard of in the valley of the St. Lawrence. The con- federated Iroquois, or five nations, in New York- the Senecas, Cayugas, Oneidas, Onondagas and Mohawks-to which were afterwards added the Tuscaroras (when they were known as six nations) had become so formidable, aggressive and hostile to neighboring tribes, that many were driven from
191
Rev. John Todd
their ancestral homes, preferring exile to constant fear and impending destruction. The Sacs and Foxes were originally two distinct nations, and were crowded westward by the encroachment of their stronger neighbors. The various steps, by which they reached the plains of Iowa, we are not able clearly to trace, but we hear of the Foxes occupying the banks of the Detroit river in 1685. The Sacs were party to a grand council on the shores of Lake Superior in 1665. Friendly to the English and hostile to the French, and insti- gated by the " six nations," the Foxes attempted to capture the French post at Detroit in 1712. For nineteen days the siege was maintained with- out success, when they in turn were shut up in their entrenchments by the French and their Indian al- lies, from which they escaped to Lake St. Clair, where they again entrenched themselves; but were pursued, and after five days' siege were compelled to surrender. The victors massacred all the war- riors who bore arms, and many of the rest, whom they attempted in vain to enslave, they afterward put to death. More than a thousand of the Foxes perished in this strife. Exasperated, but not sub- dued, they rallied their scattered bands on the Fox river in Wisconsin, to take vengeance on the French, by waylaying, robbing and murdering the French traders and travelers in their passage be- tween the lakes and the Mississippi. For a year or
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Reminiscences
two they cut off almost all communication between Canada and Louisiana. Many of the Indian allies of the French also suffered greatly.
This aroused the French in turn, in 1714, to rally their forces and exterminate once and forever so troublesome a foe. The plan, which was to unite all the other tribes under a French com- mander, soon placed at his behest a force of eight hundred warriors, all pledged not to lay down their arms while a member of the Fox tribe remained on French territory. When the Foxes saw the im- pending evil, they resolved to sell their lives as dearly as possible, and, in their desperation, se- lected a strong position near the confluence of the Wolf and Fox rivers (now known as Butte des Morts, or Hill of the Dead), which they fortified with three rows of oak palisades and a ditch. Here five hundred warriors and three thousand women and children awaited the attack. De Louvigny, the French commander, commenced by cannonad- ing. On the third day the Foxes attacked their enemies with great vigor, but, after a bloody fight, were obliged to capitulate. A treaty of peace was agreed upon, which the Foxes soon violated. The result was that the French again chastised them in 1728, and in 1746 drove them out of their country westward. In their expulsion the Ojibways were the efficient allies of the French.
193
Rev. John Todd
When first known in Iowa the Foxes were in alliance with the Sacs, and were recognized as the Sac and Fox nations. Exactly when the alliance was formed is not known, but it must have been subsequent to 1746, as at that time the Foxes fought the French alone. It seems probable that the alliance was formed for the conquest of their new hunting grounds west of the Mississippi. Captain Carver, in his travels in 1766, page 25, when speaking of Fox river, says : " This river is remarkable for having been, about eighty years ago, the residence of the united bands of the Ottagaumies (Foxes) and the Saukies (Sacs) ."
When, in 1805, soon after the transfer of the Louisiana purchase to the United States, Lieuten- ant Zebulon M. Pike explored the Mississippi from St. Louis to its source, the Sacs and Foxes hunted on both sides of the river from the Jeffreon river in Missouri to the Iowa river north of Prairie du Chien and west to the Missouri. The Sacs princi- pally resided in four villages-the first on the west bank of the Mississippi at the head of the Des Moines rapids, at or near Montrose; the second on the east bank, sixty miles above, at the mouth of the Henderson river; the third on Rock river, three miles from its mouth; the fourth on the Iowa river.
The Foxes then dwelt mainly in three villages-
13
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Reminiscences
the first on the west side of the Mississippi river, six miles above the Rock river rapids; the second about twelve miles in the rear of the lead mines, or Dubuque; and the third on Turkey river, a mile and a half from its mouth.
Both Sacs and Foxes engaged in the same wars, maintained the same alliances, and were consid- ered indissoluble in war and in peace. They were efficient aiders and abettors, if not chief parties, in the extermination of the Illinois. They became hostile to the Iowas, whose chief village, on the site of Iowaville on the Des Moines in Van Buren county, they burnt, near the close of the eighteenth century, and slaughtered and well nigh exterminat- ed its inhabitants. In this battle Black Hawk, who was born at the Sac village on Rock river in 1767, led a band of warriors in the attack, and here began the career for which he afterward became so famous.
Black Hawk was never warmly attached to the Americans. He was dissatisfied when, in 1804, Louisiana was transferred to the United States, and never approved of the treaty made at St. Louis, November 3: 1824, by which five chiefs of the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States their lands east of the Mississippi, from a point opposite the Jeffreon river in Missouri, to the Wisconsin river. He objected that the chiefs had no author- ity to cede the lands, that the compensation was
195
Rev. John Todd
inadequate, and that the chiefs were kept drunk while at St. Louis. Black Hawk aided Tecumseh against the United States in 1811, became an ally of England in the war of 1812. On May 13, 1816, with twenty-two chiefs and head men he assented to, and signed, the treaty which had been concluded in St. Louis in 1804. In the fall of 1830, on returning from his hunt west of the Mississippi, he found his village oc- cupied by Americans, and his women and children driven out and rendered shelterless by the influx of emigration. This state of things was intolerable, and led to the Black Hawk war, which continued for more than a year and ended in the capture of Black Hawk and the complete rout and slaughter of his forces on August 2, 1832. Seven weeks after his capture, the Sacs and Foxes ceded by treaty to the United States the Black Hawk purchase, a tract fifty miles wide on the west bank of the Mississippi; a reservation of four hundred square miles on the Iowa river made at that time, was ceded back to the United States, September 28, 1836. On October 21, 1837, one million two hundred and fifty thousand acres along the west side of the Black Hawk purchase were ceded. February 21, 1838, all their lands in Iowa, between the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, were ceded, and in 1842 all their lands west of the Mis- sissippi.
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Reminiscences
Part of them were removed to Kansas in the fall of 1845 and the rest in the spring after.
According to the estimate of the secretary of war in 1825 the entire number of the Sacs and Foxes was four thousand six hundred. The gov- ernment report for 1881-2 states the number of Sacs and Foxes under the care of the agency in the Indian Territory to be five hundred and sixty-two, those on the reserve in Tama county, Iowa, three hundred and fifty-five, and under the care of the great Nemaha agency sixty-three, making a total of nine hundred and eighty. How rapidly they are wasting away !
The Pottawattamies were the last of the red men that lived in Fremont county. This tribe, never very powerful or very prominent among the Amer- ican aborigines, is yet mentioned by the French as gathering from the unexplored recesses of Lake Michigan to learn of Christianity from the Jesuit missionaries early in the seventeenth century (1665-7). Marquette speaks of them at Fox river, Wisconsin, in 1673. Tonti found refuge among them on Lake Michigan in 1680. When, in 1712, the Foxes attempted the capture of the French post at Detroit, the Pottawattamies, with Ottawas and Hurons, were in alliance with the French. They, with the Ojibways and Ottawas, formed a confederacy, of which Pontiac was the virtual head. They entered warmly into the In-
197
Rev. John Todd
dian conspiracy against the English in 1763, and took an active part in the siege of Detroit in the summer of that year. We find them leagued with the Kickapoos and Miamis against the Illinois in 1768. As the wave of emigration rolled west- ward, the Pottawattamies with other small tribes were borne on its crest. They probably came into Iowa with their former allies, the Sacs and Foxes. We find them with this tribe and others parties to a treaty formed August 19, 1825, by which the United States was to establish a boundary line between the Sacs and Foxes and the Sioux.
The Pottawattamies were still in Fremont county when the first white settlers came. Shattee, a ven- erable, hoary-headed chief, with his band of one hundred and fifty or more, had a village in a hol- low southwest of Lacy's, and about due west from Sidney. Wabonsa's band lived on Wabonsie creek, in Mills county. Government block houses had been erected on the high ground near the descent of the bluffs southeast of James Lambert's resi- dence on the northwest quarter of the southeast quarter of section fourteen, township seventy-one, range forty-three, but were moved at some time prior to 1847 to section twenty-four, township sev- enty-one, range forty-three, near the residence of John Lambert. The house of Wabonsa, the chief, was bought by a Mr. Cumings. A rude coffin of rough boards rested on the limbs of a tree just
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Reminiscences
across the creek from this log house for a num- ber of years after the whites had taken possession. It was fifteen or twenty feet from the ground, was said to contain an Indian corpse and thus showed the Indian method of disposing of the dead. The treaty by which the Indians were removed was made in the spring of 1847, and permitted them to remain a year, but some of them went to Kan- sas in the autumn of the same year and some went to the three river country, the forks of the Des Moines, to winter.
About 1876, one thousand four hundred of this tribe became citizens in Kansas and received their land in fee. In 1880 there were four hundred and thirty on a reservation in Kansas and three hun- dred in the Indian Territory. They are reported to be very desirous to have their children educated and adopt civilized manners. Unless they can be Christianized and civilized they must perish as a race.
[FINIS.]
INDEX
Abolitionist, 56, 109, 150. Adams. Dea. S. H., 41, 53, 83, 85, 94, 96, 135, 146.
Albany, N. Y., 132, 133. Amity, see College Springs. American Board of Commis- soners for
Foreign Mis- sions, 16, 26.
American Home Missionary Society, 57, 95.
American Missionary Soci- ety, 26.
American Settlement Com- pany, 110. Anti-slavery Discussion, 55. Argyle, Fred, 97. Argyle's Ferry, 93. Atchison, Senator David R., 110. Atchison, Kan., 137. Atkins, Judge Q. F., 15, 80, 103.
Atkinson, B. F., 170. Avery, Egbert, 104, 141, 146, 147.
Baker, Hon. Mr., 77. . Balcom, Elder, 177.
Baptists, 63, 177. Barbour, Mrs. J. M., 41. Barnes, - , 89. Battles, Kansas, 118, 119, 125, 128. Indian, 185, 187, 188, 190, 191, 192, 194, 195, 197. Beacon, The Tabor, 5. Bell, Rev. Father, 168. Bell, - 104. Belleview, Neb., 65, 89. Belvidere, 167. Big Grove, 96. Black Hawk, 185, 194. Ally of English, 195. Black Hawk Purchase, 195.
Black Hawk War, 195. Black Jack, Kan., (fight) 118. Blanchard, Dr. Ira D., 63, 91, 95, 139, 152, 153. Blue Lodges, 110. Bodwell, Rev., 116.
Branson, Mr., 113. Branscomb, Chas., 111.
Briggs, Clark, 146.
Briggs, Dea. Daniel, 138, 145.
Brooks, Pres. Wm. M., 28, 107, 148, 154. Brown, Jason, 118.
Brown, Capt. John, 24, 114. 118, 119, 120, 129, 130, 133. Tar- get practice, 154. Raid into Mo. Public, 158, thanksgiv- ing, 159, grieved, 160, last visit to Tabor, 161. Brown, John, Jr., 118.
Brown, Owen, 154, 156. Buchler, Mr., 97.
Burlington, 78, 106. Bush, Dea., 175.
Butler's Mills, 163.
Butte des Morts, 192.
Byrd, Rev. Jno. H., 137.
Cahokia, Ill., 187. Calhoun, Neb., 167. California City, 89, 168. Carver, Capt. Jonathan, 183, 193 Case, Cephas, 135.
Cassell, Mr., 147.
Cedar Creek, Neb., 168. Chambersburg, Pa., 157.
Chambry, Capt., 122, 125.
Cherokee, 164. Chicago, Il1., 82. Cholera, 91. Church, 83. Church Services, 97, 103, 126. Church, Tabor, organized, 97. Cincinnati, O., 54.
Civil Bend, 66, 96, 98.
Clark, Mr., 89. Clark, Jas., 125. Clark, Mortimer P., 104, 119. Clark, 'Orson B., 104. Clark, Wm. L., 103, 135. Clarksfield, O., 15, 24, 52, 62, 80, 105, 130. Cleveland, C., 82, 131. Coleman, Mr., 113. College Springs, 169. Columbian Exposition, 36. Congregationalists, 13, 162,
164, 166, 167, 168, 175.
Congressional Committee, 109. Constitutional Convention, 112, (Free States), 113.
200
Index
Conversions, Remarkable, 171, 175.
Cook, Capt., 156.
Council Bluffs, 27, 74, 83, 107, 138, 176.
Council Bluffs Association, 138.
Cowan, Rev. Jno. W., 31, 34, 37.
Cramer, Squire, 144, 146.
Crescent City, 163.
Cross, Rev. Jno., 170.
Cumming Clty, Neb., 167.
Cummings, Miss Abbie, 98.
Cummings, Rev. Origin, 98, 99, 140, 148. Cutler's Camp, 90, 96.
Cutter, Dr., 116.
Dakota City, Neb., 166.
Dalrymple, Dr. 66, 67.
Decatur, Neb., 167.
De Forest, Rev. H. S., 176. De Louvigny, 192.
Denison, 169. De Soto, Neb., 167.
Des Moines River, 77, 186.
Dickey, Col., 116. Discussion on Slavery, 55. Dow, Mr., 113.
Doyles, the, 115.
Drakola, S. D., 115. Dunlap, 164.
Eddyville, 77. Eight Mile Grove, Neb., 168.
Eldridge, Col., 118, 130, 132.
Emigrant Aid Society, 110.
Europeans, First, in Iowa, 186. Evangelistic Work, 174. Exira, 175.
Fairchild, Prof. Jas. T., 30, 41.
Fairfield, 77.
Family meeting, 80.
Farmer, Squire Thos., 93.
Florence, 89.
Florence, Neb., 163. Fort St. Louis, 187.
Fort Titus, 125.
Forbes, Col., 154, 156.
Ford, Lawyer, 94. Foster, Joe, 145, 146, 148.
Foster, Rev. Richard B., 117, 125. Fourth of July celebration, 84, 94, 133. Fox River, Wis., 191, 192. Franklin, Kan., 129.
Free State Constitutional Convention, 113.
Free State men, 111, 114, 158. Free State Organizations, 110. Free State Stores, 155.
French, Claudius B., 78.
Fugitive slaves, from Tabor, 134. Atchison, Kan., 137. Nebraska City, 138. Indian Territory, 147, rescued, 147. From Linden, Mo., 150.
Galesburg, Ill., 78, 169.
Gardner, Ben F., 106, 170.
Gardner, Jim, 147.
Garner, Mr., 90. Henry & Mana, 152, 153.
Gaston, (P. 0.) 19-Civil
Bend.
Gaston, Dea. Alexander C., 41, 61, 147.
Gaston, Dea. Geo. B., plans colony, 52; selects John
Todd, 16; goes to Iowa, 53, 55, 60; at Civil Bend, 65, 83, 85, 91; changes to Tabor, 94, 96, 103; chosen captain, 119; plans "underground rail- road," 135, 148, 152; home headquarters in Kansas
times, 121, 161.
Gaston, Mrs. G. B., quoted, 121.
Gaston, Jas. K., 98, 125, 135.
Gates, Wm. J., 98, 100.
Gaylord, Rev. R. E., 162.
Geary, Gov., 127.
Glenwood, 22, 90, 145, 159, 162, 175.
Goodrich, - -, 164. Granville, Ill., 82.
Grave, The First, 100.
Great Nemaha Reservation, 185. Green-head flies, 165, 167.
Hall, Dea. Josiah B., 53, 60, 65, 67, 74, 80.
Hallam, John, 98, 135, 148. Hanley, Dr. R. R., 21. Hargen, Mr., 116.
Harrison, Mrs. Margaret, 53.
. Harrison City, 163. Harper's Ferry, Va., 157. Harvey, Col., 128. Haskins, Rev. B. F., 169, 170.
Hennepin, Ill., 82. Hickory Point, Kan., (fight), 128. Higginson, Col. T. W., 116. High Creek, 90, 94.
113,
20I
Index
Hill, Edgar S., 119. Hill, Rev. Edwin S., 145, 146. Hill, Dea. Julius M., 25, 41. Hill, Dea. L. B., 106, 148, 149. Hinton, Mrs. Cordelia C., 180. Hitchcock, Rev. Geo. B., 123, 138, 175. Hitchcock, Leang Afa., 123. Hollister, Isaac, 106, 125.
Honey Creek, 89. Horse stealing, 69, 74. House building, 85, first in Tabor, 97. House, Rev. A. V., 171.
Howe, Dr. S. G., 115.
Hubbard, -, 104.
Hume, Loren, 103.
Hunter, Geo., 145, 146, 147.
Hunter, Jno. L., 104, 107. Hurd, 152. Hurlbutt, Robt. H., 106, 119.
Ida Grove, 164. Illinois River, 82, 186.
Indians: Algonkians, 182; Da- kotas, 182; Foxes, 183, 185, 186, 190, 191, 192, 193, 197; Hurons, 196; Illinois, 183, 185, 187, 194; Iowas, 183, 184, 185, 186, 194; Iroquois, 182, 187, 190; Kickapoos, 190, 197; Miamis, 186, 190, 197; Mob- ilian, 182; Ojibways, 183, 185, 192, 196; Osages, 186; O't- toganmies-Foxes; Ottowas, 196; Pawnees, 179, 183; Pot- tawattamies, 189, 190, 196, 198; Sacs, 183, 184, 185, 186, 190, 191; Sloux, 183, 186, 197; Shawnees, 186; Winneba- goes, 183; Origin of, 182. Indian battles, 185, 187, 188, 190, 191, 192, 194, 195, 197.
Indian Creek, 68. Indiantown, 68. Indian trails, 180.
Ingraham, Harvey D., 125. Iowa River, 185, 193. Iowaville, 185. Irish Henry, 135.
106,
Jefferson River, 193, 194. Jesuit Missionaries, 196. Jones, Jonas, 103, 104, 107, 154, 161. Joliet, 186.
Kagi, J. H., 158. Kansas, 24, 108, 153, 156. Kansas-Nebraska bill, 111.
Kanesville (Council Bluffs), 27, 65, 74.
Kempton, Mrs. Julia, 100.
Kenosha, Neb., 168.
Kidnapping case, 152.
King, Rev. H. D., 163, 175, 176.
Knox College, Ill., 169.
Ladd, B. F., 106, 139. Lacy's, 197.
Laird, Mr., 174. Laird, F. M., 174.
Lambert, Jas., 197; Jno., 197; Squire, 91.
Lambert's Landing, 83.
Lane, Gen. Jas. H., 114, 116, 118, 119, 122, 125, 127, 128, 131, 132. Lang, Rev., 177.
La Salle, 186, 187.
Latter Day Saints, see Mor- mons. Lawrence, Kan., 111, 114, 117, 127, 128, (fight) 129, (sacked) 118.
Lawrence, Chas. F., 106, 146, 147.
Leaman, Wm., 156. Leeka's Mill, 102.
Legislature, "Bogus," 112,
Free State, 112, 119. Lewis, 123, 137, 138, 149, 175.
Liberty, 157.
Linden, Mo., 90, 92, 94, 150.
Linville, Geo., 145, 147.
Lyman, Isaac C., 106.
Lyons, Mr., 90.
Mckinney, Rev., 65. McKissacks Grove, 93.
McMillen, 146. Madison, Wm., 103.
Magnolia, 176.
Mails, 53, 101.
Mapleton, 164.
Martin, Mrs. Cordelia Clark, 180.
Marquette, Pere, 186. Marysville, Mo., 172. Mason, Pascal, 145, 147, 148. Matthews, Darius P., 53, 61, 103; Mrs., 82. Matthews, L. Ashmun, 104, 130. Matthews, Lucius T., 104.
Maumee Swamp, 79.
Maxwell, Rev., 168.
Meeting,
Antislavery,
108
foot note. Meeting, Mass, 64, 77. Meeting, Prayer, 55, 98.
202
Index
Meeting, Protracted, 96, 174, 175.
Meeting, Temperance, 98.
Methodist, 27, 63, 95, 96, 171, 174. Michigan City, 82.
Military company, 119, 141.
Mills, Oliver, 149.
Missionary Societies, 26.
Missionary Work, 26.
Mississippi River, 78, 190, 198, 195. Missouri, 158. Missourians, 109, 112, 120, 129, 158.
Missouri River, 59, 64, 75, 91, 142, 179, 190, 195.
Moffit, Chas., 156.
Monmouth, Ill., 78.
Morehead, 164.
Morley, Rev. J. H., 176.
Mormon doctrine, 163.
Mormon elder, 70, 74, 135.
Mormon sermons, 73.
Mormon trail, 65, 67, 75, 77.
Mormons, 27, 67, 70, 71, 78, 163.
Montrose, 193.
Mosquitos, 86, 94.
Mount Pleasant, 78.
Mud Creek, 144. Munsinger, Jos., 98.
Nauvoo, Ill., 67.
Nebraska, slaves in, 138.
Nebraska City, 115, 138, 141, 168.
Nemaha, Neb., 127.
Nettleton, Prof. L. J., 41.
New Mexico, 184.
Nishnabotna River, 90, 93, 135, 136, 140, 147; East, 68.
Nuckolls, Mr., 138, 141, 142.
Nutting, Rev. J. K., 22.
O'berlin, 'O'., 14, 15, 16, 62, 79, 88, 102, 109, 137.
C'hio River, 186.
Old Queen (mare), 101, 102.
Olmsted, 164; Mr. Henry, 164.
Omadi, Neb., 166.
Omaha, Neb., 162.
Omaha reservation, 167.
C'sceola, 107.
Ossawattamie, Kan., sacked, 119.
Parker, Rev. (Father) Orson, 177.
Parker, Rev. Lucius H., 78.
Parkman, Francis, 188.
Parsons, Rev., 116, 125, 126. Parsons, L. F., 156.
Pate, Capt. H. Clay, 118, 119. Patriotic Volunteer, The (book), 155.
Pawnee Indians, 16, 179, 183. Pearse, Sherman R., 98; Marcus C., 107.
Penfield, Rev. H., 159, 176. Percival, 17, 66, 141, 152, 174, 176. Pike, Lieut. Z. M., 193.
Pisgah, 70.
Platt, Mrs. Elvira G., 16, 84, 90; Lester W., 16, 62, 100; Enoch, Everett and Luth- er, 120, 125. Platte River, 89.
Plattsmouth, Neb., 168.
Pomeroy, Hon. S. C., 111, 116.
Pontiac, death, 187; life, 188; conspiracy of, 188, 196.
Postage, 53.
Prairie du Chien, Wis., 193.
Prayer, Concert of, 24, 98, see meeting.
Preparation, 163.
Presbyterian Mission, 65.
Presbyterians, 13, 162, 168; United, 173.
Puncheon floor, 88.
Quincy, 137, 159.
Race, Prejudice, 157.
Realf, Col. Richard, 156, 157.
Rector, Father, 64, 142.
Redpath, Mr. Jas., 128.
Reed, Festus, 168.
Reeder, Gov., 109, 111, 112, 115.
Reeves, Reuben, 37.
Republican organization, first, 117. Reminiscences, origin of, 5, 51; when written, 5.
Rhode, John, 121.
Rice, Rev. G. G., 21, 40, 95, 97.
Robinson, Dr. Chas. (G'ov.), 111, 114, 115, 118. Robertson, Richard, 156.
Rock Bluff, Neb., 168.
Rock River, Wis., 186.
Sabbath observance, 57, 60, 71, 78, 82, 170. St. Joseph, Mo., 54, 58, 60, 107, 131, 152. St. Lawrence River, 190. St. Louis, Mo., 54, 56, 58, 83, 152, 193. Salt Lake, Utah, 67. Samson, Mr., 145. Sanborn, Dr. J. F., 146.
203
Index
Sargent's Bluff, 165, 167. School, 83, 90, 97; first in Ross township, 97; first Tabor, 105; house, 105; house burn- ed, 91. Searles, Maj., 118.
Seward, Sec. Wm. H., 108.
Sharps' rifle, 117, 126, 129, 132, 154, 157. Shattee, Chief, 197.
Shannon, Gov. Wilson, 112, 114, 117.
Sheldon, Capt. Edward T., 144, 145, 147.
Shepherdson, W'm. R., 104.
Sidney, 90, 94, 133, 168.
Silver City, 90.
Silver Creek, 66, 90, 135, 140, 144. Simpson, Rev. Wm., 95, 96, 174.
Sioux City, 166, 167, 172.
Sitting Bull, Chief, 183.
Smith, Dea. Jno. W., 80.
Smith, Jas. L., 102, 105, 124, 128, 146, 147.
Smithland, 164, 167.
Spees, Marcus T., 104.
Spotted Tail, Chief, 183.
Springdale, 157.
Starrett, Henry M., 97, 103. Starved Rock, 187, 190. Steamboat travel, 58.
Steam Mill, 87, 90.
Stephens, A. D., 156, 157.
Stringfellow, Gen., 109.
Stutsman's Mill, 89.
Sunday school, 84, 97.
Tabor, 18, 51, 96, 107, 115. Tecumseh, Chief, 195.
Tekama, Neb., 167. Temperance work, 98, 177.
Thayer, Wm., 104.
Three River country, 66, 74, 75, 198. Thurman, 142. Tidd, C. P., 156.
Tipton, 105. Titus, Col., 126.
Todd, Mrs. Annie D., 35.
Todd, David, 14, 106.
Todd, Mrs. Martha A., 15, 35. 97.
Todd, Capt. Jas., 13.
Todd, Rev. John, Ancestry, 13; Antislavery work, 24; Chaplaincy, 25; College work, 28; Closing years, 35;
Death, 37, 38; Funeral, 39; Memorial, 41; Ministry, 19; Missionary work, 26; Per- sonal characteristics, 30; Pioneer life, 17, 85; Preach- ing, 19, 23; Synopsis of, life, 45; Temperance work, 28, 84, 98; War record, 25. Tolles, C. W., 135. Tonti, 186, 187.
Topeka, Kan., 112, 127. Townshend, 'saac, 103.
Tozier, -, 168. Trader's Point, 65, 89.
Underground railroad, 24; opened, 134; Activity, 150.
United Presbyterian, 173. U. S. Government, 113, 120, 194. U. S. Marshal, 113, 114, 117.
U. S. Troops, 113, 118, 119, 128, 171.
Utica, Ill., 186.
Valparaiso, Ind., 78. Vincent, Rev. Jas., 145.
Wabonsa, Chief, 64; his house, 197; his grave, 198.
Wabonsie, (region), 145, 148. Wabonsie creek, 64, 197.
Walnut creek, 149.
Walton, Miss Abbie, 63, 101.
Washington, D. C., 81.
Webb, L. E., 103, 106, 148.
Webster, Mrs. Ruth, 103.
Wellington, 164.
West, Jesse, 98, 107, 134, 148. West, John, 104.
Westport, Mo., 118. Wheatland, Mich., 78.
White, Bela, 168.
White Breast creek, 76. White Cloud, 116, 140, 147.
Whitfield, Gen., 112.
Williams, Reuben, 141, 142.
Williams, Hon. Sturgis, 142. Williamson, John, 139, 151.
Wilson, Mr., 76. Winnebago Lake, Wis., 183. Wing, .146. Wood, Wm. J., 169, 170.
Woodford, Newton, 144, 145. Woods, Dea. Daniel E., 148. Wright, Squire, 102. Wyatt, Squire, 147.
York, Elder, 70, 74.
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