USA > Iowa > Buchanan County > History of Buchanan County, Iowa, with illustrations and biographical sketches > Part 63
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The law providing for the election of a county super- intendent of schools came into operation in 1858, and the first superintendent (Judge Roszell himself ) was elected at the April election of that year; and from that year only, ean we begin to refer to records for school sta- tistics. At that time the county was subdivided into eivil townships nearly as it is now. The superintendent's report for 1858, shows the total number of school chil- dren in the county to have been two thousand four hun- dred and forty-five, the whole number attending ten hun- dred and fifteen; twenty-nine schools, and twenty-seven school-houses; showing also, that in only two distriets was there more than one term taught during the year. Of twenty-seven houses fifteen were frame, three brick, one stone, and eight log. Less than one-half of the children attended school, owing, doubtless, to the lack of school-houses within their reach.
Up to this year the old system of schools prevailed. There was no particular provision for the examination of teachers. It was only provided that the school boards were to be satisfied of their abilities and morals. Their pay was derived from a rate bill, except so far as the in- terest of the public funds distributed sufficed.
The term ended, and then the labors of the teacher began. The interest on the public school fund was ap- portioned as now, and divided among the several dis- tricts, in proportion to the children therein. This money was used to pay the teachers in part. The remaining wages were to be collected of those parents sending ehil- dren to school, on a rate bill apportioned according to the number of days' attendance. This rate it was the duty of the district clerk or secretary to collect ; but the collection was a matter that involved time and trouble, and was often impossible. Some families had, perhaps, removed from the district, others had children to send to school, but no money to pay tuition. The clerk had no great interest in the collection, and no disposition to hurry business; and the teacher had often not only to make out the rate bill, but to do the work of the clerk in collecting it, and spending the summer fruitlessly in trying to get pay for the winters' services. If Mrs. Bunce, and Mr. Pierce, and the Misses Butterfield, and others who taught previous to 1859, havn't old school orders unpaid and valueless-unless as autographs or me- mentoes-it will be because they have destroyed them.
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HISTORY OF BUCHANAN COUNTY, IOWA.
[Without pretending to a great familiarity with the ap- plication of ethics to finance, we do not hesitate to say that citizens of a township having such unsettled claims for valuable services in the past (and for that matter the question would not be affected if the services rendered had been ante-deluvian, rather than ante-present-public- school-system times), would honor their township, them- selves, and their race, by making, even at this late day, provisions for their liquidation. And we have pledged ourselves that when we have made "our pile" by writing county histories, and return to Buchanan county to in- vest the same in a Buchanan county farm, as we should be proud to do, we will, in selecting a location, give those townships the preference that have redeemed them- selves from the odium of having neglected to pay the school ma'am .- EDS.]
The constitution of this State, called the new consti- tution, adopted in 1857, provided for a State board of education, consisting of one member from each judicial district, together with the governor and lieutenant-gov- ernor. The first clection for this board was held in October, 1858, and the first session was held in Decem- ber of that year. It was a distinct legislative body, with power to legislate on school matters only, and its first legislation was the adoption of our present system of free common schools, modified only in details at subsequent sessions of the board, and by the legislature since the abolition of the board, in 1863. The new law went into operation in 1859, and in this county was hailed with al- most universal satisfaction. The county superintendent of this county at that time was also elected a member of the State board of education, and during its sessions had aided in the adoption of the new system, anticipat- ing, however, much opposition to the radical change it made. The unanimity with which the people of the county approved its provisions, was, therefore, especially gratifying to him, and did honor to their intelligence.
The report of the superintendent in 1859, shows a total of two thousand five hundred and thirty-two school children in the county, and one thousand seven hundred and forty-five attending school; a decided increase in the per centage of attendance over the previous year, which is explained by the fact that during that year there were taught in the county sixty-six schools, though the number of houses had only increased to thirty-one, be- ing an addition of four during the year. Thus it appears that not only were schools taught two terms in every dis- trict, but in several of these, schools were taught in other places than school-houses. Many of them were in private dwelling-houses, vacant or occupied. I remem- ber that one in Newton was in an attic; but I am not sure whether the room was reached by a ladder or by stairs; one in a wagon-house or shop, vacated for that purpose, and fitted up by Mr. Albert Riseley; one in Byron in a granary of John Tullock's; one in Buffalo in a vacant bed-room; and one in Hazleton in a cellar kitchen at Isaac Sufficool's.
The standard of qualifications was not high. Not many teachers could be found who had reached such a standard. Many of them would hardly pass such an
examination as is properly made now, I suppose; yet some were fully equal to the present standard in educa- tion, and for fidelity and zeal, few of them have been surpassed. The houses were rough hewn, so were the people and pupils, and so the teachers, many of them; but they were fitted for the time as few are fitted now. Robust health and capacity for endurance were essential when teachers "boarded round," and boarding places scarcely in sight of each other, even on the open prairie; where no fences marked the course of the highway, and the beaten track led anywhere but to the school-house, and bridges were the exception rather than the rule, teachers then must be able to walk miles, and to face storms; and they were.
The first certificate granted by the county superintend- ent was in 1858, to Miss Mary Preble; the fourth and fifth to Misses Emma and Eliza Butterfield. Eighty- three examinations were made that year and the same number the year following. Some were refused certifi- cates, and some who procured certificates, did not teach. Among the teachers examined that year in addition to those I have mentioned, I find the names of Jed Lake, S. G. Pierce, C. H. Jakway, Benjamin Knight, Samuel Leslie, Miss Lucinda Pierce, Miss A. L. Her- rick, now Mrs. Poor, Miss Rachel Freeman, now Mrs. Dr. House, Miss Delia A. Pease, now Mrs. Woodruff; and I am glad to say they were all good teachers. The first teachers' institute was held at the court house in In- dependence, in 1868. There were about forty teachers in attendance, and at that institute was formed the Teachers' association, which has held its meetings annu- ally since, and in 1870 numbered over two hundred members.
The second county superintendent was Mr. Bennett Roberts, who was elected in October, 1859, but shortly resigned, and C. E. Lathrop was appointed to fill the vacancy, and continued in office till October, 1860. His successor, Mr. S. G. Pierce, who so long and ably filled the office, and to whose ability and zeal our schools are so largely indebted, was elected in 1860, and reelected in October, 1861, and held the office almost continuously up to 1872, when he was succeeded by our present effi- cient incumbent. At that time, 1861, the number of schools in Fairbank had increased to four, with one hun- dred and seventy-nine pupils in attendance. Hazleton had six schools, and two hundred and fifty-three pupils in attendance. Madison seven schools, and one hundred and seventy-three pupils in attendance. Buffalo had two schools with fifty-six pupils; Fremont two schools and fifty-four pupils; Byron four schools and one hundred and one pupils; Washington nine schools and three hun- dred and fifteen pupils; Perry one school and forty-five pupils; Westburgh had yet neither house nor school; Sumner had two schools and forty-two pupils; Liberty eight schools and two hundred and ninety-seven pupils. Three of these schools were taught in one building, and I should have remarked that Quasqueton was the first in building a school-house of more than one room. They built in 1857, I think, quite a commodious building, a portion of it two stories in height, with rooms above and
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HISTORY OF BUCHANAN COUNTY, IOWA.
below, and an additional room in a wing, making three rooms in all; and in that building the second Teachers' institute was held in 1859. Middlefield, in 1861, had three schools, Newton eight, Homer two, Jefferson seven ; making a total in the county of seventy-six schools, forty houses, with an attendance of two thou- sand and ninety pupils, out of a total of three thousand one hundred and thirty-eight school children. The total value of school-buildings in the county at that time was reported at six thousand nine hundred and ninety nine dollars. There were four brick buildings, two of stone, twenty four framed, and ten log.
At this time the war had broken out, and though its continuance for several years, doubtless, retarded in a measure, the progress of our schools, and especially the building of houses, yet there was a steady progress; and I find, by the report of 1864, that the number of school children in the county had increased to three thousand four hundred and thirty-five, the number attending school to two thousand eight hundred and fifty-five, the number of schools to one hundred and twenty, and of houses fifty-nine, valued at fourteen thousand six hundred and eighty-eight dollars. In 1865 the number of school children had increased to four thousand and sixty-two, three thousand and forty attending school ; one hundred and six schools, sixty-four houses, worth seventeen thou- sand dollars. This was immediately after the close of the war, and brings us down to a date so recent, that any- thing I may say of the schools since, can hardly be con- sidered history. The progress we have made since 1865, especially in the way of school buildings, has been ex- ceedingly gratifying. In 1867 the first Union school- house was completed, and the first graded school or- ganized in Independence. Since that time a second has been built. Also a tasteful and commodious one at Jesup, and another at Winthrop.
The number of school-houses in the county in 1872 was one hundred and twenty-four, valued at one hundred and sixteen thousand seven hundred dollars. Onlyone log school-house remains in use, and nearly all have entirely disappeared. The number of children at the last date mentioned was six thousand four hundred and sixteen, and there were two hundred and forty-three teachers em- ployed during the year. When we compare this with one three log buildings in 1850, with three schools, or with twenty-seven buildings and sixty-six schools in 1858, the result is indeed gratifying; and all the more so when we remember that this statement does not include any of the excellent private schools taught in the county. We have the Catholic common school, well attended and well con- ducted, and the seminary under the supervision of the Sisters-an institution doing excellent service in the cause of education ; and the Commercial school recently estab- lished in our city, also doing good work in its appropriate; place and last, though by no means least, this normal school now in session, and doing still another portion of the great work-that of educating the educators.
I find on the list of teachers for 1858 not more than two who are teaching now ; showing that very few if any, adopt teaching as a permanent profession. A few terms
or a few years, at most, is the general rule, and the ranks have constantly to be filled with new recruits. This fact is often alluded to as detrimental to the cause of educa- tion, but I do not so regard it. Teaching is both a science and an art, and those who practice the art, have generally little leisure to investigate the science. The natural tendency is to follow accustomed methods of teaching, as it is to prefer the accustomed text books ; and the teacher who is in the constant practice of the art for many years, will almost invariably fail to keep pace with the progress of the science of teaching -- just as a physician who should be kept constantly at the bed- side of patients, would have no time to keep pace with the new discoveries in the science of medicine; or the lawyer who should be always pleading in court, would soon exhaust his vitality, mental and physical, and fail to keep posted in the later legislation and more recent decisions.
For these reasons I consider that the constant changes in teachers, has at least its advantages, supplying, as it does, a new life and fresh vitality.
Our progress has been encouraging, and the present condition of our schools is alike honorable to the teachers, to the officers superintending, and to the people sustain- ing them. We have a school system susceptible of im- provement doubtless, but not inferior to that of any State; and it will be our aim not to maintain, but to im- prove its efficiency; and I doubt not that he who writes the history of our schools in 1896, will have an advance- ment to chronicle, fully equal to that we have made during the twenty-three years which have preceded this. Greater we cannot reasonably expect, nor should we be satisfied with less.
NOTE. - Since the foregoing address was delivered, two more super- intentendents have had supervision of the county schools-Amos Rowe, one term (two years), and W. E. Parker, who is just now finishing his third term. The number of school-houses has increased, in the eight years, from one hundred and twenty four to one hundred and forty- two, and the "one log school-house " has disappeared. The "Com- mercial school," of which the lecturer made favorable mention, has been discontinued, doubtless for want of patronage-a fate which, on account of the enlargement of the public school course, has overtaken most private enterprises of that kind. The number of children of school age in the county, in 1872, was six thousand four hundred and sixteen-in 1880, six thousand seven hundred and forty-five. The whole number of teachers during the former year, two hundred and forty-three-in the latter, two hundred and eighty-five. It will be seen therefore, by any one who will cipher it out, that the children of school age, and the teachers provided for their instruction, have increased in precisely the same ratio; a somewhat remarkable coincidence.
CHAPTER XVII.
CIVIL LIST OF BUCHANAN COUNTY.
MEMBERS OF CONGRESS.
Buchanan county forms part of the Third Congressional district and the only representative to Congress elected from the county is Hon. W. G. Donnan, elected October 11, 1870, serving two terms.
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HISTORY OF BUCHANAN COUNTY, IOWA.
STATE SENATORS.
D. C. Hastings, October, 1859; L. W. Hart, Novem- ber, 1863; W. G. Donnan, October, 1867 ; George W. Bemis, 1871; M. W. Harmon, 1875-1879.
REPRESENTATIVES IN LEGISLATURE.
D. S. Davis, Quasqueton, 1852; F. E. Turner, Quas- queton, 1854; George W. Bemis, 1859; Jed Lake, 1861. D. D. Holbridge, 1863; P. C. Wilcox, 1865-1867; D. S. Lee, 1869; J. M. Hovey, Jesup, 1871; S. T. Spangler, Buffalo, 1873; John Calvin, 1875-1877; Isaac Muncey, 1879.
COUNTY JUDGES.
O. H. P. Roszell, August, 1851; O. H. P. Roszell, 1855; S. J. W. Tabor, October, 1859 (resigned); W. H. Burton (to fill vacancy) 1861 ; W. H. Burton, 1863-1867.
During the latter part of Judge Burton's term, and since, the office of auditor has taken the place of that of county judge.
COUNTY AUDITORS.
J. L. Loomis, October, 1869-71; D. A. M. Lesib, 1873-75; George B. Warren, 1877-79.
JUDGE OF PROBATE.
Elijah Beardsley, August, 1848; G. I. Cummins, 1849. CLERK OF THE DISTRICT COURT.
S. P. Stoughton, 1848; Edward Brewer (elected bien- nially from 1852 to 1866 inclusive); D. L. Smith, November, 1868-1870, 1872, 1874, 1876; Robert J. Williamson, 1878; O. M. Gillett, 1880.
RECORDER AND TREASURER.
Edward Brewer, August, 1848; Edward Brewer, 1849. G. I. Cummins, 1851; John Leslie, 1853 ; H. G. Hast. ings, 1855; William G. Donnan, 1859; S. J. W. Tabor, 1861; E. B. Older, 1863.
The offices of treasurer and recorder were then sep. arated and the recorders were as follows: T. J. Marinus 1864-66; John Hollett, 1868-70-72-74-76; William J. Miller, 1878; J. W. Foreman, 1880.
TREASURER.
E. B. Older, 1865; L. A. Main, 1867-1869, 1871; James A. Poor, 1873-5-7-9.
PROSECUTING ATTORNEY.
Elijah Beardsley, 1848; - (Record defective) 1850; D. S. Lee, 1852; J. S. Woodward, April, 1854; James Jamison, August, 1854; J. C. Head, Quasqueton, 1856.
SHERIFF.
E. D. Phelps, August, 1848; N. W. Hatch, August, 1849-51; J. A. Guthrie, August, 1852; Eli D. Phelps, August, 1853; Leander Keys, 1855; Byron C. Hale, October, 1859; M. Gillett (died during term). 1861; John M. Westfall, 1862-63; A. Crooks, 1865; John A. Davis, 1867-69; George O. Farr, 1871-73; W. S. Van Orsdol, 1875-77; E. L. Currier, 1879.
COUNTY SURVEYOR.
D. C. Greely, April and August, 1848; O. H. P. Roszell, August, 1850; O. H. P. Roszell, August, 1851- 53; George W. Bemis, 1855; David Merrill, 1859; I. P. Warren, 1861; J. W. Myers, 1865-67; J. L. Seely,
-
1868-9-71; D. S. Deering, 1873; J. L. Seely, 1874 -- 5 -- -- 7 ; Jasper N. Iliff, 1879.
CORONERS.
D. S. Megonigal, 1848; T. Merritt, 1849; Thomas Morgan, 1851 ; Thomas J. Marinus, 1852; R. W. Wright, 1853; T. J. Marinus, 1854; J. L. McGee, 1855 ; R. W. Wright, 1859; H. H. Hunt, 1861; L. S. Brooks, 1863; H. H. Hunt, 1865 -- 67 -- 69 -- 71 -- 75-77-9; M. A. Cham- berlain, 1873.
SCHOOL FUND COMMISSIONER.
S. P. Stoughton, April, 1848; William Logan, 1850 -- 52 -- 54 -- 56.
MEMBER OF BOARD OF PUBLIC EDUCATION.
H. N. Gates (county?), 1858; S. J. W. Tabor, 1860. COUNTY SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC SCHOOL.
O. H. P. Roszell, 1858; Bennett Roberts, October, 1859; S. G. Pierce, November, 1860-61 ; George Gem- mell, 1863; S. G. Pierce, 1865-67-69; E. H. Ely, 1871; Amos Rowe, 1873; W. E. Parker, 1875 -- 77-79.
COUNTY ASSESSOR.
H. B. Hatch, 1857, appears to have been the only one.
COUNTY COMMISSIONERS.
Rufus B. Clark, 1848; James Collier, Malcom Mc- Bane, 1848; Carmi Hickox, M. McBane, 1849; Nathan Trogdon, 1850.
COUNTY SUPERVISORS.
The first board met January 7, 1861, consisting of one member elect from each township, viz: Elisha Sanborn, Alton township; E. B. Baker, Byron; C. H. Jackway Buf- falo; E. D. Hovey, Cono; James Fleming, Fremont ; L. S. Allen, Homer ; John Johnson, Jefferson; William Logan, Liberty; J. B. Ward, Madison; James M. Kerr, Middlefield; N. W. Richardson, Newton; D. B. San- ford, Perry; V. R. Beach, Sumner; William C. Nelson, Superior; George W. Bemis, Washington; William B. Wilkinson, Westburgh.
The chairmen of the board were: George W. Bemis, January, 1861, 1862; John Johnson, January, 1863 ; Isaac G. Freeman, January, 1864, 1865; N. Dickey, 1866; J. H. Campbell, January, 1867; John Johnson, January, 1868; E. P. Brintnall, January, 1869 ; S. W Rich, January, 1870: E. P. Brintnall, January, 1871.
In 1871 the board was reduced to three members, chosen by the county at large. This continued for three terms, and the members were: E. P. Brintnall, Jed Lake, J. A. Stodard, 1871; Jed Lake, J. A. Stodard, Morris Todd, 1872; J. A. Stodard, Morris Todd, John D. Rus- sell, 1873.
In 1874 the board was increased to seven members, of whom the following have been chairmen: Horatio Bryant, M. D., 1874, 1875, 1876; J. G. House, M. D., 1877, 1878, 1879; H. Bryant, 1880; C. R. Millington, 1881.
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HISTORY OF BUCHANAN COUNTY, IOWA.
CHAPTER XVIII. SCRAPS OF HISTORY.
A VETERAN VOTER .- An old gentleman named Hath- away, who was then in his ninety-first year, was present at the polls in Independence, October, 1858. He was then residing about two miles from Independence, and had voted at every presidential election since Washing- ton's second term. Mr. Hathaway voted the Demo- cratic ticket, but remarked that Democracy now-a-days (or should we say then-a-days?) was not what it used to be.
Fernando Flannery, who came to Independence when there were but three houses on the west side of the river, died in 1880, aged eighty-four years. The three houses were owned respectively as follows: E. Cobb, S. S. Allen and S. Sherwood. Mr. Flannery claimed to have come to this city in 1857; but as others who came here about that tinie think that the era of "three houses on the west side" had passed before 1857, it is probable he was here as early as 1852.
A Wedding in Early Times .- A writer over the signa- ture of "Abbottsford" informed the readers of the Con- servative, in the summer of 1878, that the first marriage solemnized in Independence was that of Miss Cynthia Messenger to Charles McCaffra. The ceremony was performed by 'Squire John Scott, in September, 1847. A novel mode of offering congratulations seems to have prevailed at that period, as the writer adds that after the ceremony the settlers gave vent to their feelings by the wildest cheers.
"Abbotsford" also asserts that in 1849 there was a hegira from the embryo city, which left but two families, those of Dr. Brewer and Mr. Close, true to their faith in a "good time coming."
A Large Bird .- In April. 1858, Mr. Beebe, of Quas- queton, shot a swan near that place measuring eight feet between the tips of the wings, five feet seven inches in length, and weighing twenty-nine pounds.
It is an ill wind that blows nobody any good. Not- withstanding the great financial pressure, and the general stagnation of business in 1857-58, during the last named year there were built in Independence between fifty and sixty houses, and eight stores. Perhaps political econo- mists would tell us that had the times been more pros- perous at the east, there would have been less rapid growth in the west.
A Stranger .- A grey fox of large size was killed by Mr. W. W. Gilbert, on the border of Greeley's grove, in the autumn of 1880. This species had seldom or never been seen in this region, and the presence of this one is quite a mystery.
A Large Fish .- Charles Putnam, in the winter of 1859, caught a muscalonge in the river, near Indepen- dence, which measured within two inches of four feet in length, and weighed twenty-six pounds. In the same paragraph which contained the above announcement, it was stated that Messrs. Smith & Cannon, of Dubuque, shipped two thousand three hundred pounds of Wapsie pickerel, a few days before, to the St. Louis market.
Coldest Day .- Sunday, the twelfth of January, 1857, was the coldest day that had or has been known in Iowa. At sunrise on that day, the thermometer stood at forty degrees below zero at Independence.
Daily Mail .- The Independence correspondent of the Quasqueton Guardian mentions, under date of October 19, 1857, that the people of that town were enjoying the luxury of a daily mail, through the influence, it was claimed, of Senator Jones.
P. C. Wilcox was mentioned in the town press as one of the new merchants of the county seat, in the autumn of 1857.
The flood of the summer of 1858 did a great deal of damage in the valley of the Wapsipinicon. The total rise, from Saturday morning to Sunday noon, was fifteen feet. The street at the east end of the bridge at Inde- pendence was submerged, and the bridge was saved only by the timely exertions of the citizens. The bridge at Quasqueton was carried off, and considerable property destroyed. Mr. Davis, of that place, lost several hun- dred bushels of wheat, which was stored in his mill.
Post Offices and Saw-mills .- In 1856, there were in the county eleven post offices, and about twice as many saw-mills, fifteen of which were propelled by water. The post offices were named as follows: Independence, Quasqueton, Fairbank, Chatham, Greeley's Grove, Buf- falo Grove, Erie, Pine, Erin, Frink's Grove, and Bran- don. In 1881, the number of post offices has increased to sixteen, averaging one to each township.
Houses and Families .- In the same year, there were in the county eight hundred and fifty-three dwelling houses, nine hundred and fifty-two families, seven hun- dred and ninety-three owners of land, and twenty-one thousand two hundred and twenty-two acres of improved land.
Death of the First White Child .- Charles B. Kessler, aged twenty one years, died near Quasqueton, April 7, 1864. He was the first white child born in what is now Buchanan county. Heeding the call of his country, he volunteered in January, 1862, and became a member of company H, Thirteenth regiment, United States army. With his regiment he went safely through several severe battles, among which were those of Arkansas Post, Black River, Siege of Vicksburgh, and Collierville. From the last-named conflict he turned to the hospital, broken down by fatigue and exposure, as many another youthful hero had been. Continuing to decline, he was brought home to die amid the loved and tender associa- tions of his boyhood. Brave and generous, he was loved by all. He sleeps in a patriot's grave, another willing sacrifice for liberty and the Union.
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