History of Jackson County, Iowa; Volume I, Part 6

Author: Ellis, James Whitcomb, 1848-; Clarke, S. J., publishing company
Publication date: 1910
Publisher: Chicago, S. J. Clarke Publishing Co.
Number of Pages: 730

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EARLY SETTLEMENTS.

The first permanent settlement by the whites within the limits of Iowa was made by Julien Dubuque, in 1788, when, with a small party of miners, he settled on the site of the city that now bears his name, where he lived until

HISTORY OF JACKSON COUNTY

his death in 1810. Louis Honori settled on the site of the present town of Montrose, probably in 1799, and resided there until 1805, when his property passed into other hands. Of the Giard settlement, opposite Prairie du Chien, little is known, except that it was occupied by some parties prior to the com- mencement of the present century, and contained three cabins in 1805. Indian traders, although not strictly to be considered settlers, had established them- selves at various points at an early date. A Mr. Johnson, agent of the Ameri- can Fur Company, had a trading post below Burlington, where he carried on traffic with the Indians some time before the United States possessed the country. In 1820, Le Moliese, a French trader, had a station at what is now Sandusky, six miles above Keokuk, in Lee county. In 1829, Dr. Isaac Gal- laud made a settlement on the Lower Rapids, at what is now Nashville.

The first settlement in Lee county was made in 1820, by Dr. Samuel C. Muir, a surgeon in the United States army, who had been stationed at Fort Edwards, now Warsaw, Illinois, and who built a cabin where the city of Keokuk now stands. Dr. Muir was a man of strict integrity and irreproachable char- acter. While stationed at a military post on the upper Mississippi, he had married an Indian woman of the Fox nation. Of his marriage the following romantic account is given :

The post at which he was stationed was visited by a beautiful Indian maiden- whose native name, unfortunately, has not been preserved-who, in her dreams, had seen a white brave unmoor his canoe, paddle it across the river and come directly to her lodge. She felt assured, according to the superstitions of her race, that, in her dreams, she had seen her future husband, and had come to the fort to find him. Meeting Dr. Muir she instantly recognized him as the hero of her dreams, which, with childlike innocence and simplicity, she related to him. Her dream was indeed prophetic. Charmed with Sophia's beauty, innocence and devotion, the doctor honorably married her; but after a while the sneers and gibes of his brother officers-less honorable than he, perhaps- made him feel ashamed of his dark-skinned wife, and when his regiment was ordered down the river, to Bellefontaine, it is said he embraced the opportunity to rid himself of her, and left her, never expecting to see her again, and little dreaming that she would have the courage to follow him. But, with her infant child, this intrepid-wife and mother started alone in her canoe, and after many days of weary labor and a lonely journey of nine hundred miles, she at last reached him. She afterward remarked, when speaking of this toilsome jour- ney down the river in search of her husband: "When I got there I was all perished away-so thin." The doctor, touched by such unexampled devotion, took her to his heart, and ever after, until his death, treated her with marked respect. She always presided at his table with grace and dignity, but never abandoned her native style of dress. In 1819-20, he was stationed at Fort Edwards, but the senseless ridicule of some of his brother officers on account of his Indian wife induced him to resign his commission.

After building his cabin, as above stated, he leased his claim for a term of years to Otis Reynolds and John Culver, of St. Louis, and went to La Pointe, afterward Galena, where he practiced his profession for ten years, when he returned to Keokuk. His Indian wife bore him four children-Louise (mar- ried at Keokuk, since dead), James (drowned at Keokuk), Mary and Sophia. Dr. Muir died suddenly of cholera in 1832, but left his property in such con- dition that it was soon wasted in vexatious litigation, and his brave and faith- ful wife, left friendless and penniless, became discouraged, and, with her chil- dren, disappeared, and, it is said, returned to her people on the Upper Missouri.

Messrs. Reynolds and Culver, who had leased Dr. Muir's claim at Keokuk, subsequently employed as their agent Mr. Moses Stillwell, who arrived with his family in 1828 and took possession of Muir's cabin. His brother-in-law, Amos and Valencourt Van Ansdal, came with him and settled near. His daughter, Margaret Stillwell (afterward Mrs. Ford) was born in 1831 at the

HISTORY OF JACKSON COUNTY

foot of the rapids, called by the Indians Puch-a-she-tuck, where Keokuk now stands. She was probably the first white American child born in Iowa.

In 1831, Mr. Johnson, agent of the American Fur Company, who had a station at the foot of the rapids, removed to another location, and Dr. Muir having returned from Galena, he and Isaac R. Campbell took the place and buildings vacated by the company and carried on trade with the Indians and half breeds. Campbell, who had first visited and traveled through the southern part of Iowa, in 1821, was an enterprising settler, and besides trading with the natives carried on a farm and kept a tavern. Dr. Muir died of cholera in 1832.

In 1830, James L. and Lucius H. Langworthy, brothers and natives of Ver- mont, visited the territory for the purpose of working the lead mines at Du- buque. They had been engaged in lead mining at Galena, Illinois, the former from as early as 1824. The lead mines in the Dubuque region were an object of great interest to the miners about Galena, for they were known to be rich in lead ore. To explore these mines and to obtain permission to work them was therefore eminently desirable.

In 1829, James L. Langworthy resolved to visit the Dubuque mines. Cross- ing the Mississippi at a point now known as Dunleith, in a canoe, and swimming his horse by his side, he landed on the spot now known as Jones street levee. Before him spread out a beautiful prairie, on which. the city of Dubuque now stands. Two miles south, at the mouth of Catfish creek, was a village of Sacs and Foxes. Thither Mr. Langworthy proceeded, and was well received by the natives. He endeavored to obtain permission from them to mine in their hills, but this they refused. He, however, succeeded in gaining the confidence of the chiefs to such an extent as to be allowed to travel in the interior for three weeks and explore the country. He employed two Indians as guides, and traversed in different directions the whole region lying between the Maquo- keta and Turkey Rivers. He returned to the village, secured the good will of the Indians, and, returning to Galena, formed plans for future operations, to be executed as soon as circumstances would permit.

In 1830, with his brother, Lucius H., and others, having obtained consent of the Indians, Mr. Langworthy crossed the Mississippi and commenced min- ing in the vicinity around Dubuque.

At this time the lands were not in the actual possession of the United States. Although they had been purchased from France, the Indian title had not been extinguished, and these adventurous persons were beyond the limits of any state or territorial government. The first settlers were. therefore, ob- liged to be their own law makers, and to agree to such regulations as the exigencies of the case demanded. The first act resembling civil legislation within the limits of the present state of Iowa was done by the miners at this point, in June, 1830. They met on the bank of the river, by the side of an old cotton- wood drift log, at what is now the Jones street levee, Dubuque, and elected a committee, consisting of J. L. Langworthy, H. F. Lander, James McPhetres, Samuel Scales, and E. M. Wren. This may be called the first legislature in Iowa, the members of which gathered around that old cottonwood log, and agreed to and reported the following, written by Mr. Langworthy, on a half sheet of coarse, unruled paper, the old log being the writing desk :

We, a committee having been chosen to draft certain rules and regulations (laws) by which we as miners will be governed, and having duly considered the subject, do unanimously agree that we will be governed by the regulations on the east side of the Mississippi river (established by the superintendent of United States lead mines at Fever River), with the following exceptions, to wit :

Article I. That each and every man shall hold two hundred yards square of ground by working said ground one day in six.

HISTORY OF JACKSON COUNTY

Article II. We further agree that there shall be chosen, by the majority of the miners present, a person who shall hold this article, and who shall grant letters of arbitration on application having been made, and that said letters of arbitration shall be obligatory on the parties so applying.

The report was accepted by the miners present who elected Dr. Jarote, in accordance with article two. Here, then, we have, in 1830, a primitive legis- lature elected by the people, the law drafted by it being submitted to the people for approval, and under it Dr. Jarote was elected first governor within the limits of the present state of Iowa. And it is to be said that the laws thus enacted were as promptly obeyed, and the acts of the executive officer thus elected as duly respected as any have been since. The miners who had thus erected an independent government of their own on the west side of the Mis- sissippi river continued to work successfully for a long time, and the new set- tlement attracted considerable attention. But the west side of the Missis- sippi belonged to the Sac and Fox Indians, and the government, in order to preserve peace on the frontier as well as to protect the Indians in their rights under the treaty, ordered the settlers not only to stop mining, but to remove from the Indian territory. They were simply intruders. The execution of this order was entrusted to Colonel Zachary Taylor, then in command of the military post at Prairie du Chien, who early in July, sent an officer to the miners with orders to forbid settlement, and to command the miners to remove within ten davs to the east side of the Mississippi, or they would be driven off by armed force. The miners, however, were reluctant about leaving the rich "leads" they had already discovered and opened, and were not disposed to obey the order to remove with any considerable degree of alacrity. In due time, Colonel Tay- lor despatched a detachment of troops to enforce his order. The miners, an- ticipating their arrival, had, excepting three, recrossed the river, and from the east bank saw the troops land on the western shore. The three who had lin- gered a little too long were, however, permitted to make their escape unmolested. From this time a military force was stationed at Dubuque to prevent the set- tlers from returning, until June, 1832. The Indians returned and were en- couraged to operate the rich mines opened by the late white occupants.

In June, 1832, the troops were ordered to the east side to assist in the annihilation of the very Indians whose rights they had been protecting on the west side. Immediately after the close of the Black Hawk war, and the nego- tiations of the treaty in September, 1832, by which the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States the tract known as the "Black Hawk Purchase," the set- tlers, supposing that now they had a right to reenter the territory, returned and took possession of their claims, built cabins, erected furnaces, and prepared large quantities of lead for market. Dubuque was becoming a noted place on the river, but the prospects of the hardy and enterprising settlers and miners were again ruthlessly interfered with by the government, on the ground that the treaty with the Indians would not go into force until June 1, 1833, although they had withdrawn from the vicinity of the settlement. Colonel Taylor was again ordered by the war department to remove the miners, and in January, 1833, troops were again sent from Prairie du Chien to Dubuque for that pur- pose. This was a serious and perhaps unnecessary hardship imposed upon the settlers. They were compelled to abandon their cabins and homes in midwinter. It must now be said, simply, that "red tape" should be respected. The purchase had been made, the treaty ratified, or was sure to be; the Indians had retired, and after the lapse of nearly fifty years, no very satisfactory reason for this rigorous action of the government can be given. But the orders had been given, and there was no alternative but to obey. Many of the settlers recrossed the river, and did not return; a few, however, removed to an island near the east bank of the river, built rude cabins of poles, in which to store their lead until spring, when they could float the fruits of their labor to St. Louis for sale, and where they could remain until the treaty went into force, when they could

HISTORY OF JACKSON COUNTY

return. Among these were James L. Langworthy and his brother Lucius, who had on hand about three hundred thousand pounds of lead.

Lieutenant Covington, who had been placed in command at Dubuque by Colonel Taylor, ordered some of the cabins of the settlers to be torn down, and wagons and other property to be destroyed. This wanton and inexcusable action on the part of a subordinate clothed with a little brief authority was sternly rebuked by Colonel Taylor, and Covington was superseded by Lieu- tenant George Wilson, who pursued a just and friendly course with the pioneers who were only waiting for the time when they could repossess their claim. June 1, 1833, the treaty formally went into effect, the troops were withdrawn, and the Langworthy brothers and a few others at once returned and resumed possession of their home claims and mineral prospects, and from this time the first permanent settlement of this portion of Iowa must date. Mr. John P. Sheldon was appointed superintendent of the mines by the government, and a system of permits to miners and licenses to smelters was adopted, similar to that which had been in operation at Galena, since 1825, under Lieutenant Mar- tin Thomas and Captain Thomas C. Legate. Substantially the primitive law enacted by the miners assembled around that old cottonwood drift log in 1830 was adopted and enforced by the United States government, except that miners were required to sell their mineral to licensed smelters and the smelter was re- quired to give bonds for the payment of six per cent of all lead manufactured to the government.

This was the same rule adopted in the United States mines on Fever river in Illinois, except that, until 1830, the Illinois mines were compelled to pay 10 per cent tax. This tax upon the miners created much dissatisfaction among the miners on the west side as it had been on the east side of the Mississippi. They thought they had suffered hardships and privations enough in opening the way for civilization, without being subjected to the imposition of an odious govern- ment upon their means of subsistence, when the federal government could better afford to aid them to extort from them. The measure soon became unpopular. It was difficult to collect the taxes, and the whole system was abol- ished in about ten years. During 1833, after the Indian title was fully extin- guished, about five hundred people arrived at the mining district, about one hun- dred and fifty of them from Galena.

In the same year, Mr. Langworthy assisted in building the first schoolhouse in Iowa, and thus was formed the nucleus of the new populous and thriving city of Dubuque. Mr. Langworthy lived to see the naked prairie on which he first landed become the site of a city of fifteen thousand inhabitants, the small school house in which he aided in constructing replaced by three substantial edifices, wherein two thousand children were being trained, churches erected in every part of the city, and railroads connecting the wilderness which he first explored with all the eastern world. He died suddenly on the 13th of March, 1865, while on a trip over the Dubuque and Southwestern Railroad at Monticello, and the evening train brought the news of his death and his remains.

Lucius H. Langworthy, his brother, was one of the most worthy, gifted and influential of the old settlers of Iowa. He died, greatly lamented by many friends, in June, 1865.

The name of Dubuque was given to the settlement by the miners at a meet- ing held in 1834.

In 1832, Captain James White made a claim on the present site of Montrose. In 1834, a military post was established at this point, and a garrison of cavalry was stationed here, under the command of Colonel Stephen W. Kearney. The soldiers were removed from this post to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1837.

During the same year, 1832, soon after the close of the Black Hawk war. Zachariah Hawkins, Benjamin Jennings, Aaron White, Augustine Hornton, Samuel Gooch, Daniel Thompson and Peter Williams, made a claim at Fort Mad- ison. In 1833, these claims were purchased by John and Nathaniel Knapp, upon

HISTORY OF JACKSON COUNTY

which, in 1835, they laid out the town. The next summer, lots were sold. The town was subsequently resurveyed and platted by the United States government.

At the close of the Black Hawk war, parties who had been impatiently look- ing across upon "Flint Hills," now Burlington, came over from Illinois and made claims. The first was Samuel S. White, in the fall of 1832, who erected a cabin on the site of the city of Burlington. About the same time, David Tothero made a claim on the prairie about three miles back from the river, at a place since known as the farm of Judge Morgan. In the winter of that year, they were driven off by the military from Rock Island as intruders upon the rights of the Indians, and White's cabin was burnt by the soldiers. He retired to Illinois, where he spent the winter, and in the summer, as soon as the Indian title was ex- tinguished, returned and rebuilt his cabin. White was joined by his brother Doo- little, and they laid out the original town of Burlington in 1834.

All along the river borders of the Black Hawk purchase settlers were flock- ing into Iowa. Immediately after the treaty with the Sacs and Foxes, in Sep- tember, 1832, Colonel George Davenport made the first claim on the spot where the thriving city of Davenport now stands. As early as 1827, Colonel Davenport had established a flat boat ferry, which ran between the island and the main shore, of Iowa, by which he carried on trade with the Indians west of the Mississippi. In 1833, Capt. Benjamin W. Clark moved across from Illinois, and laid the foundation of the town of Buffalo, in Scott county, which was the first actual settlement within the limits of that county. Among other early settlers in this part of the territory was Adrian H. Davenport, Colonel John Sullivan, Mulli- gan and Franklin Easly, Capt. John Coleman, J. M. Camp. William White, H. W. Higgins, Cornelius Harrold, Richard Harrison, E. H. Shepherd and Dr. E. S. Barrows.

The first settlers of Davenport were Antoine LeClaire, Colonel George Daven- port, Major Thomas Smith, Major William Gordon, Phillip Hambough, Alexan- der W. McGregor, Levi S. Colton, Capt. James May and others. Of Antoine Le- Claire, as the representative of the two races of men who at this time occupied Iowa, Hon. C. C. Nourse, in his admirable Centennial address, says :

"Antoine LeClaire was born at St. Joseph, Michigan, in 1797. His father was French, his mother a granddaughter of a Pottawattomie chief. In 1818, he acted as an official interpreter to Colonel Davenport, at Fort Armstrong (now Rock Island). He was well acquainted with a dozen Indian dialects, and was a man of strict integrity and great energy. In 1820 he married the granddaughter of a Sacs chief. The Sac and Fox Indians reserved for him and his wife two sections of land, in the treaty of 1833, one at the town of LeClaire, and one at Davenport. The Pottawattomies, in the treaty at Prairie du Chien, also reserved for him two sections of land, at the present site of Moline, Illinois. He received the appointment of postmaster and justice of peace in the Black Hawk purchase, at an early day. In 1833, he bought for $100 a claim on the land upon which the original town of Davenport was surveyed and platted in 1836. In 1836, LeClaire built the hotel, known since, with its valuable addition, as the LeClaire House. He died September 25, 1861."

In Clayton county, the first settlement was made in the spring of 1832, on Turkey River, by Robert Hatfield and William W. Wayman. No further settle- ment was made in this part of the state till the beginning of 1836. In that por- tion now known as Muscatine county, settlements were made in 1834, by Benja- min Nye, John Vanater and G. W. Kasey, who were the first settlers. E. E. Fay, William St. John, N. Fullington, H. Reece, Jona Pettibone, R. P. Lowe, Stephen Whichler, Abijah Whiting, J. E. Fletcher, W. D. Abernethy and Alesis Smith were early settlers of Muscatine.

During the summer of 1835, William Bennitt and his family from Galena, built the first cabin within the present limits of Delaware county, in some timber since known as Ead's Grove. The first postoffice in Iowa was established in Du- buque in 1833. Milo H. Prentice was appointed postmaster. The first justice of

HISTORY OF JACKSON COUNTY

the peace was Antoine LeClaire, appointed in 1833, as "a very suitable person to adjust the difficulties between the white settlers and the Indians still remaining there." The first Methodist Society in the territory was formed at Dubuque on the 18th of May, 1834, and the first class meeting was held June Ist, of that year. The first church bell brought into Iowa was in March, 1834. The first mass of the Roman Catholic church in the territory was celebrated at Dubuque, in the house of Patrick Quigley, in the fall of 1833. The first school house in the territory was erected by the Dubuque miners in 1833. The first Sab- bath school was organized at Dubuque early in the summer of 1834. The first woman who came to this part of the territory with a view to permanent residence was Mrs. Noble F. Dean, in the fall of 1832. The first family that lived in this part of Iowa was that of Hosea T. Camp, in 1832. The first meeting house was built by the Methodist Episcopal church, at Dubuque in 1834. The first newspaper in Iowa was the Dubuque Visitor, issued May 11, 1836. John King, afterward Judge King, was editor, and William C. Jones, printer. The pioneers of Iowa, as a class, were brave, hardy, intelligent and enterprising people.

As early as 1824 a French trader named Hart had established a trading post, and built a cabin on the bluffs above the large spring now known as "Mynster Spring," within the limits of the present city of Council Bluffs and had probably been there some time, as the post was known to the employes of the American Fur Company as Lacote de Hart, or "Hart's Bluff." In 1827, an agent of the American Fur Company, Francis Guittar, with others encamped in the timber at the foot of the Bluffs, about on the present location of Broadway, and afterward settled there. In 1839 a block house was built on the bluff in the east part of the city. The Pottawattomie Indians occupied this part of the state until 1846-7, when they relinquished the territory and removed to Kansas. Billy Caldwekl was then principal chief. There were no white settlers in that part of the state except In- dian traders, until the arrival of the Mormons under the lead of Brigham Young. These people on their way westward halted for the winter of 1846-7 on the west bank of the Missouri River, about five miles above Omaha, at a place now called Florence. Some of them had reached the eastern bank of the river the spring be- fore, in season to plant a crop. In the spring of 1847, Young and a portion of the colony pursued their journey to Salt Lake, but a large portion of them returned to the Iowa side and settled mainly within the limits of Pottawattomie county. The principal settlement of this strange community was at first called "Miller's Hol- low," on Indian creek, and afterward named Kanesville, in honor of Colonel Kane, of Pennsylvania, who visited them soon afterward. The Mormon settlement ex- tended over the county and into neighboring counties, wherever timber and water furnished desirable locations. Orson Hyde, priest, lawyer and editor, was in- stalled as president of the Quorum of Twelve, and all that part of the state re- mained under Mormon control for several years. In 1846 they raised a battalion numbering some five hundred men for the Mexican war. In 1848, Hyde, started a paper called the Frontier Guardian, at Kanesville. In 1849, after many of the faithful had left to join Brigham Young at Salt Lake, the Mormons in this section of Iowa numbered six thousand, five hundred and fifty-two, and in 1850, seven thousand, eight hundred and twenty-eight, but they were not all within the limits of Pottawattomie county. This county was organized in 1848, all the first officials being Mormons. In 1852, the order was promulated that all the true believers should gather together at Salt Lake. Gentiles flocked in, and in a few years nearly all the first settlers were gone.

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History of Jackson County, Iowa; Volume I, Part 6

Author: Ellis, James Whitcomb, 1848-; Clarke, S. J., publishing company Publication date: 1910 Publisher: Chicago, S. J. Clarke Publishing Co. Number of Pages: 730

Author: Ellis, James Whitcomb, 1848-; Clarke, S. J., publishing company
Publication date: 1910
Publisher: Chicago, S. J. Clarke Publishing Co.
Number of Pages: 730