USA > Iowa > Mills County > History of Mills County, Iowa, containing a history of the county, its cities, towns, etc. > Part 41
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66
No. 1-Fine grained, micaceous sandstone 1
66
Total.
80 10-12 ft.
The lowest member of the foregoing section, No. 1, is only a few feet above the general level of the flood-plain, and many of the other members appear successively above it in the face of the bluff that fronts the flood-plain near Mr. Wilson's residence, while the higher members are found in the bed and banks of a small rivulet that comes down from the uplands through the bluffs at this point. Along the base of the bluff's above this point, as far as the north boundary line of the county, frequent exposures are seen of strata which are equivalent to a large part of those that constitute the lower half of the section at Wil-
340
HISTORY OF MILLS COUNTY.
son's. Southward from Wilson's, along the base of the bluffs, several exposures of the lowest members of that section are seen at long intervals, always holding about the same relative position above the level of the flood-plain, all the way to the town of Hamburg, in the southwestern part of the county. The fine-grained micaseous sandstone of No. 1, of the foregoing section, is seen at the village of Plum Hollow, a couple of miles below Mr. Wilson's, and also at Hamburg, and several intermediate points. A few strata were found resting upon it at all these points, but none were observed beneath it. It is therefore strati- graphically the lowest stratum found in southwestern Iowa, if we except the lowest strata of Madison and Decatur counties. It is regarded as equivalent with No. 1 of the section in the valley of the Tarkio,in Page county; with No. 2 of the section at Winterset, in Madi- son county, and with No. 2 of the section at Davis' Mills, in Decatur county. It will thus be seen that the lowest stratum exposed in Fremont county is regarded as equivalent with strata that further castward are known to be near the base of the Upper coal-measures. It is, of course, inferred that that stratum is also near the base of the same formation, unless those beneath it have thickened very greatly in their westward extention.
No doubt is entertained that the thin bed of impure coal represented by No. 22, of the section at Wilson's, is identical with the bed of coal that has been opened at various points along the valley of the Nodaway, from the center of Adams county to the southern bound- ary of the state. The horizon of this coal is referred to near the base ot the series of lime- stone strata exposed near Winterset, in Madison county. If this reference is correct, it will be seen that there is a greater aggregate thickness of limestone strata in Fremont county, beneath the horizon named, than there is in Madison county, which seems plainly to indicate a thickening of the strata of the upper coal measures to the westward."
There is, therefore, no probability that workable beds of coal will be found in this county, at a point near enough to the surface to make min- ing profitable. In the deeper ravines and gullies the strata may be reached by deep mining, but at many hundreds of feet. In borings made some years ago in the vicinity of Nebraska City, the drill is said to have pene- trated four hundred feet, and then only reached the middle coal-measures, which must first be pierced before the coal-bearing strata are reached, in this State, the base of the lower coal-measures. Wood must continue to be the main reliance for fuel until transportation rates have been so reduced as to make the introduction of coal from other portions of the state econ- omical.
Hence among the mineral resources of this county, coal cannot be inclu- ded, but is effectually settled in the negative by the reasons and facts above adduced. The only available material of an economical nature, aside from the fertile soil, are the limestone out crops along the Missouri bottom, in southwest part of the county, and a few minor exposures of fair building material, above referred to as the Nishnabotna sandstone, in the extreme northeast and along Farm Creek. The fertility and rich- ness of the soil is absolutely inexhaustible from an agricultural point of view for many feet down, or, in other words, throughout the entire loess for- mation. That it, together with the occasional good deposits of clay which are found at the base of the bluffs, may be successfully used in the manufacture of an excellent quality of brick, is sufficiently attested
341
HISTORY OF MILLS COUNTY.
by the numerous fine dwelling and business houses in the county, con- structed of native brick. It will always be true of Mills county that its wealth is in its broad acres, as being so well adapted to agriculture, rather than in any hidden sources of mineral wealth. The crack of the whip rather than the hum of wheels, the sturdy arm of the farmer rather than the pick of the miner must be its almost sole reliance.
Thus briefly has been given all that is definitely known of the geology of this county. It presents many features of interest, and promises to abundantly reward any person willing to complete a minute survey of its domain.
A word as to the forms of life found imbedded in the rocks of the county. The fossils characteristic of the Upper Coal-measure strata may be obtained at every point-where the rocks are exposed, and these exposures promise a rich harvest to the student of ancient life, as well as to the mere curiosity hunter. Here are found the now extinct and remarkable trilobites (Phillipsia)-a genus of fossil crustaceans allied to the modern "horse-shoe crab" of the Atlantic coast; and a very beautiful and curious form of coral (Campophyllum torquium), a silent witness to a once tropical climate. Among the articulates are found several species of Productus, once classed-and still by many-with the mollusca, but now beginning to be recognized as closely allied to the worms. Others of the brachiopods are Chonetes granulifera and C. glabra. Among the "flowers of the carboniferous world" were crinoids-stemmed echinoderms-of which the living Pentacrinus asteria of the West Indian seas is a type; not flowers at all, though popularly called "stone lilies," but an animal. These all point to a time when the ocean covered the county and the rocks in which they are found were being formed. They are full of instruction for those who will carefully study them .*
NATURAL HISTORY.+
The natural history of this county is almost the exact counterpart of that of all prairie countries. While its forms of life present an infinite diversi- ty, only a few of the many are found to be predominant. With the single exception of the insects, the birds will be found most numerously repre-
*The remains of a Mastodon were found during the course of an excavation for a rail- road cutting near Malvern in 1876. Some of the costa, the sacrum, atlas, and a portion of the tusk were found, and are now in the museum of Tabor College. Other remains are scattered among various families in the vicinity of that city which should be gathered and placed in some permanent place to insure their keeping. They have a value infinitely greater than that of being merely "curious" or relicts.
+ Exclusive of the fishes and insects.
342
HISTORY OF MILLS COUNTY.
sented. The time was, however, when the larger forms of life abounded; when the deer, the elk, and the buffalo made these prairies their home. The coming of the white man, attended by all the circumstances of prog- ress, has driven these larger forms from the county, and now the smaller kind alone retain a footing.
There is no record of any attempt at any time made to determine the relation of the flora and fauna of this county to the rest of the state. Prof. J. E. Todd, of Tabor College, has, however, done a large amount of local work, which has extended into the southern part of Mills county, and in his specialties, geology and botany, has published much valuable informa- tion. In no counties but those in the eastern portion of the state has such a work been done, and there chiefly in the interests of science and by pri- vate individuals. It is to be hoped that the time is not far distant when the state will order and sustain to completion an intelligent and exhaus- tive survey of her great domain-a survey the value of which will become more and more apparent with the growth of years. Twice has the state instituted a geological survey, and twice has it failed to support the same, and brought both to a close while yet their work was in its infancy. All that is valuable, all that is best known of its natural resources has been contributed by the pens and at the expense of men in private life. The following resume of the natural history of the county is by no means a complete representation of its forms, and is to be considered only as indic- ative of the nature of its resources, both animal and vegetable. In the lists following, as much information has been incorporated as is consistent with a simple catalogue of forms. This is especially true of the trees and shrubs. It is manifestly impossible to give either descriptions or life-his- tories of many species in a work of this nature. For the sake of insuring accuracy in the reader, both scientific and common names are given.
AVIDÆE-BIRDS .* TURDIDÆ-THRUSHES.
1. Turdus migratorius, Linn-Robin. Common.
* In the following catalogue the general arrangement of Coues' "Birds of the North- west," is adopted as being the one most consistent with the great mass of observed facts, and is the one approved by the leading ornithologists of the country. The arrangement is by families. A few species are included which have not been observed in the county but are known to occur in the counties surrounding. Such are marked with an asterisk (*). Species doubtfully referred to the county are indicated by a question mark (?). Many of the following list have not been observed in this county, but are admitted from the fact that they are known in the state, and on the authority of the work above mentioned, which places them here.
-
343
HISTORY OF MILLS COUNTY.
2. Turdus naevius, Gmelin-Varied Thrush. Abundant.
3. Turdus mustellinus Gmelin- Wood thrush.
4. Turdus pallasii, Cab-Hermit thrush, common.
5. Turdus Swainsonii, Cab-Swainson's thrush.
6. Mimus carolinensis, Cab-Cat bird, abundant.
7. (?) Mimus polyglottus, Boie-Mocking bird, in Fremont and Deca- tur counties.
8. Harporhynchus rufus, Cab-Brown thrush. rare. SAXICOLIDE-BLUE BIRDS AND STONE-CHATS.
9. Sialia sialis, Haldeman-Blue bird, everywhere.
10. (?) Sialia mexicana, Sw. -- Western blue bird, beautiful. PARIDÆ-TITMICE.
11. Parus atricapillus, Linn-Chickadee.
12. Parus atricapillus var. septentrionalis, Allen-Long-tailed Chick- adee.
13. Lophophanes bicolor, Bonap-Crested titmouse. SYLVIIDÆ-WARBLERS.
14. Regulus satrapa, Licht-Golden-crested kinglet, common.
15. Regulus calendula, Licht,-Ruby-crested kinglet.
16. Polioptila corulea, Sclat-Blue-gray gnat-catcher, rare. CERTHIADE-CREEPERS.
17. Certhia familiaris, Linn-Brown creeper. SITTIDE-NUTHATCHES.
18. Sitta carolinensis, Lath-White-breasted nuthatch.
19. Sitta canadensis, Linn-Red-breasted nuthatch ; very rare. TROGLODYTIDÆ-WRENS.
20. Salpinctes obsoletus, Cab-Rock wren.
21. Anorthura hyemalis, Coues-Winter wren, pretty.
22. (?) Telmatodytes palustris, Bonap-Long-billed marsh wren.
23. (*) Cistothorns stellaris, Cab - Short-billed marsh wren.
24. (?) Thryothorus ludovicianus, Bonap-Carolina wren; a "rollick- ing" singer.
25. Thryothorus bewickii, Bonap-Bewick's wren; an odd bird.
26. Troglodytes acdon, Vieill- House wren; pugnacious.
MOTACILLIDE-WAG-TAILS.
27. Anthus ludovicianus, Licht-Tit-lark.
SYLVICOLIDE-WOOD-WARBLERSt
28. Mniotilta varia, Vieill-Black and white creeper. A " screeping " songster.
+The warblers are exceedingly difficult to distinguish, and the observer may require extended and painstaking observation to learn them all.
344
HISTORY OF MILLS COUNTY.
Parula americana, Bonap-Blue-yellow-backed warbler. Prothonotaria citraea, Baird-Prothonotary warbler.
*Helminthophaga ruficapilla, Baird-Nashville warbler. Helminthophaga celata, Baird-Golden-crowned warbler.
(?) Helminthophaga pinus, Baird-Blue-winged yellow warbler. * Dendrocca striata, Baird-Black-poll warbler.
Dendroeca palmarum. Baird -Merely a bird of passage.
Dendrocca pinus, Wilson-Pine-creeping warbler; a fall loiterer.
(?) Dendroeca virens, Baird-Black-throated green warbler.
Dendrocca caerulescens, Baird-Black-throated blue warbler.
Dendrocca castanea, Baird-Bay-breasted warbler; very rare.
(?)Dendrocca pennsylvanica, Baird-Chestnut-sided warbler.
Dendrocca aestiva, Baird-Yellow warbler; everywhere.
Dendrocca discolor, Baird-Prairie warbler.
Dendroeca dominica, Baird-Yellow-throated warbler.
Sciurus aurocapillus, Swain-Golden-crowned wagtail.
(*) Seiurus noveboracensis, Nutt-New York water wagtail. Seiurus ludovicianus, Baird-Long-billed water thrush; rare.
46. 47. 48. 49. 56. 51. (*) Geothlypis trichas, Cab-Maryland yellow-throat.
Geothlypis philadelphia, Baird -Mourning warbler.
52. 53. Oporornis formosus, Baird-Kentucky warbler; common.
54. Myiodioctes pusillus, Bonap-Green black-capped warbler.
55. Myiodioctes canadensis, Cab-Canada warbler.
56. Setophaga ruticilla, Swain-Red start; abundant.
57. Icteria virens, Baird -Yellow-breasted chat.
TANAGRIDE-TANAGERS.
58. (*) Pyranga rubra, Vieill-Scarlet tanager; a gaudy foreigner. 59. Pyranga aestiva, Vieill-Summer red-bird.
HIRUNDINIDAE-SWALLOWS.
60. Hirundo horreorum, Barton-Barn swallow.
61. Petrochelidon lunifrons, Sclater-Cliff swallow.
62. Tachycineta bicolor, Cab-White-bellied swallow; very rare.
63. Progne purpurea, Boie-Purple martin.
64. Cotyle riparia, Boie-Bank swallow, sand martin; abundant.
65. (?) Stilgidopteryx serripennis, Baird-Rough-winged sand martin.
AMPELIDZE-WAX-WINGS.
66 Ampelis cedrorum, Gray-Cedar bird wax-wing; common.
67. Ampelus garrulus, Linn-Northern wax-wing.
29, 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38, 39. Dendrocca coronata, Gray-Yellow-crowned warbler. 40. Dendroeca blackburniae, Baird-Blackburnian warbler. 41. 42. 43. Dendroeca cacrulca, Baird -Blue warbler. 44. 45. Dendroeca maculosa, Baird-Black and yellow warbler.
345
HISTORY OF MILLS COUNTY.
VIREONIDAE-VIREOS.
68. Vireo gilvus, Bonap-Warbling vireo; common.
69. Vireo solitarius, Baird-Solitary vireo.
70. Vireo noveboracensis, Bonap-White-eyed vireo.
71. Vireo bellii, Audubon-Bell's vireo.
72. Vireo olivaceus, Bonap-Red-eyed vireo.
(?) Vireo philadelphicus, Cass-Brotherly-love vireo; raree very-
73. where.
74. (?) Vireo flavifrons, Baird-Yellow-throated vireo. LANIIDE-SHRIKES.
75. Collurio borealis, Baird-Northern shrike; butcher bird; abundant.
76. Collurio excubitorides, Coues-White-rumped shrike.
ALAUDIDE-LARKS.
77. Eremophila alpestris, Boie-Horned lark; very common. FRINGILLIDE-SPARROWS.
78. (?)Hesperiphona vespertina, Bonap-Evening grosbeak.
79. Pinicola enucleator, Cab-Pine grosbeak; an occasional winter visitant.
80, Curpodacus purpureus, Gray-Purple finch.
81. Chrysomitris tristis, Cab-Yellow bird gold finch; a delicate bird.
82. Chrysomitris pinus, Bonap-Pine finch.
83. Curvirostra americana, Wilson-Red crossbill.
Curvirostra leucoptera, Wilson-White-winged crossbill.
84. 85. Aegiothus linaria, Cab-Red poll linnet; common ; winter.
86. Plectrophanes nivalis, Meyer-Snow bunting; common.
Plectrophanes lapponicus, Kaup-Lapland bunting ; in winter only.
Plectrophanes pictus, Cab-Painted bunting; in winter only.
Plectrophanes ornatus, Temm -Black-bellied long spur; common.
87. SS. 89. 90. Centronyx bairdii, Baird - Baird's sparrow. 91. Passerculus savanna, Bonap - Savanna sparrow. 92. 93. 94. Coturniculus henslowii, Bonap-Henslow's sparrow.
Pooectes gramineus, Baird-Grass finch; abundant; shy.
Coturniculus passerinus, Bonap-Yellow-winged sparrow.
95. Melospiza melodia, Baird-Song sparrow.
Melospiza lincolnii, Baird-Lincoln's sparrow.
96. 97. Melospiza palustris, Baird-Swamp sparrow.
98. Funco hyemalis, Sclat-Snow bird; very familiar and common.
99. Spizella monticola, Baird-Tree sparrow.
100. Spizella pussilla, Bonap-Field sparrow.
101. Spizella pallida, Bonap -- Western field sparrow; abundant.
102. Spizella socialis, Bonap -- Chipping sparrow.
103. Zonotrichia leucophrys, Swain-White-crowned Sparrow.
346
HISTORY OF MILLS COUNTY.
Zonotrichia albicollis, Bonap- White-throated sparrow.
104. 105. Zouotrichia querula, Gamb-Harris' sparrow. 106. Zonotrichia intermedia, Ridgway-Ridgway's sparrow. 107. Chondestes grammaca, Bonap-Lark sparrow; a wary bird. Passerella iliaca, Swain-Fox-colored sparrow. 108. 109. Euspiza americana, Bonap- Black.throated bunting. 110. Goniaphea ludoviciana, Cab-Rose-breasted grosbeak. Goniaphea corulea, Swain-Blue Grosbeak. 111. 112. Cyanospiza cyanea, Baird-Indigo bird; a welcome visitant.
113. Cardinalis virginianus, Bonap-Cardinal bird.
114. Pipilo erythrophthalmus, Vieill-Chewink.
115. rare.
(?) Pipilo maculatus var arcticus, Coues-Arctic spotted towhee;
ICTERIDIE-BLACKBIRDS AVD ORIOLES.
Dolichonyx oryzivorus, Swain - Bobolink; not rare.
Molothrus pecorus, Swain-Cow blackbird.
Agelaus phonicus, Vieill-Red-winged blackbird; a noisy fellow.
119.
Xanthocephalus icterocephalus, Baird-Yellow-headed blackbird.
Sturnella magna, Swain-Meadow lark; a cheerful songster.
Ictcrus spurius, Bonap-Orchard oriole; not common, very bril-
120. 121. liant. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. him !
Icterus baltimore, Daud-Baltimore oriole; hang nest. (?) Icterus bullockii, Bonap-Bullock's oriole.
Scoleophagus ferrugineus, Swain-Rusty grackle.
Scoleophagus cyanocephalus, Cab-Blue-headed grackle.
Quiscalus purpureus,, Licht-Crow blackbird; everybody knows
CORVIDE-CROWS AND JAYS.
127.
Corvus corax, Linn-Raven; not common.
128. Corvus americanus, Aud-Crow; acts like some men.
129. Pica hudsonica, Bonap-Magpie.
130. Cyanurus cristatus, Swain-Blue jay; brilliant and saucy. See note to this species.
TYRANNIDÆE-TYRANT FLYCATCHERS.
131. Tyrannus carolinensis, Temm-King bird; abundant, saucy.
132. Tyrannus verticalis, Say-Arkansas flycatcher.
133. Myiarchus crinitus, Cab-Great-crested flycatcher.
134. Sayormis fuscus, Baird-Bridge pewee; rare.
135. Contopus borealis, Baird-Olive sided pewee; common.
136. (?) Contopus virens, Cab-Wood pewee.
137. Empidonax flaviventris, Baird -- Yellow-bellied flycatcher; com- mon.
116. 117. 118.
347
HISTORY OF MILLS COUNTY.
138. Empidonax traillii, Baird-Traill's flycatcher.
139. Empidonax minimus, Baird-Least flycatcher.
140. (?) Empidonax acadicus, Baird- Acadian flycatcher. CAPRIMULGIDÆE-GOATSUCKERS.
141. Antrostomus vociferus, Bonap-Whipporwill; a night songster.
142. Antrostomus nuttallii, Cass-Nuttall's whipporwill; rare.
143. Chordeiles virginianus, Bonap-Night-hawk, bull-bat, pisk ; abun- dant.
CYPSELIDE-SWIFTS.
144. Chatura pelagica, Baird Chimney swift; abundant. TROCHILIDE-HUMMING BIRDS.
145. Trochilus colubris, Linn-Humming-bird; the only species. ALCEDINIE-KINGFISHERS.
146. Ceryle alcyon, Boie-King fisher; an interesting bird. CUCULIDÆ-CUCKOOS. Hard
147. Coccygus ergtharophthalmus, Bonap-Black-billed cuckoo
148. Coccygus americanus, Bonap - Yellow-billed cuckoos. to sep arate.
PICIDÆ-WOODPECKERS
149. Picus villosus, Linn-Hairy woodpecker.
150. Picus pudescens, Linn-Downy woodpecker.
151. Sphyrapicus varius, Baird-Yellow flicker; very common.
152. Hylotomus pileatus, Baird-Pileated woodpecker.
153. Centurus carolinus, Bonap-Red-bellied woodpecker; abundant in winter.
154. Melanerpes erythrocephalus, Swain-Red-headed woodpecker; abundant.
155 Colaptes auratus, Swain-Golden-winged woodpecker; often con- founded with 151.
ARIDE-PARROQUETS.
156. 1 Conurus carolinensis, Kuhl-Carolina parroquet.
STRIGIDÆE-OWLS.
156. Strix flammea, Schl .- Barn owl; common.
157. Bubo virginianus, Bonap-Great horned owl; common.
158. Scops asio, Bonap-Screech owl; noisy and familiar.
159. Otus vulgaris, Flem .- Long-eared owl; a visitor.
160. Brachyotus palustris, Bonap-Short-eared owl; rare.
(1) A resident of Decatur county told me that he had several times scen a flock of parrots in the southern part of the county, on a tall, dead cottonwood tree, known to the neigh- boring people as the " parrot-tree" from its having been frequented at intervals by the same flock for several years .- Trippe. Old residents state that it once was common here, and it is now occasionally seen. It is not known to nest in this county.
348
HISTORY OF MILLS COUNTY.
161. Syrnium nebulosum, Boie-Barred owl; common.
162. (?)Syrnium cinereum, Aud-Great gray owl.
163. Nyctea scandiacca, Newt-A wanderer in this county.
164. (?) Nyctale albifrons, Cassin-Kirkland's owl; very doubtful.
FALCONIDÆ-HAWKS.
165. Falco communis, Gmelin-Duck hawk.
166. Falco columbarius, Linn-Pigeon hawk; abundant.
167. Falco richardsonii, Ridgw-American merlin.
168. Falco sparverius, Linn-Sparrow hawk.
169. (?) Astur atricapillus, Bonap-Gos-hawk.
170. Accipiter fuscus, Bonap-Sharp-shinned hawk; rare?
171. Accipiter cooperii, Gray-Chicken hawk: common.
172. Buteo borcalis, Vieill-Red-tailed hawk.
Butco lincatus, Jardine-Red-shouldered hawk.
173. 174. (?) Buteo pennsylvanicus, Bonap-Broad-winged hawk.
175. Archibutco lagopus, Gray-Rough-legged hawk.
176. Nauclerus furcatus, Vigors-Swallow-tailed hawk.
177. Circus hudsonius, Vieill-Marsh hawk; common.
178. (?)Aquila chrysaetos, Linn-Golden eagle; perhaps occasional.
179. Halictus leucocephalus, Say-White-headed eagle.
180. Pandion halictus, Cuv-Osprey; fish-hawk; common on the Missouri.
CATHARTIDE-VULTURES.
181. Cathartes aura, Illiger-Turkey buzzard.
COLUMBIDE-PIGEONS.
182. Ectopistes migratoria, Swain-Wild pigeon.
183. Zenadura carolinensis, Bonap-Carolina dove. TETRAONIDÆE -- GROUSE.
184. Pediocates phasinellus, Linn-Sharp-tailed grouse.
185. Cupidonia cupido. Baird-Prairie hen; hardly common .?
186. Bonasa umbellus, Steph-Ruffed grouse; common.
PERDICIDE-PARTRIDGES.
187. Ortyx virginianus, Bonap-Quail, bob-white; a cheerful little fellow, becoming scarce.
MELEAGRIDE-TURKEYS.
188. Meleagris gallopavo, Linn-Wild turkey; occasionally. CHARADRIIDÆE-PLOVERS.
189. Char adrius virginicus, Bork-Golden plover. 190. Ægialitis vocifera, Bork-Kildee plover.
(2) This species is still subjected to wanton destruction notwithstanding the legislation in its behalf.
349
HISTORY OF MILLS COUNTY.
Ægialitis meloda, Cab-Piping plover; a monotonous songster.
191. 192. Ægialitis semipalmata, Cab-Ring plover.
193. Squatarola helvetica, Brehm-Black-bellied plover. RECURVIROSTRIDÆE-AVOCETS.
194. Recurvirostra americana, Gmelin-Avocet; awkward.
195. Himantopus nigricollis, Vieill-Black-necked stilt. PHALAROPODIDÆ.
Steganopus wilsonii, Coues-Wilson's Phalarope; common. (?) Lobipes hyperborcus, Cuv-Northern Phalarope.
Phalaropus fulicarius, Bonap-Red Phalarope. SCOLOPACIDE-SNIPES AND SANDPIPERS.
Philohela minor, Gray-Woodcock; fine game bird.
Gallinago wilsonii, Bonap-Wilson's snipe.
Macrorhamphus griseus, Leach-Red-breasted snipe. Tringa canutus, Linn-Robin-snipe.
Tringa minutilla, Vieill-Least sandpiper; common. (?) Tringa bairdii, Coues-Baird's sandpiper. Tringa maculata, Vieill-Jack snipe; abundant.
* Tringa americana, Cass-American Dunlin. Ereunetes pusillus, Cass -- Semi-palmated sandpiper; rare. (?) Micropalama himantopus, Baird-Stilt sand-piper. Totanus semi-palmatus, Temm-Willit.
Totanus melanoleucus, Vieill -- Tell-tale, tattler; noisy. Totanus flavipes, Vieill-Lesser yellow shanks.
* Totanus solitarius, Aud-Wood-tattler; well named. Tringoides maculatus, Gray-Spotted sand-piper. Limosa Jedoa, Ord-Marbled Godwit; common.
Limosa hudsonica, Swain-Hudsonian Godwit.
Numenius longirostris, Wilson-Long-billed curlew. 217. Numenius hudsonica, Lathrop-Hudsonian curlew.
218. (?) Numenius borealis, Lath-Esquimaux curlew. Extremely doubtful.
219. Tryngites rufescens, Cab-Buff-crested sand-piper. TANTALIDÆ-IBISES.
220. Tantalus locculator, Linn - Wood ibis. Common. ARDEIDE-HERONS.
521. Ardea herodias, Linn-Great blue heron.
(?) Ardea egretta, Gray,-Great white heron.
Ardea virescens, Linn-Green heron, poke.
222. 228. 224. Nyctcardea grisea, Allen-Night heron. Now a rare bird.
225. Botaurus minor, Boie-American bittern.
226. Ardetta exilis, Gray-Little bittern. Common.
196. 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209. 210. 211. 212. 213. 214. 215. 216.
350
HISTORY OF MILLS COUNTY.
GRUIDE-CRANES. Grus canadensis, Temm-Sand-hill crane. Abundant further 228. Grus americana, Temm-White crane. Not common. RALLIDÆ-RAILS.
227.
north.
(?) Rallus elegans, Aud-Marsh hen.
229. 230. Rallus virginanus, Linn-Virginia Rail.
231. Porzana carolina, Viell-Carolina rail.
332. Eulica americana, Gmelin-Coot. Common.
(?) Galinula galeata, Bonap-Florida gallinule.
233. 234 Gallinula martinica, Lath - Purple gillinule. ANATIDE-DUCKS .* 235. Cgynus americana, Sharp-American Swan.
236. Cygnus buccinator, Rich-Trumpeter.
237. Anser hyperboreus, Pallas-Snowy goose.
238. Branta canadensis, Gray-Canada goose.
Branta bernicla, Scop-Black brant.
Anas boschas, Linn-Mallard.
Anas obscura, Gmelin-Dusky duck.
Querquedula discors, Stephens-Blue-winged teal.
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