The history of Monroe County, Iowa, containing a history of the county, its cities, towns, &c., a biographical directory of citizens, war record of its volunteers in the late rebellion, Part 35

Author: Western Historical Co., pub
Publication date: 1878
Publisher: Chicago, Western Historical Company
Number of Pages: 498


USA > Iowa > Monroe County > The history of Monroe County, Iowa, containing a history of the county, its cities, towns, &c., a biographical directory of citizens, war record of its volunteers in the late rebellion > Part 35


Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).


Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5 | Part 6 | Part 7 | Part 8 | Part 9 | Part 10 | Part 11 | Part 12 | Part 13 | Part 14 | Part 15 | Part 16 | Part 17 | Part 18 | Part 19 | Part 20 | Part 21 | Part 22 | Part 23 | Part 24 | Part 25 | Part 26 | Part 27 | Part 28 | Part 29 | Part 30 | Part 31 | Part 32 | Part 33 | Part 34 | Part 35 | Part 36 | Part 37 | Part 38 | Part 39 | Part 40 | Part 41 | Part 42 | Part 43 | Part 44 | Part 45 | Part 46 | Part 47 | Part 48 | Part 49 | Part 50 | Part 51 | Part 52 | Part 53 | Part 54 | Part 55 | Part 56 | Part 57 | Part 58 | Part 59 | Part 60


Any corporation in this State of an academical character, the memberships of which shall consist of lay members and pastors of churches, delegates to any synod, conference or council holding its annual meetings alternately in this and one or more adjoining States, may hold its annual meetings for the election of officers and the transaction of business in any adjoining State to this, at such place therein as the said synod, conference or council shall hold its annual meet- ings ; and the elections so held and business so transacted shall be as legal and binding as if held and transacted at the place of business of the corporation in this State.


The provisions of this chapter shall not extend or apply to any association or individual who shall, in the certificate filed with the Recorder, use or specify a name or style the same as that of any previously existing incorporated society in the county.


The Trustees, Directors or stockholders of any existing benevolent, char- itable, scientific, missionary or religious corporation, may, by conforming to the requirements of Section 1095 of this chapter, re-incorporate themselves or con- tinue their existing corporate powers, and all the property and effects of such existing corporation shall vest in and belong to the corporation so re-incorporated or continued.


INTOXICATING LIQUORS.


No intoxicating liquors (alcohol, spiritnous and vinous liquors), except wine manufactured from grapes, currants or other fruit grown in the State, shall be manufactured or sold, except for mechanical, medicinal, culinary or sacramental purposes ; and even such sale is limited as follows :


Any citizen of the State, except hotel keepers, keepers of saloons, eating . houses, grocery keepers and confectioners, is permitted to buy and sell, within the county of his residence, such liquors for such mechanical, etc., purposes only, provided he shall obtain the consent of the Board of Supervisors. In order to get that consent, he must get a certificate from a majority of the elec- tors of the town or township or ward in which he desires to sell, that he is of good moral character, and a proper person to sell such liquors.


If the Board of Supervisors grant him permission to sell such liquors, he must give bonds, and shall not sell such liquors at a greater profit than thirty- three per cent. on the cost of the same. Any person having a permit to sell, shall make, on the last Saturday of every month, a return in writing to the Auditor of the county, showing the kind and quantity of the liquors purchased by him since the date of his last report, the price paid, and the amount of freights paid on the same ; also the kind and quantity of liquors sold by him since the date of his last report; to whom sold ; for what purpose and at what price ; also the kind and quantity of liquors on hand; which report shall be sworn to by the person having the permit, and shall be kept by the Auditor, subject at all times to the inspection of the public.


No person shall sell or give away any intoxicating liquors, including wine or beer, to any minor, for any purpose whatever, except upon written order of parent, guardian or family physician ; or sell the same to an intoxicated person or a person in the habit of becoming intoxicated.


318


ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS.


Any person who shall mix any intoxicating liquor with any beer, wine or cider, by him sold, and shall sell or keep for sale, as a beverage, such mixture, shall be punished as for sale of intoxicating liquor.


But nothing in the chapter containing the laws governing the sale or pro- hibiting the sale of intoxicating liquors, shall be construed to forbid the sale by the importer thereof of foreign intoxicating liquor, imported under the author- ity of the laws of the United States, regarding the importation of such liquors, and in accordance with such laws ; provided that such liquor, at the time of the sale by the importer, remains in the original casks or packages in which it was by him imported, and in quantities not less than the quantities in which the laws of the United States require such liquors to be imported, and is sold by him in such original casks or packages, and in said quantities only.


All payment or compensation for intoxicating liquor sold in violation of the laws of this State, whether such payments or compensation be in money, goods, lands, labor, or anything else whatsoever, shall be held to have been received in viola- tion of law and equity and good conscience, and to have been received upon a valid promise and agreement of the receiver, in consideration of the receipt thereof, to pay on demand, to the person furnishing such consideration, the amount of the money on the just value of the goods or other things.


All sales, transfers, conveyances, mortgages, liens, attachments, pledges and securities of every kind, which, either in whole or in part, shall have been made on account of intoxicating liquors sold contrary to law, shall be utterly null and void.


Negotiable paper in the hands of holders thereof, in good faith, for valuable consideration, without notice of any illegality in its inception or transfer, how- ever, shall not be affected by the above provisions. Neither shall the holder of land or other property who may have taken the same in good faith, without notice of any defect in the title of the person from whom the same was taken, growing out of a violation of the liquor law, be affected by the above provision.


Every wife, child, parent, guardian, employer, or other person, who shall be injured in person or property or means of support, by an intoxicated person, or in consequence of the intoxication, has a right of action against any person who shall, by selling intoxicating liquors, cause the intoxication of such person, for all damages actually sustained as well as exemplary damages.


For any damages recovered, the personal and real property (except home- stead, as now provided) of the person against whom the damages are recovered, as well as the premises or property, personal or real, occupied and used by him, with consent and knowledge of owner, either for manufacturing or selling intox- icating liquors contrary to law, shall be liable.


The only other exemption, besides the homestead, from this sweeping liability, is that the defendant may have enough for the support of his family for six months, to be determined by the Township Trustee.


No ale, wine, beer or other malt or vinous liquors shall be sold within two miles of the corporate limits of any municipal corporation, except at wholesale, for the purpose of shipment to places outside of such corporation and such two- mile limits. The power of the corporation to prohibit or license sale of liquors not prohibited by law is extended over the two miles.


No ale, wine, beer or other malt or vinous liquors shall be sold on the day on which any election is held under the laws of this State, within two miles of the place where said election is held; except only that any person holding a permit may sell upon the prescription of a practicing physician.


319


ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS.


SUGGESTIONS TO THOSE PURCHASING BOOKS BY SUBSCRIP- TION.


The business of publishing books by subscription, having so often been brought into disrepute by agents making representations and declarations not authorized by the publisher, in order to prevent that as much as possible, and that there may be more general knowledge of the relation such agents bear to their principal, and the law governing such cases, the following statement is made :


A subscription is in the nature of a contract of mutual promises, by which the subscriber agrees to pay a certain sum for the work described; the consid- eration is concurrent that the publisher shall publish the book named, and deliver the same, for which the subscriber is to pay the price named. . The nature and character of the work is described by the prospectus and sample shown. These should be carefully examined before subscribing, as they are the basis and consideration of the promise to pay, and not the too often exag- gerated statements of the agent, who is merely employed to solicit subscriptions, for which he is usually paid a commission for each subscriber, and has no authority to change or alter the conditions upon which the subscriptions are authorized to be made by the publisher. Should the agent assume to agree to make the subscription conditional or modify or change the agreement of the publisher, as set out by the prospectus and sample, in order to bind the princi- pal, the subscriber should see that such condition or changes are stated over or in connection with his signature, so that the publisher may have notice of the same.


All persons making contracts in reference to matters of this kind, or any other business, should remember that the law as written is, that they can not be altered, varied or rescinded verbally, but if done at all, must be done in writing. It is therefore important that all persons contemplating subscribing should distinctly understand that all talk before or after the subscription is made, is not admissible as evidence, and is no part of the contract.


Persons employed to solicit subscriptions are known to the trade as can- vassers. They are agents appointed to do a particular business in a prescribed mode, and have no authority to do it any other way to the prejudice of their principal, nor can they bind their principal in any other matter. They can not collect money, or agree that payment may be made in anything else but money. They can not extend the time of payment beyond the time of delivery, nor bind their principal for the payment of expenses incurred in their business.


It would save a great deal of trouble, and often serious loss, if persons, before signing their names to any subscription book, or any written instrument, would examine carefully what it is; if they can not read themselves call on some one disinterested who can.


STATISTICS OF AGRICULTURE OF IOWA (CENSUS OF 1875.)


No. of


No. of


No. of |


Acres


Acres


Acres


Spring Wheat.


Winter Wheat.


Indian Corn.


Oats.


Value of


COUNTIES.


of Im-


Unim-


under


Products


proved


proved


Culti-


No. of


No. of


Bushels


No. of


No. of


No. of


No. of


No. of


No. of


of Farm


in


Land.


Land.


vation


in 1874.


Acres.


Harv'i'd


Acres.


Bushels


Harv't'd


Acres.


Bushels


Ilarv't'd


Acres.


Bushels


Harv't'd


Dollars.


Appanoose.


161059


161083


77789


1049


64871


61880


387316


$1611937


134767


156921


125188


9606


10838


Alamakee ..


2385243


109388


937639


21325


13756


21146


23819


6876


89235


181


1964


9225


905920


Audubon.


15986


394655


12776


442929


10


97


51253


17947


25174


969777


788


33233


1415769


281376


141293


184153


Adams.


65150


43735


435014


7


174


83182


55680


27550


1402128


3951


159739


695318


Adair


66265


37031


162737


3500


30860


Buena Vista .


33118


27010


15514


228231


4455


828171


Benton.


29,518


53911


239108


99106


1313066


7888


2791


156937


83244


67069


7


15490


445070


2664995


Boone.


280


3328921


201828


71810


108612


32505


11


1595752


Butler.


149493


58908


124877


429257


57907


779167


20


84


46151


10101


401620


38685


1018453


Bremer


145967


47001


104510


48878


644795


700


1270878


1026641


13827


421719


28754


14259


150881


518571


1209785


Black Hawk ..


213025


181256


1144620


89361


1108021


56592


1939590


16804


157240


61291


812312


1811250


17431


538196


556209


1898424


Buchanan


19056


37059


71418


48831


2615949


Clay


39919


Cherokee


5463S


28974


33375


17481


45112


31693


153159


401507


8797


180120


9459


315215


4436


98766


123343


Cass ..


110864


45301


92785


40123


6762091


190106%


3545


115595


35019


Crawford


5805S


283414


15262


21000


321894


40582


9079


176281


17957


648658


1284899


Cedar .


218869


41417


166485


40467


640541


26


295


78221


2815921


2902


99158


20213


483357


Cerro Gordo.


52930


675837


2606149


Clayton


212291


309895


48618


28199


415163


1247


265413


7199


228097


178622


9512


290855


151908


57337


86883


1805125


1010345


21030


37918


89297


1471263


3001338


20624


591617


Clinton


12


669895


2081793


Chickasaw


96504


94772


74104


68683


428


643519


16821


514279


23,04


702059


3049019


40162


3


63


Carroll


59065


93691


309744


39159


26756


340161


3


20


50487


217090


16014


550041


11744


446300


3238


107577


894656


Clarke.


78803


451365


7


Calhoun.


26996


26618


17968


11010


100GS1


55


39066


1580260


12337


367643


7054987


150038


116003


10


150


10656


351120


2993


73182


Davis


Decatur


115751


87172


131597


95275


5378


30993


71169


5379


56405


62127


2115569


1763140


13643


345707


221613


8211


344551


1603090


Dubuque


187831


98561


146214


817


12239


50484


10555


1024541


143665


49240


634135


25115


643322


Des Moines


1720


67118


102924


1702391


2307938


1636132


58165


Delaware


472029


97618


10615


113396


9212


62305


161357


60401


71725


8088


117310


287392


Dickinson


15770


5701


25822


5


50


56150


1690$35


20577


632113


1772992


29850


Dallas


3183


44455


2103


3:282


1693314


11961


132435


445848


15334


Emmet


57765


114625


29256


9989


8387


3911


1510


7


186


57652


2484898


9937


2197


14273


335124


1519


3241


1502047


147098


25586


Floyd .


32130


Fayette ..


110708


179504


62067


941439


26162


6424-18


1296480


15461


487729


15214


1367377


98156


133758


60779


46


968


Franklin


69859


43 46


31096


863670


37091


704407


Fremont


65590


455909


21066


758983


1503127


115907


9532


146059


198832


103039


135108


13229


Grundy


47926


67384


206901


841


16625


73845


777106


1703985


328679


5419


40175


Green


59010


9766J7


1482582


11786


179645


401948


1046066


87259


49838


52323


257700


1593977


Guthrie


47220


76992


19391


27489


393514


2


22


44


783037


783027


4227


620905


Hardin


128831


39930


360


38902


120948


1669134


4145


153505


792461


Humboldt


29114


97765


38464


2+013


497251


41304


1379961


10982


3569 15


1066627


36906


Howard.


115823


12016


20902


9998


297381


3974


90944


200001


Harrison .


94818


171018


337451


61871


72287


36115


23918


582803


9916


307912


10210


340268


734409


Hancock


10162


341615


143701


4889


70006


84


1200


44720


1620192


3462


69140


9005


Hamilton


63966


39935


20676


294682


2067


786677


57899


1:53


48816


Henry.


182030


52050


9041


113203


20441


5108


168262


89105


50249


670731


52762


Ida .


7292


Iowa


9194


110831


15026


180220


62672


2415670


6514


3108


13393


358221


1765670


48815


2301


191041


89357


Jackson


193290


1581SS


142401


48410


670217


36


1080


108465


550000


€2518


2713830


455


14000


7482211


2005049


142401


43515


193019


491


11756


319071


Johnson


211021


71257


7912


53962


1665518


1274


521156


45306


771 12


17760


522197


1750091


666779


3158178


23052


100


2447875


Jasper


278881


179752


216949


79926


1107170


100217


4525859


532239


Jones.


208907


63298


Jefferson.


140681


462478


1900524


15267


86090


31


464824


2916838


167389


66979


409


65423


18260


1896416


Keokuk


208125


125590


16237


164904


6192


55061


1695510


98999


66739


14005


446123


1530140


Kossuth,


31550


149672


33278


3€8528


148


1363


75697


3327282


15582


447603


48793


28835


1919728


183832


78692


10798


340


Lee .


13380


10351


13139


5143


Lucas.


72621


15400


200407


9781


119777


2190306


27857


59863


11817


279069


105306


108952


59757


1631518


Lyon ..


15872


88837


13954


153587


$1


329


47022


1902530


12665


318811


342164


12766


1030554


281118


62649


8132


76712


54


2645


10396


8177


13789


S2651


Linn ..


Louisa.


151007


52922


175655


52178


636597


12


160


91773


22670


Mitchell.


126384


70176


100066


19:64


189939


1388


91133


16267


49642


3439923


2184658


585648


6792


175755


2590052


Mahaska


232398


122190


150368


65534


31562


1083811


411961


14078


395532


11274


83775


3768209


542662


1665739


1591878


Marion.


199369


82779


205


2697


153214


16646


496248


10937


335746


2195785


Mills


141512


45136


529663


189


2212


99837


84630


3833063


53001


Madison


24385.


2181346


312961


32


188709


543


595 43


1533976


6528


232039


161998


137979


2953630


1003509


Monroe


102215


37553|


628314


25


Marshall


223735


91730


8743


78206


484


117303


11638


69893


101413


112538?


263


5584


69494


241081


1709030


45575


1738916


285103


11512


938362


Monona ..


52212


47552


56278


15331


21


200


67699


2808256


13611


39814


183811


818338


2304


463245


2368278


Muscatine


178945


21577


48832


Montgomery.


129699


66475


417665


104633


32375


50607


416471


629


54760


1715973


13287


405562


O'Brien


33626


32070


86026


1381


551539


63


8


166


39251


1441467


5322


201035


1747906


Osceola ..


26131


14904


6379


106052


53931


31-106


151526


1072127


191542


18190


3107


Polk ..


207689


14651


8769


74751


17279


20829


Pochahontas.


21928


56811


140450


21


2510


69581


35572


19219


376S6


563389


394


77197


3272010|


1390


12188


431811


2140023


Pottawattomie


124630


30774


419489


90679


475


89.31


229263


2511


40-194


112666


Powesheik


208989


48697


33269


171589


588971


63


47258


1750038


89748


3571103


5278


168081


1252629


156782


175471


57312


762826


20235


2239013


11416


333565


2393022


Page


Plymonth


58233


115494


22659


51912


41379


353792


1220


442706


71386


9758


346507


1293463


Palo Alto.


33628


10


18517


32225


160


10097


175778


4161


120137


434128


Ringgold.


18100


58329


16679


8606


23209


325


10026


6641


142957


2979


1145937


4€859


96616


Scott .


235515


50373


19123


78851


125


1762


35613


9118


255007


1115782


Story


148649


43874


1857 12


47698


762315


40


99337


2GC58


330897


618


59071


2226316


15915


3041873


8


53180


39326


20


51273


1783177


528868


Shelby


11273


343265


1033743


Sioux.


39824


367391


47230


22029


33515


2251


Sac


22,09:1


317944


47201


251286


17674


689536


71676


573026


31336


24179


6780


32038


4591


45096


166980


Taylor.


102861


235515


11056


15116


110004


10


8662


279716


3035


6599


238880


79442


Tama


255182


206813


241


3068


8718


90222


Union


211941


48260


1419680


269657


908476


9.013


1437807


2842859


384469


2316105


57005


33216


73251


12571


Van Buren


153674


99528


45826


113263


10586


141188


53


21063


6127


187748


624260


Wayne ..


147766


66795


7155


58808


10928


960


121854


1130930


50211


12596


353698


1439586


Warren ..


191265


167178


117689


158737


10375


42175


76316


143


1236


65625


1823622


2405187


13212


S6396


1361376


Winnesheik


246110


131670


250169


112175


654679


61


910


80280


3561365


8391


281510


8216508


2208392


Woodbury


24307


2265252


44179


57097


1813465


27185


977316


Worth ..


48927


33097


15213


32151


218873


490371


45937


23032


146-17


410187


122291


3072


91647


298209


Washington


225176


55652


3530


4.145


161557


396506


Webster.


97238


61744


157884


2035264


Winnebago.


70310


41616


469879


30551


1439


391051


11193


73265


2832211


15701


28713


453320|


5


917911


7-191


207-193


733342


Wright


17589


30625


35516


12121


8039


162281


11


270


32397


1374


52425


1327


45109


140219


Wapello.


150209|


63191


28957


13629


17368


196166


10099


4131


135176


288685


135173


281821


157535


1617


16159


57035


2143791


11570


293590


1455319


Totals,


12627850 8410435 9354903 3690711 42669731


69188


759277


4700176 |1362845421 982994


29144352 $131536747


HISTORY OF MONROE COUNTY.


GEOLOGY.


As it was necessary to create a world before man could be introduced, so is it proper to speak first of the formation of the material substances which com- pose the territory now known as Monroe County, before we proceed to write of the entrance of man upon the scene.


In the general history of the State which is given in this volume, will be found a somewhat elaborate description of the geology of Iowa, from a scientific standpoint. It remains for us to limit the circuit of our work in connection herewith to the actual boundaries of Monroe County. We shall attempt to popularize a most interesting but not generally studied theme, and endeavor to explain, in simple form, what is too often rendered obscure to the uninitiated in scientific methods, by technical terms and expressions. Since those who wish to do so can turn to the general chapter and learn of the geologic structure of the State, let us now bring to a focus the more practical ideas relative to the subject of the recent or superficial formations of Monroe County. This is designed to be only a short popular treatise, so as to interest every man and woman of good observation who shall peruse it, and to call their attention, at least, to the surface formation of the earth, so that in a few years there may be hundreds of observers of interesting geological facts where there is but one at the present time.


That geology commends itself to us as a truthful science will be very readily elucidated by a simple statement of a fact within the comprehension of all.


To illustrate : A certain kind of rocks are called Archæan or Laurentian. These are the most ancient rocks known to geologists; at one time they were supposed to be destitute of fossils. In all the systems of rocks, they occupy the lowest, and consequently the oldest, position ; but in whatever part of the earth found, they are always recognizable by the geologist. So the Devonian rocks are distinguished. by certain fossil fishes that are found in them, and in them alone. The Carboniferous rocks are known by certain fossil mollusks; the Cretaceous, by certain reptiles that occur in no other formation ; and so every geological period has its characteristic fossils, by means of which the formation and its comparative age may always be accurately determined.


The geologist will always know the coal-bearing rocks from any other class ; and this knowledge ought to be possessed by every one interested in explora- tions for coal.


The geologic history of Iowa is but a page in the general history of. the continent of North America. This continent has been demonstrated to be the oldest portion of the earth, notwithstanding the misnomer, "New World." It is new only in civilization. The geologist reads is the rocks evidences of age


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HISTORY OF MONROE COUNTY.


that are far more reliable than those which are placed on perishable scrolls by the pen of man. The oldest groups of rocks are not found in Iowa, but are visible in the Canadas. The first system, underlying all others, in this State, is the Azoic, seen only in a small section of the northeast portion of Iowa. Next come the Lower and Upper Silurian, the Devonian, the Carboniferous and the Cretaceous systems. Of the earlier formations we shall say nothing, as allusion to them necessitates a far more extended article than we desire to prepare.


The scope of this paper extends back only to the Carboniferous system, at the period known as the Subcarboniferous group. In plainer terms, this refers to the limestone which underlies the coal formations, and brings the subject at once to the visible formations in Monroe County. This county is rich in coal deposits, and a glance at the method of creation will be both interesting and instructive.


FORMATION OF LIME BEDS.


Limestones have mainly been formed in the bottom of the ocean; the older and purer kinds in the deep, still sea ; the more recent and less pure in a shal- low and disturbed sea. When the great limestone deposits were made in the Mississippi Valley, a deep salt ocean extended from the Alleghany to the Rocky Mountains, from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Ocean. This was the age of mollusks (shell fish), and the sea bottom swarmed with them. Many of the rocks seem to have been wholly made up of conglomerate shells. In this age of the world there was no creature living with a spinal column or a brain ; but corals, a low order of radiates, as crinoidea, several varieties of mollusks, crustaceans, called trilobites (somewhat corresponding to the river crawfish), and some lowly worms ! These were the highest development of animal life when the earlier limestone rocks were being slowly formed.


This Silurian age was succeeded by the Devonian, characterized as the age of fishes, during which were deposited the Hamilton and Carboniferous lime- stones. Then came the Subcarboniferous period, during which were deposited the limestone beds of Monroe County. These were formed in a comparatively shallow sea, a fact proven by numerous ripple marks in the rocks, also by their sandy composition in some layers, and farther, by an occasional thin layer of clay intervening between the strata of rocks. These were uneasy times on the earth's crust, when it was given to upheavings and down-sinkings over large areas. Then it was that the whole northeastern and eastern part of the State was upraised.


THE GREAT COAL BASIN


was formed west and south throughout Iowa, reaching into Missouri and Kan- sas, and perhaps into the Indian Territory and Texas. Over this vast area there stretched a vast, dismal swamp.


On this vast marshy plain grew the rank vegetation that was in the future to be pressed into coal. It was a wilderness of moss and ferns and reeds, such as can be found nowhere on earth at the present time. Prof. Gunning, in speaking of it, says: "To the land forest of coniferas and cycads, and the marsh forest of scale trees and scal trees and reed trees and fern trees, add an undergrowth of low herbaceous ferns, and you have the picture of a primeval landscape. Blot from the face of nature every flowering weed and flowering tree, every grass, every fruit, every growth useful to man or beast ; go, then to the Sunda Islands for the largest club moss, to the East Indies for the largest tree fern, to the damp glades of Caracas for the tallest reeds, to the Moluccas


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for their cycad, and to Australia for its pine, to the ponds and sluggish streams of America for their quillwort, and place them all side by side over a vast marsh and its sandy borders, and you will faintly realize your picture of a prim- eval landscape. Dwarf the cycad and the pine, lift still higher the tapering column of the tree fern, multiply by two the bulk of the reed and by three the club moss, lift the quillwort from the water, and to its long, linear leaves add a fluted stem eighty feet high, and you would fully realize a carbon- iferous landscape-realize it in all but its vast solitudes. Not a bird ever perched on spiky leaf or spreading fern of a coal forest. No flower had opened yet to spread fragrance on the air, and no throat had warbled a note of music. Such poor animal life as the carboniferous world then possessed left its imprint on wave-washed shore and in the hollow stems of fallen trees."




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