The history of Wapello County, Iowa, containing a history of the county, its cities, towns, &c., a biographical directory of citizens, war record of its volunteers in the late rebellion, general and local statistics history of the Northwest, history of Iowa, Part 35

Author: Western Historical Co., Chicago, pub
Publication date: 1878
Publisher: Chicago, Western Historical Company
Number of Pages: 682


USA > Iowa > Wapello County > The history of Wapello County, Iowa, containing a history of the county, its cities, towns, &c., a biographical directory of citizens, war record of its volunteers in the late rebellion, general and local statistics history of the Northwest, history of Iowa > Part 35


Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).


Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5 | Part 6 | Part 7 | Part 8 | Part 9 | Part 10 | Part 11 | Part 12 | Part 13 | Part 14 | Part 15 | Part 16 | Part 17 | Part 18 | Part 19 | Part 20 | Part 21 | Part 22 | Part 23 | Part 24 | Part 25 | Part 26 | Part 27 | Part 28 | Part 29 | Part 30 | Part 31 | Part 32 | Part 33 | Part 34 | Part 35 | Part 36 | Part 37 | Part 38 | Part 39 | Part 40 | Part 41 | Part 42 | Part 43 | Part 44 | Part 45 | Part 46 | Part 47 | Part 48 | Part 49 | Part 50 | Part 51 | Part 52 | Part 53 | Part 54 | Part 55 | Part 56 | Part 57 | Part 58 | Part 59 | Part 60 | Part 61 | Part 62 | Part 63 | Part 64 | Part 65 | Part 66 | Part 67 | Part 68 | Part 69 | Part 70 | Part 71 | Part 72 | Part 73 | Part 74 | Part 75 | Part 76 | Part 77 | Part 78 | Part 79 | Part 80 | Part 81 | Part 82 | Part 83 | Part 84 | Part 85 | Part 86


The society so incorporated may, annually or oftener, elect from its members its Trustees, Directors or Managers at such time and place, and in such manner as may be specified in its by-laws, who shall have the control and management of the affairs and funds of the society, a majority of whom shall be a quorum for the transaction of business, and whenever any vacancy shall happen among such Trustees, Directors or Managers, by death, resignation or neglect to serve, such vacancy shall be filled in such manner as shall be provided by the by-laws of such society. When the body corporate consists of the Trustees, Directors or Managers of any benevolent, charitable, literary, scientific, religious or mis- sionary institution, which is or may be established in the State, and which is or may be under the patronage, control, direction or supervision of any synod, con- ference, association or other ecclesiastical body in such State, established agreeably to the laws thereof, such ecclesiastical body may nominate and appoint such Trustees, Directors or Managers, according to usages of the appoint- ing body, and may fill any vacancy which may occur among such Trustees, Directors or Managers; and when any such institution may be under the patronage, control, direction or supervision of two or more of such synods, con- ferences, associations or other ecclesiastical bodies, such bodies may severally nominate and appoint such proportion of such Trustees, Directors or Managers as shall be agreed upon by those bodies immediately concerned. And any vacancy occurring among such appointees last named, shall be filled by the synod, conference, association or body having appointed the last incumbent.


In case any election of Trustees, Directors or Managers shall not be made on the day designated by the by-laws, said society for that cause shall not be dissolved, but such election may take place on any other day directed by such by-laws.


Any corporation formed under this chapter shall be capable of taking, hold- ing or receiving property by virtue of any devise or bequest contained in any last will or testament of any person whatsoever ; but no person leaving a wife,


1


317


ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS.


child or parent, shall devise or bequeath to such institution or corporation more than one-fourth of his estate after the payment of his debts, and such device or bequest shall be valid only to the extent of such one-fourth.


Any corporation in this State of an academical character, the memberships of which shall consist of lay members and pastors of churches, delegates to any synod, conference or council holding its annual meetings alternately in this and one or more adjoining States, may hold its annual meetings for the election of officers and the transaction of business in any adjoining State to this, at such place therein as the said synod, conference or council shall hold its annual meet- ings ; and the elections so held and business so transacted shall be as legal and binding as if held and transacted at the place of business of the corporation in this State.


The provisions of this chapter shall not extend or apply to any association or individual who shall, in the certificate filed with the Recorder, use or specify a name or style the same as that of any previously existing incorporated society in the county.


The Trustees, Directors or stockholders of any existing benevolent, char- itable, scientific, missionary or religious corporation, may, by conforming to the requirements of Section 1095 of this chapter, re-incorporate themselves or con- tinue their existing corporate powers, and all the property and effects of such existing corporation shall vest in and belong to the corporation so re-incorporated or continued.


INTOXICATING LIQUORS.


No intoxicating liquors (alcohol, spirituous and vinous liquors), except wine manufactured from grapes, currants or other fruit grown in the State, shall be manufactured or sold, except for mechanical, medicinal, culinary or sacramental purposes ; and even such sale is limited as follows :


Any citizen of the State, except hotel keepers, keepers of saloons, eating houses, grocery keepers and confectioners, is permitted to buy and sell, within the county of his residence, such liquors for such mechanical, etc., purposes only, provided he shall obtain the consent of the Board of Supervisors. In order to get that consent, he must get a certificate from a majority of the elec- tors of the town or township or ward in which he desires to sell, that he is of good moral character, and a proper person to sell such liquors.


If the Board of Supervisors grant him permission to sell such liquors, he must give bonds, and shall not sell such liquors at a greater profit than thirty- three per cent. on the cost of the same. Any person having a permit to sell, shall make, on the last Saturday of every month, a return in writing to the Auditor of the county, showing the kind and quantity of the liquors purchased by him since the date of his last report, the price paid, and the amount of freights paid on the same ; also the kind and quantity of liquors sold by him since the date of his last report ; to whom sold ; for what purpose and at what price ; also the kind and quantity of liquors on hand; which report shall be sworn to by the person having the permit, and shall be kept by the Auditor, subject at all times to the inspection of the public.


No person shall sell or give away any intoxicating liquors, including wine or beer, to any minor, for any purpose whatever, except upon written order of parent, guardian or family physician ; or sell the same to an intoxicated person or a person in the habit of becoming intoxicated.


318


ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS.


Any person who shall mix any intoxicating liquor with any beer, wine or cider, by him sold, and shall sell or keep for sale, as a beverage, such mixture, shall be punished as for sale of intoxicating liquor.


But nothing in the chapter containing the laws governing the sale or pro- hibiting the sale of intoxicating liquors, shall be construed to forbid the sale by the importer there of of foreign intoxicating liquor, imported under the author- ity of the laws of the United States, regarding the importation of such liquors, and in accordance with such laws ; provided that such liquor, at the time of the sale by the importer, remains in the original casks or packages in which it was by him imported, and in quantities not less than the quantities in which the laws of the United States require such liquors to be imported, and is sold by him in such original casks or packages, and in said quantities only.


All payment or compensation for intoxicating liquor sold in violation of the laws of this State, whether such payments or compensation be in money, goods, lands, labor, oranything else whatsoever, shall be held to have been received in viola- tion of law and equity and good conscience, and to have been received upon a valid promise and agreement of the receiver, in consideration of the receipt thereof, to pay on demand, to the person furnishing such consideration, the amount of the money on the just value of the goods or other things.


All sales, transfers, conveyances, mortgages, liens, attachments, pledges and securities of every kind, which, either in whole or in part, shall have been made on account of intoxicating liquors sold contrary to law, shall be utterly null and void.


Negotiable paper in the hands of holders thereof, in good faith, for valuable consideration, without notice of any illegality in its inception or transfer, how- ever, shall not be affected by the above provisions. Neither shall the holder of land or other property who may have taken the same in good faith, without notice of any defect in the title of the person from whom the same was taken, growing out of a violation of the liquor law, be affected by the above provision.


Every wife, child, parent, guardian, employer, or other person, who shall be injured in person or property or means of support, by an intoxicated person, or in consequence of the intoxication, has a right of action against any person who shall, by selling intoxicating liquors, cause the intoxication of such person, for all damages actually sustained as well as exemplary damages.


For any damages recovered, the personal and real property (except home- stead, as now provided) of the person against whom the damages are recovered, as well as the premises or property, personal or real, occupied and used by him, with consent and knowledge of owner, either for manufacturing or selling intox- icating liquors contrary to law, shall be liable.


The only other exemption, besides the homestead, from this sweeping liability, is that the defendant may have enough for the support of his family for six months, to be determined by the Township Trustee.


No ale, wine, beer or other malt or vinous liquors shall be sold within two miles of the corporate limits of any municipal corporation, except at wholesale, for the purpose of shipment to places outside of such corporation and such two- mile limits. The power of the corporation to prohibit or license sale of liquors not prohibited by law is extended over the two miles.


No ale, wine, beer or other malt or vinous liquors shall be sold on the day on which any election is held under the laws of this State, within two miles of the place where said election is held; except only that any person holding a permit may sell upon the prescription of a practicing physician.


319


ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS.


SUGGESTIONS TO THOSE PURCHASING BOOKS BY SUBSCRIP- TION.


The business of publishing books by subscription, having so often been brought into disrepute by agents making representations and declarations not authorized by the publisher, in order to prevent that as much as possible, and that there may be more general knowledge of the relation such agents bear to their principal, and the law governing such cases, the following statement is made :


A subscription is in the nature of a contract of mutual promises, by which the subscriber agrees to pay a certain sum for the work described; the consid- eration is concurrent that the publisher shall publish the book named, and deliver the same, for which the subscriber is to pay the price named. The nature and character of the work is described by the prospectus and sample shown. These should be carefully examined before subscribing, as they are the basis and consideration of the promise to pay, and not the too often exag- gerated statements of the agent, who is merely employed to solicit subscriptions, for which he is usually paid a commission for each subscriber, and has no authority to change or alter the conditions upon which the subscriptions are authorized to be made by the publisher. Should the agent assume to agree to make the subscription conditional or modify or change the agreement of the publisher, as set out by the prospectus and sample, in order to bind the princi- pal, the subscriber should see that such condition or changes are stated over or in connection with his signature, so that the publisher may have notice of the same.


All persons making contracts in reference to matters of this kind, or any other business, should remember that the law as written is, that they can not be altered, varied or rescinded verbally, but if done at all, must be done in writing. It is therefore important that all persons contemplating subscribing should distinctly understand that all talk before or after the subscription is made, is not admissible as evidence, and is no part of the contract.


Persons employed to solicit subscriptions are known to the trade as can- vassers. They are agents appointed to do a particular business in a prescribed mode, and have no authority to do it any other way to the prejudice of their principal, nor can they bind their principal in any other matter. They can not collect money, or agree that payment may be made in anything else but money. They can not extend the time of payment beyond the time of delivery, nor bind their principal for the payment of expenses incurred in their business.


It would save a great deal of trouble, and often serious loss, if persons, before signing their names to any subscription book, or any written instrument, would examine carefully what it is; if they can not read themselves call on some one disinterested who can.


STATISTICS OF AGRICULTURE OF IOWA (CENSUS OF 1875.)


No. of


No. of


No. of


Acres


Spring Wheat.


Winter Wheat.


Indian Corn.


Oats.


Value of


Products


COUNTIES.


Acres


of Im-


Aeres


Unim-


under


Culti-


No. of


No. of


No. of


No. of


No. of


No. of


No. of


No. of


of Farm


proved


proved


Land.


vation


in


Land.


in 1874.


Acres.


Bushels


Acres.


Bushels


Acres.


Bushels


Harv't'd


Harv't'd'


Harv't'd


Acres.


Bushels


Harv't'd


Dollars.


Appanoose.


161059


134767


161083


156821


125188


109388


9606


77789


1049


10838


64871


2385243


13756


$1611937


Alamakee.


61880


181


1964


24325


905920


387346


931639


12776


442829


1415769


Audubon.


21146


23819


15986


54352


6876


89235


10


97


9225


394655


33233


Adams


65 159


13735


17947


281376


184153


Adair


83182


55680


66265


27550


435011


7


70


174


25174


3951


3500


80S60


1402.128


4455


141293


159739


695318


Buena Vista .


828171


33118


297318


37031


27010


15514


228231


Benton.


53911


3328921


2791


67069


23940S


99406


162737


445070


207828


2664995


Boone ..


156937


71810


105612


1343366


32505


429257


7


280


83244


11


84


46151


1595752


15190


10401


404620


Butler.


58908


Bremer


143493


145067


124877


57907


*19167


20


1270878


1018453


700


38685


1026641


13827


421719


518571


1209785


Black Hawk


213023


47001


104$10


19056


150881


181256


4SSTS


89361


644.95


28754


14259


157210


1108024


56592


1939590


1811250


16804


1:431


538196


1144620


Buchanan.


37059


71418


61201


812342


48831


556209


1898424


2615949


Clay.


39919


33375


51638


28974


17491


153159


180120


4436


98,66


123343


Cherokee


45412


31693


401507


9459


315215


3545


115595


35019


Cass.


45304


Crawford


110861


92785


40123


40582


1901062


9079


176281


58058


283111


41417


15262


21000


676209


248869


321894


17957


648658


2902


99158


1284899


488857


Cedar .


Cerro Gordo


529:0


309995


166485


40167


640544


26


78224


2815921


20243


48648


415463


295


28199


21030


9512


265443


675837


֏199


228097


2606149


Clayton


212291


290855


151908


130 5125


1:47


37918


1471263


591617


173622


86883


20021


669895


2081793


Clinton


68683


1010345


12


428


3061388


23701


702059


Chickasaw


57337


91772


74104


40162


643519


89297


96504


3


514279


309744


63


16821


11744


416300


S049019


894656


Carroll


53065


89159


Clarke ..


93691


26756


$10161


20


16014


550041


3238


26996


50487


78803


26618


17968


217090


7


55


39066


1580260


107577


367648


451365


Calhoun.


11010


100631


150


10656


351120


12337


2993


73182


7054987


10


221613


Davis.


150J38


116003


131597


5378


80993


87172


5379


56105


62127


2115569


13643


345707


Decatur


115751


95275


1603090


Dubuqu


187831


98561


146244


8211


7.169


817


12239


50184


1763140


1702391


10555


344551


Des Moines.


49240


634135


81


1720


67118


2307938


25115


643822


1024541


143665


287392


1636132


58165


Delaware


472029


97618


161357


10615


113396


71728


8688


117310


102924


9242


62305


60401


5


50


56150


1690535


20377


632113


1772992


Dickinson


15770


1698314


29850


11961


5701


25822


3183


44455


2403


3:282


45334


.


Dallas


134135


57763


114625


29256


445818


57652


9937


335124


Emmet


9989


7


186


2484898


Floyd


147098


25586


8387


3911


1510


2197


14273


1519


3211


1502047


110708


15244


32130


62067


Fayette.


179504


941439


26162


6424.18


15461


487729


133458


1367377


98156


60779


46


Franklin


968


37091


1296480


20770


701407


1503127


69859


43 46


65390


863670


155909


21066


758983


9532


328679


777106


Fremont


115307


198882


103039


81096


13229


206001


841


1708985


5419


179645


Grundy


146039


47926


135108


16625


78845


1046066


59910


52323


67381


976657


10175


1482582


11786


Green .


49838


19391


257700


2


14


$60


783037


783027


1669184


4227


401948


120948


1598977


620905


Guthrie


87259


47220


76892


27189


393574


22


38902


153505


792461


Hardin


128331


4145


39930


Humboldt


29114


86906


97765


88164


491251


41304


1379961


3569 15


1066627


Howard


27013


12016


20902


9998


297381


10982


307912


3974


90944


115923


200001


171018


61871


36115


582808


9916


10210


310268


734409


Harrison


94818


33:451


70287


23918


81


1200


3462


69140


Hancock


10162


143701


41720


1620192


786677


341615


9005


1889


2067


57899


1:53


Hamilton


89405


63966


39935


70006


48816


Henry.


182080


52050


20676


294682


20441


670731


5108


168262


52762


1da .


7292


50249


9194


110831


15026


180220


9011


113203


62672


2415670


13393


358221


1765670


6511


3108


48815


2301


Iowa


191011


89337


15SI88


48410


36


1080


108465


670217


7912


€2518


2713830


455


14060


7482211


193200


142401


491


11756


319071


2005049


Jackson


Johnson


241021


71257


142401


53962


193019


13315


550000


666779


521156


45306


100


1274


1665518


71143


3158178


23652


210919


17760


522197


1750091


2417875


Jasper


278891


179752


79926


Jones.


208907


63298


140684


86090


1107170


100217


65-123


4525999


1909534


15267


532239


31


16,389


125590


462178


409


18260


464824


2916838


1896416


Jefferson


66979


16237


164904


6192


66739


55061


1695510


14005


44612S


Keokuk


208125


98999


149672


33278


368528


149


2SS35,


1363


75697


3827282


15582


447603


1530140


1919728


Kossuth.


31550


48798


10798


193832


78692


13139


1-10


27857


Lee .


133580


10551


72624


15400


200407


9781


59563


119777


2190306


5143


279069


105306


Lucas.


108052


15812


59757


88837


13054


31


11817


1631518


319811


12766


153387


8182


76712


329


47022


1902530


12665


342164


Lyon.


2645


$177


13189


1030554


54


10396


281118


32651


Linn ..


62649


175655


52178


636597


12


160


91773


3139923


22670


585648


2590052


Louisa


151007


52922


Mitchell.


100066


19:64


189929


13SS


16267


49642


2184658


6792


175755


1665739


126381


20176


232398


94133


65534


1083811


2697


11274


411961


14078


542662


1591878


Mahaska.


122 190


205


Marion ..


199369


82779


150268


153214


315,62


395532


529663


180


2212


83775


S768209


3835063


10616


196218


335746


2195785


2181346


Mills


141512


53604


45136


84680


99837


21385


312961


32


543


59543


1533976


10987


6528


232639


Madison


161998


183709


137979


1003509


37553


628314


102215


78206


25


484


2953630


8743


285108


1709080


Monroe


Marshall


223735


91,30


11638


263


5584


69194


1739916


241081


938862


52249


47552


56278


117303


39911


69395


101413


1123382


21


45575


200


67699


2808256


11512


12611


463245


2368278


Monona ..


Muscatine.


1789 15


48:32


15:31


183811


21577


818338


2504


66475


104633


129599


32375


416471


63


629


54760


1715973


13287


405562


447665


Montgomery ..


1747906


50607


86026


1381


531509


8


33626


166


39251


1441467


5322


201635


1072127


O'Brien


$2070


26:31


14904


151506


6379


106052


3107


53931


191542


Osceola.


18190


207689


31406


14651


8,69


74757


2510


17279


1390


26829


69581


Polk


56841


140150


563389


21


894


77407


3272010


12188


431841


2140023


Pochahontas.


21928


35572


19219


37636


₲434


30771


8931


229263


2541


40494


112666


Pottawattome


124630


208989


419189


90619


3363


588011


63


475


47258


1750039


5278


168081


1252629


Powesheik.


48697


171589


76286


85748


3571105


11416


333565


2393022


Page ..


156782


175171


115484


51312


22659


855792


1220


20235


71386


2239013


9758


346507


1293463


Plymouth


58283


519.2


41379


83629


442706


10


160


10097


4161


Palo Alto.


120437


434123


18517


32225


16679


8606


23208


325


175778


Ringgold.


18100


50373


6641


12057


2979


4€859


96616


58329


10026


78951


125


1762


35613


1145937


9118


255007


1115782


Scott .


235515


19123


185742


762315


40


618


59071


2226316


15915


528868


30-11873


Story


148649


433+4


89326


99387


26053


330597


8


20


47230


31.944


51273


1033743


Shelby


17674


1783477


11278


343265


53180


22023


689556


2251


71676


573026


Sioux.


33824


36.394


33315


22.193


231286


6780


32038


4591


45096


166980


Sac ...


31336


17201


11056


279716


3035


6599


Taylor.


102SG1


235315


24179


10


79142


110031


8662


238880


15116


206313


241


3068


48260


1419680


8718


269657


908476


Tama.


253182


90222


14378)7


13514


381469


2316405


57005


21-1911


9:013


73251


2842859


Union


33216


Van Buren ..


15826


105S6


141183


53


960


21063


1130930


6127


181148


624260


153074


993-18


Wayne.


113:263


7455


5SSOS


10928


121854


1236


50211


656 25


1823622


353698


1439586


66795


143


2405187


12596


147766


117€89


10355


76316


18212


367396


1361876


Warren ...


2208392


Winnesheik


191265


167178


159737


42175


651679


61


910


80280


3561365


8391


281510


2461 10


Woodbury


131670


259169


112175


1813135


27185


977816


24307


8216508


2265252


44179


57097


33007


15213


48927


32157


2:8875


14647


490371


8072


91647


298209


Worth.


45957


23092


410187


14193


3530


122291


2832211


4145


161553


396506


Washington


Webster.


225176


55.52


157881


41616


469879


1439


453320


9,208


61741


70010


891051


73265


15701


2035264


5


28713


917911


7491


207.193


733342


Winnebago.


Wright


17589


30625


12421


30551


8939


162281


11


270


1374


1827


140219


35516


32387


29957


13629


10089


52125


281821


45109


418!


288685


Wapello.


196166


135176


150209


63491


185173


17368


15:535


1617


16159


5.035


2143791


11570


293590


1455319


Totals


12627850 8410435


93549051 3690711 42669731


69188


759277


4700176 136284542 982994


29144352 $181536747


HP. Hendershott


OTTUMWA


HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY.


GEOLOGY.


The universal desire to know the causes of manifest effeets, and to ascertain the origin of all things, is as marked to-day as it was in those far-off times when the earth was deemed a flat dise resting upon the back of an elephant, the elephant upon a tortoise, the tortoise upon a serpent, and the serpent upon an undiscovered something. Each age regards its store of knowledge as almost infinite, yet each succeeding generation finds some new fund to draw from and expand the sum of wisdom. Science has opened many pages in the great book of nature, and has supplied the key to the mysteries therein recorded. Future research may modify the theories at first advanced by the patient investigators of the absorbing work ; but so firmly established are many of the ideas promulgated in the school of modern science that they must be ac- cepted as fixed facts. In no division of study has greater or more certain progress been made than in that of geology. The finest intellects of the century have been engrossed in the labor of determining the origin of the earth and the gradations by which it has reached its present habitable conditions. As a part of the history of this particular section of the globe, the formation of the rocks and soil, is certainly a topic worthy of considerable space in this record of events. We have, therefore, compiled a geologie sketch of the lower valley of the Des Moines, with the belief that it will be an acceptable paper.


In the general history of the State which is given in this volume, will be found a somewhat elaborate description of the geology of Iowa, from a scientific standpoint. It remains for us to limit the circuit of our work in connection herewith to the actual boundaries of the Des Moines Valley. We shall attempt to popularize a most interesting but not generally studied theme, and endeavor to explain, in simple form, what is too often rendered obscure to the uninitiated in scientific methods, by technical terms and expressions. Since those who wish to do so can turn to the general chapter and learn of the geologic structure of the State, let us now bring to a focus the more practical ideas relative to the subject of the recent or superficial formations of this region. This is designed to be only a short popular treatise, so as to interest every man and woman of good observation who shall peruse it, and to call their attention, at least, to the surface formation of the earth. so that in a few years there may be hundreds of observers of interesting geologieal faets where there is but one at the present time.


That geology commends itself to us as a truthful science will be very readily elucidated by a simple statement of a fact within the comprehension of all.


To illustrate : A certain kind of roeks are called Archæan or Laurentian. These are the most ancient roeks known to geologists; at one time they were


324


HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY.


supposed to be destitute of fossils. In all the systems of rocks, they occupy the lowest, and consequently the oldest, position ; but in whatever part of the earth found, they are always recognizable by the geologist. So the Devonian rocks are distinguished by certain fossil fishes that are found in them, and in them alone. The Carboniferous rocks are known by certain fossil mollusks; the Cretaceous, by certain reptiles that occur in no other formation ; and so every geological period has its characteristic fossils, by means of which the formation and its comparative age may always be accurately determined.


The geologist will always know the coal-bearing rocks from any other class ; and this knowledge ought to be possessed by every one interested in explora- tions for coal.


The geologic history of Iowa is but a page in the general history of the continent of North America. This continent has been demonstrated to be the oldest portion of the earth, notwithstanding the misnomer, "New World." It is new only in civilization. The geologist reads is the rocks evidences of age that are far more reliable than those which are placed on perishable scrolls by the pen of man. The oldest groups of rocks are not found in Iowa, but are visible in the Canadas. The first system, underlying all others, in this State, is the Azoic, seen only in a small section of the northeast portion of Iowa. Next come the Lower and Upper Silurian, the Devonian, the Carboniferous and the Cretaceous systems. Of the earlier formations we shall say nothing, as allusion to them necessitates a far more extended article than we desire to prepare.




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