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Gc 979.6 H31h v. 1 1714353
M. L.
REYNOLDS HISTORICAL GENEALOGY COLLECTION
ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY
3 1833 01717 3243
JAMES H. HAWLEY
HISTORY
OF
IDAHO
The Gem of the Mountains
JAMES H. HAWLEY EDITOR
ILLUSTRATED
VOLUME I
CHICAGO THE S. J. CLARKE PUBLISHING COMPANY 1920
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1714353
FOREWORD
In the fall of 1861, prospectors starting from the placer mining camp of Oro Fino, situate upon the waters of the Clearwater in what was then the east- ern part of Washington Territory, and which had itself only been discovered a few months before, found rich placer gold deposits in the Florence Basin on a small tributary of the Salmon River. The news spread and the few white men who had straggled into this unknown and almost inaccessible region, soon congregated in the new camp. The deposits were not only rich in gold but seemed extensive, and the parties interested made diligent efforts to procure proper sup- plies to carry them over until spring. A severe winter, however, set in unusually early and most of those who had made locations found themselves without pro- visions and were compelled to go to the lower country to escape starvation.
The news of the discoveries soon reached, in an exaggerated form, the scat- tered residents of Oregon and Washington and quickly spread over the mining sections of California, in which state the placer mines that had caused its settle- ment and occupied the attention of most of its residents, were fast becoming exhausted.
The miners, comprising as they then did a majority of the population of both California and Oregon, a restless class-always ready to leave an estab- lished region to share in the opportunities presented by newly discovered min- ing sections, almost unanimously prepared to go to the new Eldorado, as soon as weather conditions would permit, and commencing in the early spring of 1862, came the last of the great "Rushes" from the placer mining camps of the coast, which left the mining sections of the two states nearly depopulated.
The Editor, then a tall, gangly boy of fifteen, whose dream had always been to share in the adventures to be met in newly discovered localities, was living with relatives in the San Jose Valley in California, and the news of the rich strikes reaching his ears so appealed to his easily excited imagination that it impelled him to leave his home without going through the formality of ask- ing his people's consent, and launched him after the usual adventures attend- ing the efforts of a stripling boy to reach a new country, in the Florence Basin in the latter part of April of that year.
Since that time, Idaho has been his place of residence, and he has been con- stantly in contact with the people from its various sections during the interven- ing years. In practically every section of the state he has pioneered with the pioneers, been part and parcel of its early history and been brought face to face with its first conditions. His acquaintance, not only with the various sec- tions of Idaho, but also with its people who were prominent in the early life of the territory, was extended and continued after statehood began.
It has been his hope and expectation for the past twenty years to write, some- time in the future, a full and comprehensive history of the state of which he
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FOREWORD
so long has been a resident, and so give to those who will come after the benefit of his knowledge of the earlier days, as well as the later incidents in Idaho's history. Business cares and official responsibilities combined to prevent his so doing until invited by the publisher to undertake this work. He has done so with diffidence, doubting his ability under existing circumstances to do full jus- tice to the subject, although feeling his personal knowledge of most of the mat- ters involved would be substantially correct even if not particularly entertain- ing when written down.
Carlyle has somewhere said "History is the essence of innumerable biog- raphies," and the history of a state is necessarily in great degree, an account of the individual activities of its prominent residents. To write such a history one needs to dwell upon the earlier attending events in but a limited way, and refer in the main to those matters that have occurred since gold was discovered in our mountains.
Congress organized Idaho Territory in May, 1883, and included in its then boundaries all of the territory now included within the limits of the state and also the western parts of what are now Montana and Wyoming, and then com- menced the record which makes the past of intense human interest to those who reside within the state at the present.
Necessarily then is included in this history, somewhat extended reference to the more important events preceding the organization of Idaho Territory, and this includes some matters concerning the discovery and development of the entire Northwest of which Idaho is now the most important section; but the scope of this work limits, to the editor's regret, to the accounts of the expe- rience of the first explorers, and while I have recounted as concisely as pos- sible the deeds of Lewis and Clark, Captain Bonneville, the Hudson's Bay Com- pany managers, John C. Fremont and his party, that part of the Astor party who traveled overland, and others who lived at that time and explored much of the territory embraced within the present boundaries of the state, the major part of the work is devoted to those matters of later date which will undoubt- edly be of far greater interest to the present and the succeeding generations.
Already several of our citizens identified with the earlier history of Idaho have written of their experiences and detailed much of interest and value per- taining to our state. Hon. John Hailey's "History of Idaho;" Ex-Governor WVm. J. McConnell's "Early History of Idaho;" "Reminiscences of a Pioneer," by W. A. Goulder; H. T. French's "History of Idaho;" Bishop Tuttle's "Remi- niscences of a Pioneer Bishop;" Elliott & Company's "History of Idaho Terri- tory" published in 1884, and several other works of similar import, all treat of interesting phases in the past history of the state, and while generally somewhat limited in their scope, are invaluable to all who delve into our past. Prof. C. J. Brosman of Nampa, has recently published a history of the state for use of students in our schools, which greatly adds to our stock of definite informa- tion of past events. These works undoubtedly of the utmost value, should, I felt, be supplemented by a fuller account of the stirring events that led up to the creation of a great state, and this is the work that I assumed and hope to have successfully carried through in preparing this history.
No state in the Union presents greater difficulties, in properly considering its past, its present and its future, than does our own. Ordinarily the charac-
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FOREWORD
teristics of the several sections of a state are somewhat similar, but not so with Idaho. Stretching north and south from British Columbia to the northern boundary lines of Utah and Nevada and from Oregon and Washington on the west to Montana and Wyoming on the east, its great area presents in each sec- tion characteristics widely different.
Neither in climate, nor resources, nor in its physical make up-its produc- tion or its business activities, is there that homogeneousness naturally expected in the several sections of a commonwealth. The climatic conditions vary in greater degrees than any other state; one section being as mild in winter as Florida or Southern California, while an adjoining county at the same time re- minds one of Montana or North Dakota.
Idaho, like most sections of the great Northwest, was at the time of its forma- tion as a territory, handicapped by a lack of knowledge upon the part of the law makers, which prevented proper boundary lines being established. Eastern Oregon and Southern Idaho are very similar in climate, production and physi- cal characteristics and should have been included in one state government, while Northern Idaho, Eastern Washington and Western Montana are so iden- tical in interests as to make it regrettable that they were not made into one great mining and agricultural, state. But while we in this generation may suf- fer from the mistakes of those responsible for such conditions, they are now past remedying, and it is for us to accept the conditions as they exist and work out our problems in line with "What is" not "What should have been."
I have treated in a somewhat general way the several stages in the history of the state, and refer in the succeeding paragraphs to the scope and character of the work presented to my readers, ending my record on April Ist, 1919.
ANTE-TERRITORIAL HISTORY
Brief account of the adventures and discoveries of Lewis and Clark, John C. Fremont, Captain Bonneville, the Hudson's Bay Company managers, the members of the Astor expedition and other explorers of the days before gov- ernment of any kind was established in the Northwest, and the reasons prompt- ing their endeavors.
The old Overland Trails, the reasons for their establishment and the perils and hardships of those who traveled them.
Short account of the various Indian tribes residing in what is now the State of Idaho, their customs and habits and the establishment of missions amongst them.
Discovery of placer gold "diggings" in the northern part of the state which first called attention to the mineral wealth of that section and caused the great "rush" in the spring and summer of 1862 and led to the formation of the terri- tory in the succeeding years.
TERRITORIAL DAYS
The organization of the Territory of Idaho in 1863 and reasons leading up to it.
Conditions in the various sections of Idaho when so organized as a terri- tory, as to population and development.
Discovery of the various mining sections of the state, and the effect the
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FOREWORD
development of the mining industry had on the permanent settlement of such sections.
Tracing the history and development of each section, with brief reference to the character and antecedents of the men whose energies made such develop- ment possible.
The various Indian wars in which the people of the territory were engaged.
Transition from a purely mining community into a stock raising and agri- cultural region.
Building of railroads throughout the territory, and the benefits resulting from the development of transportation facilities.
THE STATE OF IDAHO
Statehood and the events leading up to it.
Continuation of the development of the state in its successive stages.
Histories of the principal cities and towns, and the reasons for their estab- lishment and continuance as centers of population.
Development of the great canal and reservoir systems of Idaho, including those brought into existence through the workings of the Carey Act.
Development of dry farming and its importance to the state, generally.
The timber industry. How it was started and gradually built up, and its importance in the future.
The creation of government reserves throughout the state and the reasons therefor, and the effect of creating and maintaining them.
Changes occurring in the stock industry and the reasons therefor, including the effects of the establishment of reserves and the leasing system established thereunder.
The governmental system, including executive, legislature and judicial methods, and reference to those who have been called to fill the important posi- tions in each branch.
Reference to public matters in which Idaho has taken advanced positions and impressed their importance upon the country, including a full account of the equal suffrage movement in this state.
Establishment of schools and colleges and tracing our educational system from its small beginning to its present gratifying development.
A general review of our commercial, industrial and agricultural growth, with particular reference to the future advantages growing out of the full de- velopment of the water power of the state.
Other subjects have been referred to in greater or less degree, and I have tried to make full comparison of the past with the present, and the expectations of the future. I have endeavored to show not only what Idaho is, but what it has been and will continue to be-a land of opportunity and of promise; a most attractive region in which to live or to visit; and that its scenery and nat- ural attractions, including its mountains, lakes, rivers, and forests and the easy methods of reaching them, its abundance of fish and game, its health-giving atmosphere and equable climate, invite both the intending settler and the tourist in search of either natural advantages or restored health.
JAMES H. HAWLEY.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I A GENERAL VIEW
LOCATION AND AREA-LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE-TOPOGRAPHY-GEOLOGY-THE GLACIAL EPOCH-THE SOILS-CLIMATE-A PROPOSED CHANGE IN BOUNDARIES- THE NAME IDAHO-ITS ORIGIN AND MEANING. ... .19
CHAPTER II ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS
ORIGIN OF THE NAME "INDIAN"-TRIBAL DISTRIBUTION AT THE BEGINNING OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY-IDAHO TRIBES-THE BANNOCK-THE BLACKFOOT-THE CAYUSE-THE COEUR D'ALENE-THE KOOTENAI-THE NEZ PERCE- THE PEND D'OREILLE-THE SHOSHONE-THE FLATHEAD-SOCIAL ORGANIZATION. .31
CHAPTER III INDIAN TREATIES AND CESSIONS
SPANISH POLICY TOWARD THE INDIANS-THE FRENCH POLICY-THE ENGLISH POLICY-POLICY OF THE UNITED STATES-TREATY OF CAMP STEVENS-THE HELL GATE TREATY-SECOND NEZ PERCE TREATY-SHOSHONE TREATY OF 1863-TREATY OF FORT BRIDGER-FORT LEMHI RESERVATION-PEND D'OREILLE CESSION-COEUR D'ALENE CESSION-DUCK VALLEY RESERVATION-A NEW IDAHO. 41
CHAPTER IV EXPLORERS AND EXPLORATIONS
EARLY SPANISH EXPLORATIONS-THE FRENCH-VERENDRYE-THE ENGLISH-THE AMERICANS-LEWIS AND CLARK-THEIR ROUTE THROUGH IDAHO-CAPTAIN BONNEVILLE-FATHER DE SMET-JOHN C. FREMONT. . 51
CHAPTER V THE FUR TRADERS
BEGINNING OF THE FUR TRADE-THE FRENCH THE PIONEERS-FREE TRAPPERS AND TRADERS-INFLUENCE OF THE FUR TRADER ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WEST
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-HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY-NORTH-WEST COMPANY-AMERICAN FUR COM- PANY-MANUEL LISA-MISSOURI FUR COMPANY-HUNT'S EXPEDITION- ROCKY MOUNTAIN FUR COMPANY-SMITH, JACKSON & SUBLETTE-NATHANIEL J. WYETH-WYETH'S SECOND EXPEDITION-FORT HILL-PIERRE'S HOLE- BATTLE WITH THE GROS VENTRE INDIANS-DEATH OF ANTOINE GODIN-THE FUR TRADER'S PLACE IN HISTORY. 63
CHAPTER VI OVERLAND TRAILS-EMIGRATION
EARLY INDIAN TRAILS -- WORK OF THE PIONEERS-THE SANTA FE TRAIL-THE OREGON TRAIL-CAMPING PLACES IN IDAHO-HISTORY OF THE TRAIL-REBECCA WINTER'S GRAVE-MARKING THE TRAIL-THE UTAH-CANADA TRAIL-THE NEZ PERCE TRAIL-THE MULLAN MILITARY ROAD. .77
CHAPTER VII THE OREGON DISPUTE
RIVAL CLAIMS OF EUROPEAN POWERS-TREATIES OF RYSWICK AND UTRECHT-SECRET TREATY OF 1762-BEGINNING OF ENGLAND'S CLAIM IN THE NORTHWEST-CAPT. ROBERT GRAY-OTHER CLAIMS OF THE UNITED STATES-FIRST NEGOTIATIONS- TREATY OF 1818-THE FLOYD BILL-FORCES AT WORK-TREATY OF 1827-WEB- STER-ASHBURTON TREATY-CAMPAIGN OF 1844-FIFTY-FOUR FORTY OR FIGHT -TREATY OF 1846-ARBITRATION. 89
CHAPTER VIII SETTLEMENT-DISCOVERY OF GOLD
EARLY MISSIONARIES-WILLIAM CRAIG-MORMON COLONY IN THE LEMHI VALLEY -- DISCOVERY OF GOLD-PIERCE CITY-NEW DIGGINGS-BABOON GULCH-FLOR- ENCE-DISCOVERIES OF 1862-BOISE BASIN-SOUTH OF THE SNAKE-SNAKE RIVER PLACERS-LEMHI PLACERS-OTHER EARLY SETTLERS. 99
CHAPTER IX PIONEER DAYS
FIRST SETTLERS PRINCIPALLY MINERS-HABITS AND CHARACTERISTICS-MINERS' TRIALS-HONESTY OF THE PIONEERS-LAWLESSNESS IN THE EARLY DAYS- PROFESSIONAL "BAD MEN"-VIGILANCE COMMITTEES IN THE WEST-THE MAG- RUDER MURDER-HENRY PLUMMER-THE BERRY ROBBERY-FATE OF SOME OF THE "BAD MEN"-CURRENCY OF THE EARLY DAYS-GOLD DUST AND GOLD BARS -BANKING AND EXPRESS OFFICES-THE WELLS-FARGO EXPRESS-MAIL FACILI- TIES-RAILWAYS AND TRANSPORTATION-PONY EXPRESS. II5
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CHAPTER X
TERRITORIAL HISTORY -
EVOLUTION OF IDAHO TERRITORY AND STATE-PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT-JOSEPH MEEK'S MISSION TO WASHINGTON-OREGON, WASHINGTON AND IDAHO-THE ORGANIC ACT-CHANGING THE BOUNDARIES-GOVERNMENT ORGANIZED-WAL- LACE'S ADMINISTRATION-FIRST POLITICAL CONVENTIONS-FIRST LEGISLATURE -LYON'S ADMINISTRATION-A THANKSGIVING PROCLAMATION-POLITICAL CAMPAIGN OF 1864-ELECTION OF E. D. HOLBROOK AS DELEGATE-DEATH OF HOLBROOK-SECOND LEGISLATURE-LOCATING THE CAPITAL-THIRD LEGISLA- TURE-GILSON'S DEFALCATION-GOVERNOR LYON'S DEATH .133
CHAPTER XI TERRITORIAL HISTORY (CONTINUED)
BALLARD'S ADMINISTRATION-FOURTH LEGISLATURE-GENERAL CONDITIONS IN 1867-ELECTION OF 1868-FIFTH LEGISLATURE-PRESIDENT GRANT'S TROUBLES -ELECTION OF 1870-GRANT TRIES AGAIN-BENNETT'S ADMINISTRATION- ELECTION OF 1872-HON. JOHN HAILEY-SEVENTH LEGISLATURE-ELECTION OF 1874-EIGHTH LEGISLATURE-BRAYMAN'S ADMINISTRATION-HON. GEO. AINSLIE-NINTH LEGISLATURE-INDIAN WARS-TENTH LEGISLATURE-NEIL'S ADMINISTRATION-ELEVENTH AND TWELFTH LEGISLATURES-GOVERNOR WIL- LIAM M. BUNN- THIRTEENTH LEGISLATURE-THE TEST OATH LAW AND THE MORMON QUESTION - STEVENSON'S ADMINISTRATION - FOURTEENTH LEGIS- LATURE - SHOUP'S ADMINISTRATION - FIFTEENTH LEGISLATURE - READY FOR 163 STATEHOOD.
CHAPTER XII ADMISSION TO THE UNION
IMPROVEMENTS FROM 1880 TO 1890-DREAMS OF STATEHOOD-REMARKS OF MR. .
DUBOIS IN CONGRESS-SENTIMENT AT HOME-THE MORMON QUESTION-CON- STITUTIONAL CONVENTION-LIST OF DELEGATES-MEMORIAL TO CONGRESS- CONSTITUTION RATIFIED BY THE PEOPLE-ACTION OF CONGRESS-FULL TEXT OF THE IDAHO ADMISSION BILL-GOVERNOR HAWLEY'S COMMENTS ON TERRI- TORIAL GOVERNORS .197
CHAPTER XIII STATE GOVERNMENT INAUGURATED
FIRST NOMINATING CONVENTIONS-FIRST STATE ELECTION-OFFICERS CHOSEN -- SHOUP'S ADMINISTRATION-HIS FIRST PROCLAMATION-FIRST STATE LEGISLA- TURE-LIST OF MEMBERS-SHOUP'S MESSAGE-ELECTION OF UNITED STATES SENATORS-WILLEY'S ADMINISTRATION-THE STATE SEAL-POLITICAL CAM- PAIGN OF 1892-MCCONNELL'S ADMINISTRATION-SECOND LEGISLATURE-
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COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION-POLITICAL CAMPAIGN OF 1894-THIRD LEGISLATURE -POLITICAL CAMPAIGN OF 1896-WOMAN SUFFRAGE ... 221
CHAPTER XIV FROM STEUNENBERG TO MORRISON
STEUNENBERG'S ADMINISTRATION-FOURTH LEGISLATURE-ELECTION OF 1898- FIFTH LEGISLATURE-LABOR TROUBLES IN IDAHO-MINERS' UNION TROUBLES ON WOOD RIVER IN 1884-COEUR D'ALENE TROUBLES IN 1892-FORMATION OF WESTERN FEDERATION OF MINERS- LABOR TROUBLES OF 1899-MARTIAL LAW- POLITICAL CAMPAIGN OF 1900-HUNT'S ADMINISTRATION-SIXTH LEGISLATURE -POLITICAL CAMPAIGN OF 1902-MORRISON'S ADMINISTRATION-SEVENTH LEGISLATURE-ELECTION OF 1904-REVIVAL OF THE MORMON QUESTION .... 239
CHAPTER XV FROM GOODING TO BRADY
GOODING'S ADMINISTRATION-EIGHTH LEGISLATURE-TRIAL OF STEUNENBERG'S AS- SASSINS-ORCHARD'S SENTENCE-POLITICAL CAMPAIGN OF 1906 -- GOODING RE-ELECTED-NINTH LEGISLATURE-STATE FLAG ADOPTED-HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF THE STATE OF IDAHO-RESOLUTIONS-FISH HATCHERIES-CAMPAIGN OF 1908-BRADY'S ADMINISTRATION-TENTH LEGISLATURE-DIRECT PRIMARY LAW -PUBLIC PARKS-ELECTION OF 1910. 265
CHAPTER XVI FROM HAWLEY TO DAVIS
HAWLEY'S ADMINISTRATION-ELEVENTH LEGISLATURE-WESTERN GOVERNORS' SPECIAL-EXTRAORDINARY SESSION OF THE LEGISLATURE-POLITICAL CAM- PAIGN OF 1912-HAINES' ADMINISTRATION-TWELFTH LEGISLATURE-ALLEN'S DEFALCATION-ELECTION OF 1914-ALEXANDER'S ADMINISTRATION-THIR- TEENTH LEGISLATURE-PANAMA-PACIFIC EXPOSITION-ELECTION OF 1916- ALEXANDER RE-ELECTED-FOURTEENTH LEGISLATURE-POLITICAL CAMPAIGN OF 1918- FIFTEENTH LEGISLATURE-ADOPTION OF NEW METHODS OF STATE GOV- ERNMENT-SELECTION OF GOVERNOR'S CABINET 289
CHAPTER XVII PENAL AND CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS
FIRST PENAL LEGISLATION IN IDAHO-THE PENITENTIARY-INSANE ASYLUMS- STATE SOLDIERS HOME-INDUSTRIAL TRAINING SCHOOL-SCHOOL FOR DEAF, DUMB AND BLIND CHILDREN'S HOME-IDAHO STATE SANITARIUM. .315
CHAPTER XVIII EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS
FIRST SCHOOLS IN IDAHO-PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM-SUPERINTENDENT'S REPORT FOR 1865-LAND GRANT FOR PUBLIC SCHOOLS-COUNTY SUPERINTENDENT-
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STATISTICS FOR 1918-SCHOOL DISTRICTS-UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO-LEWISTON STATE NORMAL SCHOOL-ALBION STATE NORMAL SCHOOL-IDAHO TECHNICAL INSTITUTE-LIBRARIES-FREE TRAVELING LIBRARY-COLLEGE OF IDAHO-INTER- MOUNTAIN INSTITUTE-COEUR D'ALENE COLLEGE-FIELDING ACADEMY-RICKS ACADEMY-ONEIDA ACADEMY-OTHER INSTITUTIONS. .333
CHAPTER XIX NEWSPAPERS OF IDAHO
ORIGIN OF THE NEWSPAPER-FIRST PRINTING PRESS IN IDAHO-IDAHO'S FIRST NEWSPAPER-TERRITORIAL NEWSPAPERS-BOISE NEWS-IDAHO STATESMAN- OWYHEE AVALANCHE-LEWISTON NEWSPAPERS-MOSCOW NEWSPAPERS-KOOTE- NAI COUNTY NEWSPAPERS-YANKEE FORK HERALD-PARIS POST-IDAHO FALLS REGISTER-KETCHUM KEYSTONE-WOOD RIVER TIMES-MISCELLANEOUS NEWS- PAPERS-POCATELLO TRIBUNE- FIRST TELEGRAPH SERVICE-LIST OF NEWSPAPERS . 363 IN 1919.
CHAPTER XX FINANCIAL HISTORY
EARLY CONDITIONS IN IDAHO-EXTRAVAGANT LEGISLATION AND HIGH TAXES TAXATION OF MINES-FINANCIAL GROWTH-PROPERTY VALUATION BY COUNTIES IN 1917-PUBLIC REVENUES-BONDED DEBT OF THE STATE-THE SECURITY- BANKING, ORIGIN OF-UNITED STATES BANKS-IDAHO BANKS-LIST OF BANKS IN 1918; CAPITAL STOCK, SURPLUS, DEPOSITS AND PRINCIPAL OFFICERS. . . .. 383
CHAPTER XXI EARLY TRANSPORTATION
LEWIS AND CLARK'S METHODS OF TRAVEL-CAPTAIN BONNEVILLE'S WAGONS-RUS- SELL, MAJORS & WADDELL-EARLY MAIL ROUTES-THE PONY EXPRESS-SADDLE TRAINS-FREIGHTING BY PACK TRAIN-DAY OF THE STAGE COACH -- BEN HOLLA- DAY-LOCAL STAGE COMPANIES-INDIANS AND ROAD AGENTS-ROBBERY OF PIL- GRIM STATION-PASSING OF THE STAGE COACH-STAGE DRIVERS. .4II
CHAPTER XXII HISTORY OF IDAHO RAILROADS
FIRST RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES-EARLY OPPOSITION-TRANSCONTINENTAL LINES-THE UNION PACIFIC-CENTRAL PACIFIC-IDAHO'S FIRST EFFORT TO SE- CURE A RAILROAD-UTAH & NORTHERN-OREGON SHORT LINE-CONSOLIDATION -BRANCH LINES-NORTHERN PACIFIC-OREGON RAILWAY & NAVIGATION COM- PANY-GREAT NORTHERN-CHICAGO, MILWAUKEE & ST. PAUL-OTHER RAIL- ROADS-ELECTRIC LINES-MILEAGE & VALUATION IN 1917. .423
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CHAPTER XXIII
AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
FIRST FARMING IN IDAHO TYPES OF FARMING-IRRIGATION-THE CAREY ACT- THE RECLAMATION SERVICE-THE ARROWROCK PROJECT-MINIDOKA PROJECT- KING HILL PROJECT-OTHER ARID LANDS IN IDAHO-FUTURE POLICY OF THE GOVERNMENT-SECRETARY LANE'S IDEA-DRY FARMING-EXPERIMENT STATIONS -IDAHO LANDS-FARM PRODUCTS-SUGAR PRODUCTION-FIELD PEAS-WHERE IDAHO RANKS FIRST-LIVE-STOCK-THE DAIRY INDUSTRY-BEES AND HONEY -AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS-STATE FAIRS. 439
CHAPTER XXIV HORTICULTURAL INTERESTS
FIRST FRUIT TREES IN IDAIIO-WESLEY MULKEY'S ORCHARD THOMAS DAVIS A PIONEER FRUIT GROWER-THE FIRST NURSERY-IN SOUTHERN IDAHO-IN NORTHERN IDAHO-HOW FRUIT GROWING PAYS-PRUNE CULTURE-SMALL FRUITS - MARKETING THE CROP - STATE ENCOURAGEMENT - THE SIXTEEN HORTICULTURAL DISTRICTS IN 1918. 473
CHAPTER XXV MINING AND MANUFACTURING
GOLD PRODUCTION IN THE EARLY DAYS-LODE MINING-FIRST LEDGES-ROMANTIC NAMES-EARLY QUARTZ MILLS-THE POORMAN MINE-UNITED STATES ASSAY OFFICE-THE WOOD RIVER DISTRICT-COEUR D'ALENE DISTRICT-MINING IN- SPECTORS-MINERAL PRODUCTION IN 1917-OTHER MINERALS- ANTIMONY- ASBESTOS-COAL-COBALT-IRON-MANGANESE-MICA-PHOSPHORUS-PUMICE STONE- QUICKSILVER-TUNGSTEN, ETC .- MANUFACTURING-WATER POWER, 483
CHAPTER XXVI TIMBER IN IDAHO
USE OF TIMBER ON PUBLIC LANDS BY THE PIONEERS-WHIPSAWING LUMBER-FIRST SAWMILLS-EFFECT PRODUCED BY THE RAILROADS-DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOREST RESERVES-LIST OF NATIONAL FORESTS-AGRICULTURAL LANDS-MINERAL LANDS -GRAZING LANDS IN RESERVES-EFFECT OF CONSERVATION ON LIVESTOCK INDUS- TRY-RESOLUTIONS OF STOCKMEN-FOREST FIRES-FOREST RESERVE FUND AND ITS DISTRIBUTION 503
CHAPTER XXVII INDIAN TROUBLES AND EARLY MILITARY HISTORY
FIRST UNITED STATES TROOPS IN THE NORTHWEST- EARLY INDIAN TROUBLES CAPT. JEFF STANDIFER AND HIS CAMPAIGN-OTHER TROUBLES WITH THE INDIANS-THE NEZ PERCE WAR-BEGINNING OF HOSTILITIES-BATTLE OF THE WHITE BIRD-BATTLE OF THE CLEARWATER-JOSEPH'S RETREAT-SURRENDER
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OF JOSEPH-AN INCIDENT OF THE WAR-ATTITUDE OF OTHER TRIBES DURING THE WAR-WAR WITH THE BANNOCKS-BATTLE OF SILVER CREEK-FIGHT AT SOUTH MOUNTAIN-DEATH OF BUFFALO HORN-FIGHT IN THE BLUE MOUN- TAINS-WHITE BIRD'S BAND-END OF THE BANNOCK WAR- THE SHEEPEATER WAR-THE END OF INDIAN. WARS IN THE WEST. 517
CHAPTER XXVIII TRADING AND MILITARY POSTS
CHARACTER OF EARLY FORTS-KULLYSPELL HOUSE-FORT HENRY-FORT HALL- OLD FORT BOISE-OTHER EARLY FORTS-FORT LEMHI-FORT LAPWAI-NEW FORT BOISE OR BOISE BARRACKS-FORT SHERMAN .551
CHAPTER XXIX IDAHO IN THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
OPPRESSION OF CUBA BY SPAIN-EFFORTS TO FREE THE ISLAND-THE TEN YEARS' WAR-REVOLUTION OF 1895-WEYLER'S INHUMANITY-SENTIMENT IN THE UNITED STATES-DESTRUCTION OF THE MAINE- CONGRESS DECLARES WAR- PRESIDENT MC KINLEY'S CALL FOR VOLUNTEERS-HOW IDAHO RESPONDED FIRST IDAHO REGIMENT-FIELD AND STAFF-ROSTER OF EACH OF THE COM- PANIES-FLAG PRESENTATION-IN THE PHILIPPINES-ROLL OF HONOR ..... 563
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CHAPTER XXX
NATIONAL GUARD-WAR WITH GERMANY
FIRST MILITIA LAWS-FIRST IDAHO REGIMENT-SECOND IDAHO REGIMENT-ON THE MEXICAN BORDER-WAR WITH GERMANY-STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE-RAIS- ING THE ARMY-THE SECOND IDAHO-ROSTER OF OFFICERS-HOME GUARD- THE FINANCIAL SIDE- LIBERTY LOANS-WAR SAVINGS STAMPS-THE ARMIS- TICE 575
CHAPTER XXXI BENCH AND BAR OF IDAHO
ORIGIN OF CIVIL LAW-THE LAWYER AS A CITIZEN-PURPOSE OF THE COURTS- TERRITORIAL COURTS OF IDAHO-GOVERNOR WALLACE'S PROCLAMATION-FIRST JUDGES-FIRST TERM OF COURT-LIST OF LAWYERS ADMITTED-A LAWYER RE- BUKED-TERRITORIAL JUDICIARY-UNDER THE CONSTITUTION-THE SUPREME COURT-SUPREME COURT JUSTICES- DISTRICT COURTS - THE BAR - PERSONAL SKETCHES OF REPRESENTATIVE ATTORNEYS. 585
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