History of Tazewell county, Illinois ; together with sketches of its cities, villages and townships, educational, religious, civil, military, and political history; portraits of prominent persons and biographies of representative citizens. History of Illinois Digest of state laws, Part 1

Author: Chas. C. Chapman & Co., pub
Publication date: 1879
Publisher: Chicago : C.C. Chapman & Co.
Number of Pages: 831


USA > Illinois > Tazewell County > History of Tazewell county, Illinois ; together with sketches of its cities, villages and townships, educational, religious, civil, military, and political history; portraits of prominent persons and biographies of representative citizens. History of Illinois Digest of state laws > Part 1


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UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN ILL. HIST. SURVEY


1


LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 977.354 H 629


ILLINOIS FHISTORICAL SURVEY


1


HISTORY


OF


TAZEWELL COUNTY ILLINOIS;


TOGETHIER WITH SKETCHIES OF ITS CITIES, VILLAGES AND TOWNSHIPS; EDUCA- TIONAL, RELIGIOUS, CIVIL, MILITARY, AND POLITICAL HISTORY; POR- TRAITS OF PROMINENT PERSONS AND BIOGRAPHIES OF REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS.


HISTORY OF ILLINOIS.


EMBRACING ACCOUNTS OF THE PRE-HISTORIC RACES, ABORIGINES, FRENCH, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN CONQUESTS, AND A GENERAL REVIEW OF ITS CIVIL, POLITICAL AND MILITARY HISTORY.


DIGEST OF STATE LAWS.


ILLUSTRATED. -


CHICAGO: CHAS. C. CHAPMAN & CO. 1879.


-


Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1879, by CHIAS. C. CHAPMAN & CO.,


In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C.


J. W. FRANKS & SONS, PRINTERS AND BINDERS, TEORIA, ILL.


477. 354 # 639


PREFACE.


. THE early history of Tazewell county is peculiarly interesting, and we are enabled to give it from the very earliest occupancy of Illinois by the whites. In point of time of its soil being disturbed by Europeans, it is more remote than any other section of our great Prairie State. The second centennial of its first settlement is at hand. In the county are places of unusual historic interest, and to those who have located here we judge it will be a source of no little gratification to inform themselves on the ante- pioneer history of the county, which we detail at considerable length. In the compilation of this work we pass over a period of two hundred years.


We have taken much care in recording the pioneer history, that future generations, those who will not have the early settler to relate to them the history incident to the settlement and development of this county, may familiarize themselves with it through this medium; and that the reader may see the county in all its various stages of progression. We do not profess to have fully delineated the trials, sufferings, and hardships that were experienced in converting even this fertile land from its virgin wildness into the luxuriant and densely populated country it now is. No! for human tongue or pen is far from being adequate to that task.


Different persons have given us honest and sincere, but nevertheless conflicting accounts of the same events, and it has been both a difficult and delicate task to harmonize them, and draw therefrom reasonable and approximately correct conclusions. We had only one ain in view, one plan to carry out, and that was, to record events impartially-to detail them as they have actually occurred.


That we have completed our work, fulfilled all our promises to the uttermost, we feel conscientiously assured, and we submit the result of our labors to the charitable consideration of this intelligent and liberal people. It must not be expected that, in the multiplicity of names, dates, and events, no errors will be detected. We do not dare hope that, in the numerous and varied details, this book is absolutely correct, nor is it ex-


PREFACE.


pected that it is beyond criticism, yet we believe it will be found to be measurably correct and reliable. We have labored assiduously and with studious care to make it a standard work of reference, as well as an authoritative record for future historians to build upon.


Believing a work of this nature would be comparatively incomplete without speaking of the history of the State, of which Tazewell county forms no unimportant portion, we have carefully prepared a condensed, yet very complete history of Illinois, which we incorporate in this volume. And as a valuable aid in transacting every-day business, we append a carefully compiled digest of Illinois State Laws, which both the business man and farmer will find of great value.


Before laying aside our pen, we desire to express our warmest thanks to the editors of the various newspapers published throughout the county; to the county officials, and to the people in general for the assistance and liberal patronage given us.


PEKIN, June, 1879.


CHAS. C. CHAPMAN & CO.


CONTENTS.


HISTORY OF ILLINOIS.


MOUND-BUILDERS 17


INDIANS ...


21


Winnebago War.


Illinois Confederacy.


23


Starved Rock


23


Stillman's Run .. 57


Sacs and Foxes


Battle of Bad Axe 90


Manners and Customs.


Black Hawk Captured ..


01


Single-handed Combat with Indians 29


Biographical Sketch of Black Hawk


EARLY DISCOVERIES


Nicholas Perrot. 31


liet and Marquette.


LaSalle's Explorations ..


Great Battle of the Illinois 31


PRAIRIE PIRATES


102


MORMON WAR 10:


118


FRENCH OCCUPATION 4.1


First Settlements


41


The Mississippi Company .. 15


ENGLISH RULE. 17


The Fall of Sumter .... 127


Call for Troops promptly answered 128 The War ended - The Union restored 137 Schedule of Regiments ..


111


DRESS AND MANNERS 119


151


AAGRICERTURE


155


WAR OF ISI2 - THE OUTBREAK 59


Massacre of Fort Dearborn.


71


ILLINOIS AS A STATE.


Organization .. 71 77


Derivation of the name Illinois


State Bank


La Fayette's Visit ... 79


Grammar and Cook contrasted ..


HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY.


CHAPTER I.


Settlement and Organization. 1.89


Lasalle's Explorations. 189


The War of 1812 196


The Pioneers


Organization of the County 207


First Mill. 2019


A few First Things


The Deep Snow


Sudden Change. 217


High Water 215


The Beautiful Prairies.


CHAPTER II.


Important Labors of the County Commis- sioner's Court


CHAPTER III.


Black Hawk War


CHAPTER IN.


Geology 267


CHAPTER V.


Zoology and Botany


CHAPTER VI.


Criminal Record


CHAPTER VII.


Important Labors of the Board of Super-


visors .


CHAPTER VIII.


Blooded Stock


308


CHAPTER IX.


Under-ground Railroad


313


CHAPTER X.


Pioneer Life ..


321


CHAPTER XI.


The Rebellion ..


Tazewell County Volunteers .


........


351


CHAPTER XH.


Tazewell County Bar.


..


CHAPTER XIII.


TOWNSHIP JHISTORIES :--


Boynton ... 308


Cincinnati 11.1


Deer Creek


Delaval 421


Dillon -151


Ehn Grove


460


Fond du Lac


Groveland


llittle


Hopedale. 491


Little Mackinaw 515


Maloue


Morton


531


Mackinaw


Pekin.


Sanal Prairie 617


Spring Lake


Tremont 652


Washington


CHAPTER XIV.


County Officials and Political History


70G


Election Returns


711


22758


FROM ISA TO 1812


Internal Improvements


95


Illinois and Michigan Canal. Martyr for Liberty


97


Tonti safe at Green Bay 11


LaSalle's Assassination 13


MEXICAN WAR Battle of Buena Vista


119


THE WAR FOR THE UNION


125


Gen. (lark's Exploits. 51 50


ILLINOIS


County of Illinois


NORTHWESTERN TERRITORY. Ordinance of 1757 ...


St. Clair Governor of N. W. Territory .. 59 ILLINOIS TERRITORY 59


GOVERNORS OF ILLINOIS


157


Lieutenant Governor


160


State Officials 161


1. S. Senators 16℃


Representatives in Congress. 165


CHICAGO 170


The Great Fire 170


Commerce of Chicago 173 STATES OF THE UNION 177


States Receding. 126


DUELS


PHYSICAL FEATURES OF ILLINOIS


Expeditions up the Mississippi


INDIAN TROUBLES


BLACK HAWK WAR


300


CONTENTS.


CHAPTER XV.


THE PRESS :-


Pekin Times.


Tazewell County Republican.


718


Washington Herald .. 72.1


Delavan Advertiser. 7:26


Delavan Times


C., A. & St. L. R. R 733


Minier News


727


P., L. & D. Ry .. 734


T,, P. & W. Ry 735


Tazewell Independent


728


Ill. Midland R. R. 738


C., P. & S. W. R. R


739


ILLUSTRATIONS.


Starved Rock


An Iroquois Chief


27


Seene on Fox River.


121


Gen. Geo. R. Clark


37


Lincoln Monument ...


137


Gen. Arthur St. Clair.


19


Asylum for Feeble Minded


143


Old Kinzie House.


61


Central Insane Hospital


160


Black Hawk


CA


Exposition Building.


160


C., R. I. & P. R. R. Depot


Lasalle Street Tunnel.


167


Eye and Far Intir.nary


111


Court-House 176


187


PORTRAITS.


Allensworth, W. P.


Alfs, Gerd


560


Lindsey, Jean


553


Bemis, T. K ...


560


McDowell, Mrs. Kitty


197


Bequeaith, Elizabeth


416


Marshall, Horace S


6-11


C'laton, John ...


397


315


Crabb, Daniel


497


Minier, Sarah


519


Cobleigh, G. R.


Crawford, James 737


397 397


Frey, Rudolph.


132


50


Golden, C. L.


649


Reardon, John 421


397


Haas, Eli


497


Shurtleff, Flavel


599


Haas, Ann Catherine.


639


Smith, D. C.


575


Hall, Ira B.


639


Hill, Nehemiah.


432


Hill, Emily


lippen, H. W 545


599


197


Ireland, Francis


599


Woods, Abraham.


663 631


Irwin, Joe B ..


397


Woods, Harriet M


636


Lindsey, James A


121


Zinger, Louis


599


DIGEST


Laws


Jurisdiction of Courts. 743


County Courts ..


741


Fences. 741


Lender


,75


Drainage


748


Estrays


718


Horses ...


7.49


Marks and Brainis.


751


Notes.


751


Judgment Note.


753


Wills 700


Descent 755


759


Mortgages and Trust Deeds.


760 761


Leins .


762


Bill of Sale


761


Limitation of Action. 705


Names


I. S. Mails 790


790


Rates of Postage.


792


Landlords and Tenants ..


766


Criminal Law 767


Taxes.


Money Orders


Registered Matter 79-1


791


151


Pontiac


65


Industrial University


The Crib .. 172


Deaf and Dumb Justitute


115


Map of Tazewell County


14-15


Bacon, E. HI


Luppen, Luppe .. .....


575


Bequeaith, John.


279


Mckinstry, John .


Brenneman, Jacob


Martin, James P'.


Minier, T. L. 519


Darah, Robert


Nichols, Geo .. 519


432


Gaines, John


421


Rankin, John S.


Golden, Mrs. Eliza B


649


Rundle, William


Haas, Edward 639


Smith, Fred.


Smith, Ties


Stoehr, George.


426


Studyvin, John ..


126


Hoffman, John


Wilson, Dr. R. B. M


Infants 780


Church Organizations


Game.


Millers


Paupers ..


Public and Private Conveyances


Wages and Stakeholders.


Sunday


Definition of Commercial Terms


Legal Weights and Measures Bees


Dogs


Cruelty to Animals


789


Receipts .


Exemptions from Forced Sales 766


Subscription.


Contract for Personal Services.


Com. of Highways.


Newspaper Libel.


Drunkenness


Trespass of Stock


Marriage Contract


School Months.


Adoption of Children


Articles of Agreement


719


Larimore, Timothy


Wood, Dr. E. F 701


553


CHAPTER XVI.


RAILROADS :-


I., B. & W. Ry


P., P. & J. R. R 732


Legal Tender


Freie Presse


780


Old Fort Dearborn


Southern Normal University


-416


Minier, Geo. W


Minier, Ellen 519


Orendorf, G. P


Rankin, Daniel M


friesemer, Adam.


Stoehr, Mary M.


OF STATE LAWS.


Interest


Trust Deeds.


Days of Grace


Rates of Postage on Third-Class Matter. 793


:ORIA


pf


SECTIONAL MAP


TAZEWELL COUNTY


ILLINOIS.


RIVER


PEKIN


ILLINOIS


17


11


-


Pekin.


V


25/1


28


26


DZI CINCINNATI


- 4


SPRING LAKE


Maineville


1.4


17


R. 7 11.


SAND PRAIRIE


Green Valley


4


MALONE


1


7


25


R. S. W.


.


Scale I Miles to the inch.


Drawn for the History of Tazewell Co.


by Chas C. Chapman & Co.


13


R. 6. W.


13


21


5


R.4 W.


R.3 W.


R. 2 W.


5


3


WASHING


IGTON


7


R


10%


11


RB


14


13


10


PEORIA


Hirshington


T. 26 N.


33


3


9


10


12


GROVE LAND


13 1


MORELON MMortout


---


18


-


17


16


DEreck BB


19


1


Grove land


7


F77


32


33


34


2


5


12


TREMONT 11


1


ELM+CROYEZ



19


2


-


MACKINAW


-


20 $5


L


1


1


35 1 26


Circleville


Dillon


6


4


1


10


9


Ir.


'LE MACKINAW


BELLON


Hopedale


Tullamore


Munier


3.


1


A


1


6


5


4


3


12


7


BOYNTON


YTT


1.


1.


DELAVAN


-


1


28


1


R. 3 W.


R 2 TƯ.


T. 25 .V.


Machines


12


Leslie


Thembut


1/7


it


13


2. IV.


24


2-4


24


-


-


HOPEDALE


9


7


DecaturM


17.


1


-


DEER GREEK


-


33


30


T


12


7


Pekin!


ORIA


LAKE


HISTORY OF ILLINOIS.


FORMER OCCUPANTS.


MOUND-BUILDERS.


The numerous and well-authenticated accounts of antiquities found in various parts of our country, clearly demonstrate that a people civilized, and even highly cultivated, occupied the broad surface of our continent before its possession by the present In- dians; but the date of their rule of the Western World is so re- mote that all traces of their history, their progress and decay, lie buried in deepest obscurity. Nature, at the time the first Euro- peans came, had asserted her original dominion over the earth; the forests were all in their full luxuriance, the growth of many een- turies; and naught existed to point out who and what they were who formerly lived, and loved, and labored, and died, on the conti- nent of America. This pre-historie race is known as the Mound- Builders, from the numerous large mounds of earth-works left by them. The remains of the works of this people form the most in- teresting class of antiquities discovered in the United States. Their character can be but partially gleaned from the internal evidences and the peculiarities of the only remains left,-the mounds. They consist of remains of what were apparently villages, altars, temples, idols, cemeteries, monuments, camps, fortifications, pleasure grounds, etc., etc. Their habitations must have been tents, struc- tures of wood, or other perishable material; otherwise their remains would be numerous. If the Mound-Builders were not the ancestors of the Indians, who were they? The oblivion which has closed over them is so complete that ouly conjecture can be given in answer to the question. Those who do not believe in the common parentage of mankind contend that they were an indigenous race of the West- ern hemisphere; others, with more plausibility, think they came from the East, and imagine they can see coincidences in the religion of the Hindoos and Southern Tartars and the supposed theology of


18


HISTORY OF ILLINOIS.


the Mound-Builders. They were, no doubt, idolators, and it has been conjectured that the sun was the object of their adoration. The mounds were generally built in a situation affording a view of the rising sun: when enclosed in walls their gateways were toward the east; the caves in which their dead were occasionally buried always opened in the same direction; whenever a monnd was partially en- elosed by a semi-circular pavement, it was on the east side; when bodies were buried in graves, as was frequently the case, they were laid in a direction east and west; and, finally, medals have been found representing the sun and his rays of light.


At what period they came to this country, is likewise a matter of speculation. From the comparatively rude state of the arts among them, it has been inferred that the time was very remote. Their axes were of stone. Their raiment, judging from fragments which have been discovered, consisted of the bark of trees, interwoven with feathers; and their military works were such as a people would ereet who had just passed to che pastoral state of society from that dependent alone upon hunting and fishing.


The mounds and other ancient earth-works constructed by this people are far more abundant than generally supposed, from the fact that while some are quite large, the greater part of them are small and inconspicuous. Along nearly all our water courses that are large enough to be navigated with a canoe, the mounds are almost invariably found, covering the base points and headlands of the bluffs which border the narrower valleys; so that when one finds him- self in such positions as to command the grandest views for river scenery, he may almost always discover that he is standing upon, or in close proximity to, some one or more of these traces of the labors of an ancient people.


GALENA MOUNDS.


On the top of the high bluffs that skirt the west bank of the Mis- sissippi, about two and a half miles from Galena, are a number of these silent monuments of a pre-historic age. The spot is one of surpassing beauty. From that point may be obtained a view of a portion of three States,-Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin. A hundred feet below, at the foot of the perpendicular cliffs, the trains of the Illinois Central Railroad thunder around the curve, the portage is in full view, and the " Father of Waters," with its numerous bayous


19


HISTORY OF ILLINOIS.


and islands, sketches a grand pamorama for miles above and below. Here, probably thousands of years ago, a race of men now extinct, and unknown even in the traditions of the Indians who inhabited that section for centuries before the discovery of America by Colum- bus, built these strangely wonderful and enigmatical mounds. At this point these mounds are circular and conical in form. The larg- est one is at least forty feet in diameter at the ba 9, and not less than fifteen feet high, even yet, after it has been be ten by the storms of many centuries. On its top stands the large stump of an oak tree that was cut down about fifty years ago, and its annual rings indicate a growth of at least 200 years.


One of the most singular earth-works in the State was found on the top of a ridge near the east bank of the Sinsinawa creek in the lead region. It resembled some huge animal, the head, ears, nose, legs and tail, and general outline of which being as perfect as if made by men versed in modern art. The ridge on which it was situated stands on the prairie, 300 yards wide, 100 feet in height, and rounded on the top by a deep deposit of clay. Centrally, along the line of its summit, and thrown up in the form of an embankment three feet high, extended the outline of a quadruped measuring 250 feet from the tip of the nose to the end of the tail, and having a width of 18 feet at the center of the body. The head was 35 feet in length, the ears 10 feet, legs 60 and tail 75. The curvature in both the fore and hind legs was natural to an animal lying on its side. The general outline of the figure most nearly resembled the extinct animal known to geologists as the Megathe- rium. The question naturally arises, By whom and for what pur- pose was this earth figure raised? Some have conjectured that numbers of this now extinct animal lived and roamed over the prai- ries of Illinois when the Mound-Builders first made their appearance on the upper part of the Mississippi Valley, and that their wonder and admiration, excited by the colossal dimensions of these huge creatures, found some expression in the erection of this figure. The bones of some similar gigantic animals were exhumed on this stream about three miles from the same place.


LARGE CITIES.


Mr. Breckenridge, who examined the antiquities of the Western country in 1817, speaking of the mounds in the American Bottom, says: "The great number and extremely large size of some of


20


HISTORY OF ILLINOIS.


them may be regarded as furnishing, with other circumstances, evidences of their antiquity. I have sometimes been induced to think that at the period when they were constructed there was a population here as numerous as that which once animated the borders of the Nile or Euphrates, or of Mexico. The most num- erous, as well as considerable, of these remains are found in pre- cisely those parts of the country where the traces of a numerous population might be looked for, namely, from the mouth of the Ohio on the east side of the Mississippi, to the Illinois river, and on the west from the St. Francis to the Missouri. I am perfectly satisfied that cities similar to those of ancient Mexico, of several hundred thousand souls, have existed in this country."


It must be admitted that whatever the uses of these mounds- whether as dwellings or burial places-these silent monuments were built, and the race who built them vanished from the face of the earth, ages before the Indians occupied the land, but their date must probably forever baffle human skill and ingenuity.


It is sometimes difficult to distinguish the places of sepulture raised by the Mound-Builders from the more modern graves of the Indians. The tombs of the former were in general larger than those of the latter, and were used as receptacles for a greater number of bodies, and contained relics of art, evincing a higher degree of civ- ilization than that attained by the Indians. The ancient earth- works of the Mound-Builders have occasionally been appropriated as burial places by the Indians, but the skeletons of the latter may be distinguished from the osteological remains of the former by their greater stature.


What finally became of the Mound-Builders is another query which has been extensively discussed. The fact that their works extend into Mexico and Peru has induced the belief that it was their posterity that dwelt in these countries when they were first visited by the Spaniards. The Mexican and Peruvian works, with the exception of their greater magnitude, are similar. Relics com- mon to all of them have been occasionally found, and it is believed that the religious uses which they subserved were the same. If, indeed, the Mexicans and Peruvians were the progeny of the more ancient Mound-Builders, Spanish rapacity for gold was the cause of their overthrow and final extermination.


A thousand other queries naturally arise respecting these nations


21


HISTORY OF ILLINOIS.


which now repose under the ground, but the most searching investi- gation can give us only vague speculations for answers. No histo- rian has preserved the names of their mighty chieftains, or given an account of their exploits, and even tradition is silent respecting them.


INDIANS.


Following the Mound-Builders as inhabitants of North America, were, as it is supposed, the people who reared the magnificent cities the ruins of which are found in Central America. This peo- ple was far more civilized and advanced in the arts than were the Mound-Builders. The cities built by them, judging from the ruins of broken columns, fallen arches and crumbling walls of temples, palaces and pyramids, which in some places for miles bestrew the ground, must have been of great extent, magnificent and very pop- ulous. When we consider the vast period of time necessary to erect such colossal structures, and, again, the time required to reduce them to their present ruined state, we can conceive something of their antiquity. These cities must have been old when many of the ancient cities of the Orient were being built.


The third race inhabiting North America, distinct from the former two in every particular, is the present Indians. They were, when visited by the early discoverers, without cultivation, refinement or literature, and far behind the Mound-Builders in the knowledge of the arts. The question of their origin has long interested archæologists, and is the most difficult they have been called upon to answer. Of their predecessors the Indian tribes knew nothing; they even had no traditions respecting them. It is quite certain that they were the successors of a race which had entirely passed away ages before the discovery of the New World. One hypothesis is that the American Indians are an original race indigenous to the Western hemisphere. Those who entertain this view think their peculiarities of physical structure preclude the possibility of a common parentage with the rest of mankind. Prominent among those distinctive traits is the hair, which in the red man is round, in the white man oval, and in the black man flat.


A more common supposition, however, is that they are a derivative race, and sprang from one or more of the ancient peoples of Asia. In the absence of all authentic history, and when even tradition is


22


HISTORY OF ILLINOIS.


wanting, any attempt to point out the particular location of their origin must prove unsatisfactory. Though the exact place of origin may never be known, yet the striking coincidence of physical organization between the Oriental type of mankind and the Indians point unmistakably to some part of Asia as the place whence they emigrated, which was originally peopled to a great extent by the children of Shem. In this connection it has been claimed that the meeting of the Europeans, Indians and Africans on the continent of America, is the fulfillment of a prophecy as recorded in Gen- esis ix. 27: "God shall enlarge Japheth, and he shall dwell in the tents of Shem; and Canaan shall be his servant." Assuming the theory to be true that the Indian tribes are of Shemitic origin, they were met on this continent in the fifteenth century by the Japhetic race, after the two stocks had passed around the globe by directly different routes. A few years afterward the Hamitic branch of the human family were brought from the coast of Africa. During the occupancy of the continent by the three distinct races, the children of Japheth have grown and prospered, while the called and not voluntary sons of Ham have endured a servitude in the wider stretching valleys of the tents of Shem.


When Christopher Columbus had finally succeeded in demon- strating the truth of his theory that by sailing westward from Eu- rope land would be discovered, landing on the Island of Bermuda he supposed he had reached the East Indies. This was an error, but it led to the adoption of the name of "Indians " for the inhab- itants of the Island and the main land of America, by which name the red men of America have ever since been known.


Of the several great branches of North American Indians the only ones entitled to consideration in Illinois history are the Algon- quins and Iroquois. At the time of the discovery of America the former occupied the Atlantic seaboard, while the home of the Iroquois was as an island in this vast area of Algonquin popula- tion. The latter great nation spread over a vast territory, and various tribes of Algonquin lineage sprung up over the country, adopting, in time, distinct tribal customs and laws. An almost continuous warfare was carried on between tribes; but later, on the entrance of the white man into their beloved homes, every foot of territory was fiercely disputed by the confederacy of many neighboring tribes. The Algonquins formed the most extensive alliance to resist the encroachment of the whites, especially the English. Such was the


23


HISTORY OF ILLINIOS.


nature of King Philip's war. This King, with his Algonquin braves, spread terror and desolation throughout New England. With the Algonquins as the controlling spirit, a confederacy of conti- nental proportions was the result, embracing in its alliance the tribes of every name and lineage from the Northern lakes to the gulf. Pontiac, having breathed into them his implacable hate of the English intruders, ordered the conflict to commence, and all the British colonies trembled before the desolating fury of Indian vengeance.




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