USA > Illinois > Winnebago County > Historical encyclopedia of Illinois and history of Winnebago County, Volume I > Part 18
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CHATHAM, a village of Sangamon County, on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 9 miles south of Springfield. Pop. (1900), 629; (1910), 666.
CHATSWORTH, town in Livingston County, on Ill. Cent. and Toledo, Peoria & Western Rail- ways, 79 miles east of Peoria; in farming and stock-raising district; has two banks, three grain elevators, five churches, a graded school, two weekly papers, water-works, electric lights, paved streets, cement sidewalks, brick works, and other manufactories. Pop. (1900), 1,038; (1910), 1,112.
CHEBANSE, a town in Iroquois and Kankakee Counties, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 64 miles south-southwest from Chicago; the place has one bank and one newspaper. Population (1880), 728; (1890), 616; (1900), 555; (1910), 590.
CHENEY, Charles Edward, Bishop of the Re- formed Protestant Episcopal Church, was born in Canandaigua, N. Y., Feb. 12, 1836; graduated at
Hobart in 1857, and began study for the ministry of the Protestant Episcopal Church. Soon after ordination he became rector of Christ Church, Chicago, and was prominent among those who, under the leadership of Assistant Bishop Cum- mins of Kentucky, organized the Reformed Epis- copal Church in 1873. He was elected Missionary Bishop of the Northwest for the new organiza- tion, and was consecrated in Christ Church, Chicago, Dec. 14, 1873.
CHENEY, John Vance, author and librarian, was born at Groveland, N. Y., Dec. 29, 1848, though the family home was at Dorset, Vt .. where he grew up and received his primary edu- cation. He acquired his academic training at Manchester, Vt., and Temple Hill Academy, Genesee, N. Y., graduating from the latter in 1865, later becoming Assistant Principal of the same institution. Having studied law, he was admitted to the bar successively in Massachusetts and New York; but meanwhile having written considerably for the old "Scribner's Monthly" (now "Century Magazine"), while under the editorship of Dr. J. G. Holland, he gradually adopted literature as a profession. Removing to the Pacific Coast, he took charge, in 1887, of the Free Public Library at San Francisco, remaining until 1894, when he accepted the position of Librarian of the Newberry Library in Chicago, as successor to Dr. William F. Poole, deceased. Besides two or three volumes of verse, Mr. Cheney is the author of numerous essays on literary subjects. His published works include "Thistle- Drift," poems (1887); "Wood-Blooms," poems (1888), "Golden Guess," essays (1892); "That Dome in Air," essays (1895); "Queen Helen," poem (1895) and "Out of the Silence," poem (1897). He is also editor of "Wood Notes Wild," by Simeon Pease Clieney (1892), and Caxton Club's edition of Derby's Phoenixiana.
CHENOA, an incorporated city of McLean County, at the intersecting point of the Toledo, Peoria & Western and the Chicago & Alton Rail- roads, 48 miles east of Peoria, 23 miles northeast of Bloomington, and 102 miles south of Chicago. Agriculture, dairy farming, fruit-growing and coal-mining are the chief industries of the sur- rounding region. The city also has an electric light plant, water-works, canning works and tile works, besides two banks, seven churches, a graded school, two weekly papers, and telephone systems connecting with the surrounding coun- try. Pop. (1900), 1,512; (1910), 1,314.
CHESBROUGH, Ellis Sylvester, civil engineer, was born in Baltimore, Md., July 6, 1813; at the
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CHICAGO POSTOFFICE.
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CHICAGO THOROUGHFARES.
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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
age of thirteen was chainman to an engineering party on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, being later employed on other roads. In 1837, he was appointed senior assistant engineer in the con- struction of the Louisville, Cincinnati & Charles- ton Railroad, and, in 1846, Chief Engineer of the Boston Waterworks, in 1850 becoming sole Com- missioner of the Water Department of that city. In 1855, he became engineer of the Chicago Board of Sewerage Commissioners, and in that capacity designed the sewerage system of the city-also planning the river tunnels. He resigned the office of Commissioner of Public Works of Chicago in 1879. He was regarded as an author- ity on water-supply and sewerage, and was con- sulted by the officials of New York, Boston, Toronto, Milwaukee and other cities. Died, August 19, 1886.
CHESNUT, John A., lawyer, was born in Ken- tucky, Jan. 19, 1816, his father being a native of South Carolina, but of Irish descent. John A. was educated principally in his native State, but came to Illinois in 1836, read law with P. H. Winchester at Carlinville, was admitted to the bar in 1837, and practiced at Carlinville until 1855, when he removed to Springfield and engaged in real estate and banking business. Mr. Ches- nut was associated with many local business enterprises, was for several years one of the Trustees of the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at Jacksonville, also a Trustee of the Illinois Female College (Methodist) at the same place, and was Supervisor of the United States Census for the Sixth District of Illinois in 1880. Died, Jan. 14, 1898.
CHESTER, the county-seat of Randolph County, situated on the Mississippi River, 76 miles south of St. Louis. It is the seat of the Southern Illinois Penitentiary and of the State Asylum for Insane Convicts It stands in the heart of a region abounding in bituminous coal, and is a prominent shipping point for this com- modity : also has quarries of building stone. It has a grain elevator, flouring mills, rolling mills and foundries and two weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 2,708; (1900), 2,832; (1910), 2,747.
CHETLAIN, Augustus Louis, soldier, was born in St. Louis, Mo., Dec. 26, 1824, of French Hugue- not stock-his parents having emigrated from Switzerland in 1823, at first becoming members of the Selkirk colony on Red River, in Manitoba. Having received a common school education, he became a merchant at Galena, and was the first to volunteer there in response to the call for troops after the bombardment of Fort Sumter, in
1861, being chosen to the captaincy of a company in the Twelfth Regiment of Illinois Volunteers, which General Grant had declined; participated in the campaign on the Tennessee River which resulted in the capture of Fort Donelson and the battle of Shiloh, meanwhile being commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel; also distinguished himself at Corinth, where he remained in command until May, 1863, and organized the first colored regi- ment raised in the West. In December, 1863, he was promoted Brigadier-General and placed in charge of the organization of colored troops in Tennessee, serving later in Kentucky and being brevetted Major-General in January, 1864. From January to October, 1865, he commanded the post at Memphis, and later the District of Talla- dega, Ala., until January, 1866, when he was mustered out of the service. General Chetlain was Assessor of Internal Revenue for the District of Utah (1867-69), then appointed United States Consul at Brussels, serving until 1872, on his return to the United States establishing himself as a banker and broker in Chicago.
CHICAGO, the county-seat of Cook County, chief city of Illinois and (1910) second city in population in the United States.
SITUATION .- The city is situated at the south- west bend of Lake Michigan, 18 miles north of the extreme southern point of the lake, at the mouth of the Chicago River; 715 miles west of New York, 590 miles north of west from Wash- ington, and 260 miles northeast of St. Louis. From the Pacific Coast it is distant 2,417 miles. Latitude 41º 52' north; longitude 87º 35' west of Greenwich. Area (1910), 190.6 square miles.
TOPOGRAPHY .- Chicago stands on the dividing ridge between the Mississippi and St. Lawrence basins. It is 502 feet above sea-level, and its highest point is some 18 feet above Lake Michi- gan. The Chicago River is virtually a bayou, dividing into north and south branches about a half-mile west of the lake. The surrounding country is a low, flat prairie, but engineering science and skill have done much for it in the way of drainage. The Illinois & Michigan Canal terminates at a point on the south branch of the Chicago River, within the city limits, and unites the waters of Lake Michigan with those of the Illinois River.
COMMERCE .- The Chicago River, with its branches, affords a water frontage of nearly 60 miles, the greater part of which is utilized for the shipment and unloading of grain, lumber, stone, coal, merchandise, etc. Another navigable stream (the Calumet River) also lies within the
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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
corporate limits. Dredging has made the Chi- cago River, with its branches, navigable for vessels of deep draft. The harbor has also been widened and deepened. Well constructed break- waters protect the vessels lying inside, and the port is as safe as any on the great lakes. The city is a port of entry, and the tonnage of vessels arriving there exceeds that of any other port in the United States. During 1897, 9,156 vessels arrived, with an aggregate tonnage of 7,209,442, while 9,201 cleared, representing a tonnage of 7,185,324. It is the largest grain market in the world, its elevators (in 1897) having a capacity of 32,550,000 bushels.
According to the reports of the Board of Trade, the total receipts and shipments of grain for the year 1898-counting flour as its grain equiva- lent in bushels-amounted to 323,097,453 bushels of the former, to 289, 920, 028 bushels of the latter. The receipts and shipments of various products for the year (1898) were as follows:
Flour (bbls.)
Receipts. 5,316,195
Shipments. 5,032,236
Wheat (bu.)
35,741,555
38,094,900
Corn
127,426,374
130,397,681
Oats
66
110,293,647
85.057,636
Rye
66
4,935,308
4,453,384
Barley
18,116,594
6,755,247
Cured Meats (lbs.)
229,005,246
923,627,722
Dressed Beef
110,286,652
1,060,859,808
Live-stock-Hogs
9,360,968
1,334,768
66
Cattle
2,480,632
864,408
66
Sheep
3,502,378
545,001
Chicago is also an important lumber market, the receipts in 1895, including shingles, being 1,562,527 M. feet. As a center for beef and pork- packing, the city is without a rival in the amount of its products, there having been 92,459 cattle and 760,514 hogs packed in 1894-95. In bank clearings and general mercantile business it ranks second only to New York, while it is also one of the chief manufacturing centers of the country. The census of 1890 shows 9,959 manu- facturing establishments, with a capital of $292,- 477,038; employing 203,108 hands, and turning out products valued at $632,184, 140. Of the out- put by far the largest was that of the slaughter- ing and meat-packing establishments, amounting to $203,825,092; men's clothing came next ($32,- 517,226) ; iron and steel, $31,419,854; foundry and machine shop products, $29,928,616; planed lumber, $17,604,494. Chicago is also the most important live-stock market in the United States. The Union Stock Yards (in the southwest part of the city) are connected with all railroad lines entering the city, and cover many hundreds of
acres. In 1894, there were received 8,788,049 animals (of all descriptions), valued at $148,057,- 626. Chicago is also a primary market for hides and leather, the production and sales being both of large proportions, and the trade in manufac- tured leather (notably in boots and shoes) exceeds that of any other market in the country. Ship-building is a leading industry, as are also brick-making, distilling and brewing.
TRANSPORTATION, ETC .-- Besides being the chief port on the great lakes, Chicago ranks second to no other American city as a railway center. The old "Galena & Chicago Union," its first railroad, was operated in 1849, and within three years a substantial advance had been scored in the way of steam transportation. Since then the multi- plication of railroad lines focusing in or passing through Chicago has been rapid and steady. In 1895 not less than thirty-eight distinct lines enter the city, although these are operated by only twenty-two companies. Some 2,600 miles of railroad track are laid within the city limits. The number of trains daily arriving and depart- ing (suburban and freight included) is about 2,000. Intramural transportation is afforded by electric, steam, cable and horse-car lines. Four tunnels under the Chicago River and its branches. and numerous bridges connect the various divi- sions of the city.
HISTORY .--- Point du Sable (a native of San Domingo) was admittedly the first resident of Chicago other than the aborigines. The French missionaries and explorers-Marquette, Joliet, La Salle, Hennepin and others-came a century earlier, their explorations beginning in 1673. After the expulsion of the French at the close of the French and Indian War, the territory passed under British control, though French traders remained in this vicinity after the War of the Revolution. One of these named Le Mai followed Point du Sable about 1796, and was himself suc- ceeded by John Kinzie, the Indian trader, who came in 1803. Fort Dearborn was built near the mouth of the Chicago River in 1804 on land acquired from the Indians by the treaty of Greenville, concluded by Gen. Anthony Wayne in 1795, but was evacuated in 1812, when most of the garrison and the few inhabitants were massa- cred by the savages. (See Fort Dearborn.) The fort was rebuilt in 1816, and another settlement established around it. The first Government survey was made, 1829-30. Early residents were the Kinzies, the Wolcotts, the Beaubiens and the Millers. The Black Hawk War (1832) rather aided in developing the resources and increasing
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HANS CHRISTIAN ANDERSEN
MANZ cont Auf)
La Salle Statue
Hans Christian Andersen Statue. MONUMENTS IN LINCOLN PARK, CHICAGO.
Alarm Group.
Signal of Peace.
Buffalo Herd. Bridge Over Lagoon.
Flower Beds. VIEWS IN LINCOLN PARK, CHICAGO.
Artesian Fountain.
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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
the population of the infant settlement by draw- ing to it settlers from the interior for purposes of mutual protection. Town organization was effected on August 10, 1832, the total number of votes polled being 28. The town grew rapidly for a time, but received a set-back in the financial crisis of 1837. During May of that year, how-
ever, a charter was obtained and Chicago became ' a city. The total number of votes cast at that time was 703. The census of the city for the 1st of July of that year showed a population of 4,180. The following table shows the names and term of office of the chief city officers from 1837 to 1899:
YEAR.
MAYOR.
CITY CLERK.
CITY ATTORNEY.
CITY TREASURER.
1837
Wm. B. Ogden ..
I. N. Arnold, Geo. Davis (1). N. B. Judd.
Hiram Pearsons.
1838
Buckner S. Morris
Geo. Davis
N. B. Judd
Hiram Pearsous.
1839
Benj. W. Raymond.
Wm. H. Brackett
Samuel L. Smith
Geo. W. Dole.
1940
Alexander Lloyd
Thomas Hoyne
Mark Skinner.
W. S. Gurnee, N. H. Bolles(2)
1841
F. C. Sherman ..
Thomas Hoyne
Geo. Manierre ..
N. H. Bolles.
1842 Benj. W. Raymond ..
J. Curtis ....
Henry Brown.
F. C. Sherman.
1843
Augustus Garrett.
James M. Lowe
G. Manierre, Heury Brown(3) Henry W. Clarke
Walter S. Gurnee.
1844
Aug.Garrett,Alsou S.Sherman(4) Aug.Garrett,Alson S.Sherman(4) John P. Chapin
Henry B. Clarke
Charles H. Larrahee
Wm. L. Church.
1847 James Curtiss
Henry B. Clarke
Patrick Ballingall
Andrew Getzler.
1848
James H. Woodworth
Sidney Abeil
Giles Spring
Wm. L. Church. Wm. L. Church.
1850
James Curtiss
Sidney Abell.
Henry H. Clark
Edward Manierre.
1851
Walter S. Gurnee.
Henry W. Zimmerman
Henry H. Clark
Edward Manierre.
1852
Walter S. Gurnee.
Henry W. Zimmerman
Arno Voss.
Edward Manierre. Edward Manierre.
1854
Ira L. Milliken.
Henry W. Zimmerman
Patrick Ballingall
Uriah P. Harris.
1855 Levi D. Boone
Henry W. Zimmerman
J. A. Thompson
Wm. F. De Wolf. O. J. Rose.
1857
John Wentworth.
H. Kreisman.
John C. Miller
C. N. Holden.
1858 John C. Haines
H. Kreisman.
Elliott Anthony.
Alonzo Harvey.
1859 John C. Haines
H. Kreisman.
Geo. F. Crocker.
Alonzo Harvey.
1860 John Wentworth.
Abraham Kohn
John Lyle King.
Alonzo Harvey, C. W.Hunt(6)
1861 Julian S. Rumsey 1862 F. C. Sherman
A. J. Marhle
Geo. A. Meech
F. H. Cutting, W. H. Rice (7)
1863
F. C. Sherman
H. W. Zimmerman
David A. Gage.
1864
F. C. Sherman
H. W. Zimmerman
David A. Gage.
1865 John B. Rice
Albert H. Bodman
Daniel D. Driscoll.
A. G. Throop.
1866 John B. Rice
Albert H. Bodman .
Daniel D. Driscoll
A. G. Throop.
1867 John B. Rice
Albert H. Bodman ..
Hashrouck Davis
Wm. F. Wentworth.
1868
John B. Rice
Albert H. Bodman.
Hashrouck Davis
Wm. F. Wentworth.
1869
John B. Rice (8)
Albert H. Bodmalı ..
Hasbrouck Dayis
Wm. F. Wentworth.
1870
R. B. Mason ...
Charles T. Hotchkiss
Israel N. Stiles
David A. Gage.
1871 R. B. Mason .. 1872 Joseph Medill.
Charles T. Hotchkiss.
Israel N. Stiles
David A. Gage.
1873 Joseph Medill.
Charles T. Hotchkiss
Israel N. Stites
David A. Gage.
1874
Harvey D. Colvin
Jos. K. C. Forrest
Eghert Janieson
Daniel O' Hara.
1875 Harvey D. Colvin
Jos. K. C. Forrest
Egbert Jamieson
Daniel O'Hara.
1876
Monroe Heath,(9) H. D. Colvin, Thomas Hoyne.
Caspar Butz ..
R. S. Tuthill
Clinton Briggs.
1877-78 Monroe Heath
Caspar Butz.
R. S. Tuthill.
Chas. B. Larrabee.
1879-80 Carter H. Harrison
P. J. Howard
Julius S. Grinnell
W. C. Seipp.
1881-82 Carter H. Harrison
P. J. Howard
Julius S. Grinnell
Rudolph Brand.
1883-84 Carter H. Harrison ..
John G. Neumeister
Julius S. Grinnell
John M. Dunphy.
1885-86 Carter H. Harrison
C. Herman Plautz
Hempstead Washhurne
Wm. M. Devine.
1887-88 John A. Roche
D. W. Nickerson
Hempstead Washhurne.
C. Herman Plautz.
1889-90
Dewitt C. Cregler.
Franz Amherg.
Geo. F. Sugg .. .
Bernard Roesing.
1891-92
Hempstead Washhurne.
James R. B. Van Cleave ..
Jacob J. Kern, G.A.Trude (10)
Peter Kiolhassa.
1893-94
Carter H. Harrison, Geo. B.
Swift,(11) John P. Hopkins.(11) Chas. D. Gastfield
Gen. A. Trude.
Michael J. Bransfield.
1895-96
Geo. B. Swift .
James R. B. Van Cleave
Roy O. West ..
Adam Wolf.
1897-98
Carter H. Harrison, Jr.
William Loeffler.
Miles J. Devine.
Ernst Hummel.
1899-01
Carter H. Harrison, Jr.
William Loeffler.
Andrew J. Ryan .
Adam Ortseifen.
1901-03 Carter H. Harrison, Jr.
William Loefler
A. J. Ryan (12).
Charles F. Gunther
1903-05
Carter H. Harrison, Jr
Fred C. Bender.
Adam Ortseifer
1905-07
Edward F. Dunne.
A. C. Anson .
Fred W. Blocki
1907-09
Fred A. Busse.
John B. McCabe
John A. Traeger
1909-11
(Term 4 years)
F. D. Connery
Isaac N. Powell
1911-
Carter H. Harrison
F. D. Connery
Henry Stuckart
(1) I. N. Arnold resigned, and Geo. Davis appointed, October, 1837.
(2) Gurnee resigned, Bolles appointed his successor, April, 1840.
(3) Manierre resigned, Brown appointed his successor, July, 1843.
(4) Election of Garrett declared illegal, and Sherman elected at new election, held April, 1844.
(5) Brown appointed to fill vacancy caused hy resignation of Rucker.
(6) Harvey resigned and Hunt appointed to fill vacancy.
(7) Cutting having failed to qualify, Rice, who was already in office. held over.
(8) Legislature changed date of election from April to November, the persons in office at beginning of 1869 remaining in office to December of that year.
(9) City organized under general Incorporation Act in 1875, and no city election held until April, 1876. The order for a new election omitted the office of Mayor, yet a popular vote was taken which gave a majority to Thomas Hoyne. The Council then in office refused to canvass this vote, but its successor, at its first meeting, did so, declaring Hoyne duly elected. Colvin, the incumbent, refused to surrender the office, claiming the right to " hold over:" Hoyne then made a contest for the office, which resulted in a decision by the Supreme Court denying the claims of hoth contestants. when a new election was ordered by the City Council, July 12, 1876, at which Monroe Heath was elected. serving out the term.
(10) City Attorney Kern, having resigned November 21, 1892, Geo. A. Trude was appointed to serve out the remainder of the term.
(11) Mayor Harrison, having been assassinated. October 28, 1893, the City Council at its next meeting (November 6, 1893) elected Geo. B Swift (an Alderman from the Eleventh Ward ) Mayor ad interim. At a special election held December 19, 1893, John P. Hopkins was elected to fill out the unexpired term of Mayor Harrison.
1845
E. A. Rucker, Wm.S. Brown(5)
Henry W. Clarke
Win. L. Church.
1846
1849
James H. Woodworth
Sidney Abell.
O. R. W. Lull
1853
Charles M. Gray.
Henry W. Zimmerman
Arno Voss ..
1856 Thomas Dyer.
Heury W. Zimmerman
J. L Marsh
A. J. Marble.
fra W. Buel ...
W. H. Rice.
Francis Adams.
Francis Adams.
Charles T. Hotchkiss.
Israel N. Stiles
David A. Gage.
John F. Smulski (13). Office made appointive (1905).
Walter S. Gurnee.
E. A. Rucker.
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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
THE FIRE OF 1871 .- The city steadily grew in beauty, population and commercial importance until 1871. On Oct. 9 of that year occurred the "great fire" the story of which has passed into history. Recuperation was speedy, and the 2,100 acres burned over were rapidly being rebuilt, when, in 1874, occurred a second conflagration, although by no means so disastrous as that of 1871. The city's recuperative power was again demonstrated, and its subsequent development has been phenomenal. The subjoined statement shows its growth in population:
1837
4,179
1840
4,470
1850
28,269
1860
112,162
1870
298,977
1880
503,185
1890
. 1,099,850
1900
. 1,698,575
1910
. 2,185,283
Notwithstanding a large foreign population and a constant army of unemployed men, Chicago has witnessed only three disturbances of the peace by mobs-the railroad riots of 1877, the Anarchist disturbance of 1886, and a strike of railroad employés in 1894.
MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION. - Chicago long since outgrew its special charter, and is now incorporated under the broader provisions of the law applicable to "cities of the first class," under which the city is virtually autonomous. The personnel, drill and equipment of the police and fire departments are second to none, if not supe- rior to any, to be found in other American cities. The Chicago River, with its branches, divides the city into three principal divisions, known respec- tively as North, South and West. Each division has its statutory geographical boundaries, and each retains its own distinct township organiza- tion. This system is anomalous; it has, how- ever, both assailants and defenders.
PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS .- Chicago has a fine system of parks and boulevards, well developed, well improved and well managed. One of the parks (Jackson in the South Division) was the site of the World's Columbian Exposition. The water supply is obtained from Lake Michigan by means of cribs and tunnels. In this direction new and better facilities are being constantly introduced, and the existing water system will compare favorably with that of any other Ameri- can city.
ARCHITECTURE .- The public and office build- ings, as well as the business blocks, are in some instances classical, but generally severely plain.
Granite and other varieties of stone are used in the City Hall, County Court House, the Board of Trade structure, and in a few commercial build- ings, as well as in many private residences. In the business part of the city, however, steel, iron, brick and fire clay are the materials most largely employed in construction, the exterior walls being of brick. The most approved methods of fire-proof building are followed, and the "Chicago construction" has been recognized and adopted (with modifications) all over the United States. Office buildings range from ten to sixteen, and even, as in the case of the Masonic Temple, twenty stories in height. Most of them are sumptuous as to the interior, and many of the largest will each · accommodate 3,000 to 5,000 occupants, including tenants and their employés. In the residence sections wide diversity may be seen; the chaste and the ornate styles being about equally popular. Among the handsome public, or semi-public buildings may be mentioned the Public Library, the Newberry Library, the Art Institute, the Armour Institute, the Academy of Sciences, the Auditorium, the Board of Trade Building, the Masonic Temple, and several of the railroad depots.
EDUCATION AND LIBRARIES. - Chicago has a public school system unsurpassed for excellence in any other city in the country. According to the report of the Board of Education for 1898, the city had a total of 221 primary and grammar schools, besides fourteen high schools, employing 5,268 teachers and giving instruction to over 236,000 pupils in the course of the year. The total expenditures during the year amounted to $6,785,601, of which nearly $4,500,000 was on account of teachers' salaries. The city has nearly $7,500,000 invested in school buildings. Besides pupils attending public schools there are about 100,000 in attendance on private and parochial schools, not reckoning students at higher institutions of learning, such as medical, law, theological, dental and pharmaceutical schools, and the great University of Chicago. Near the city are also the Northwestern and the Lake Forest Universities, the former at Evanston and the latter at Lake Forest. Besides an exten- sive Free Public Library for circulating and refer- ence purposes, maintained by public taxation, and embracing (in 1898) a total of over 235,000 volumes and nearly 50,000 pamphlets, there are the Library of the Chicago Historical Society and the Newberry and Crerar Libraries-the last two the outgrowth of posthumous donations by public-spirited and liberal citizens-all open to
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