History of Hancock County, Illinois, together with an outline history of the State, and a digest of State laws, Part 53

Author: Gregg, Thomas, b. 1808. [from old catalog]
Publication date: 1880
Publisher: Chicago, C.C. Chapman
Number of Pages: 1046


USA > Illinois > Hancock County > History of Hancock County, Illinois, together with an outline history of the State, and a digest of State laws > Part 53


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Morris A. Weaver, sec. 2, is a jolly bachelor, residing on his little farm near the Mississippi river. He was born in Clermont county, O., Nov. 29, 1849, and is a son of Thomas and Mary Weaver of this county. He came to Hancock county with his parents in the spring of 1852, where he has since resided, and is now engaged in farming and stock-raising.


William C. Worthington was born July 26, 1852, in Lee county, Iowa. His father's name is Samuel J. He was married in No- vember, 1874, to Miss Martha E. Clark, and of their 2 children one is living, William C. Mr. Worthington came to this county with his father in the year 1856 and located in this tp. Farming has been his occupation. He owns a farm of 280 acres, a part of sec. 10, which is one of the finest farms in the Mississippi valley.


TOWNSHIP OFFICERS.


Below we give a list of the township officers serving since its organization, as completely as we could obtain them:


SUPERVISORS.


John Banks.


1850


Joseph Bolt. 1870


Hiram Woodworth.


1854


Aquilla Daugherty.


1872


Stephen S. Weston.


1858


Alfred N. Cherry .


1874


Hiram Woodworth


1859


Aquilla Daugherty.


Daniel P. Clark


1863


Aquilla Daugherty.


1875


Hiram Woodworth


1865


John A. Morrison 1877


Daniel P. Clark.


1868


Daniel P. Clark.


1878


Hiram Woodworth.


1869


CLERKS.


George Smith.


1858


Oliver O. Jenifer . 1874


William Shipe


1859


Wm. C. Worthington.


1875


C. W. Banks.


1861


Henry R. Smith


1877


William Shipe


1863


George Smith.


1878


George Smith


1870


Wm. C. Worthington. 1880


577


HISTORY OF HANCOCK COUNTY.


ASSESSORS.


Luther Perry.


1858


A. N. Cherry.


1868


Charles Egbers.


1859


Daniel P. Clark.


1869


James Carmean.


1860


John A. Morrison.


1870


A. J. Strough


1861


Joseph S. Smith.


1871


J. D. Stroupe


1862


Gustine Parker 1872


C. W. Banks


1863


John Shipe


1874


Hiram Woodworth.


1864


Daniel P. Clark


1875


Daniel P. Clark


1865


J. K. Stroupe . .


1876


A. N. Cherry


1866


Daniel P. Clark.


1877


Daniel P. Clark.


1867


John E. Exon.


1878-1880


COLLECTORS.


Joseph S. Smith.


1859


Alexander B. Mackie 1872


A. J. Strough.


1860


John A. Morrison


1873


James Carmean


1861


James J. Frazier. .


1874


John Shipe


1868


Jacob D. Stroup.


1875


John Gillham.


1869


John S. Exon ...


1876


Joseph S. Smith.


1870


Alexander Mackie.


1877


Wm. H. Straight


1871


Morris A. Weaver.


1879-1880


ST. MARY'S TOWNSHIP.


St. Mary's township (+n., 5 w.), second from the south, on the east line of the county, is another of the rich and well-settled townships. It is well watered and wooded by a section of Crooked creek in the northeast, and by Bronson's creek, one of its tribu- taries, running through the center. It has much valuable land within its limits, about two-thirds being prairie. It derives its name from the village of St. Mary's, one of the old towns of the county, laid out by Walter R. Hurst and Wesley Williams in 1835.


Among its earlier settlers were Mathew Melton and his son Allen, and John Trammel, his son-in-law, Ezekiel Bowman, Edward Wade, Daniel Cain, Jesse Cain, Jacob Castlebury, Jesse Roberts, John and Robert Box, John Shelton, Peter Wood, Uriah Dodd, Abijah Terrill, Roswell Terrill, Dr. Blackburn, John Atchison, Edward Bryant, Wm. Irwin, Benjamin Terrill, John Martin, Mr. Lanman, Paul Brattan, Lamarcus A. Cook, Joshua Owen, James R. Smith, T. Madison, Wm. Page, Byrd Smith, Samuel Haggard, Si- las Griffith, Renben Graves and sons, Henry Garnett, Frederick Walton, Charles Friend, John T. Johnson, Win. Darnell, Dr.Jona- than Berry, Jesse W. Bell, David Greenleaf, Elias Johnson, Otho Johnson, Benjamin Talbot, John Wilson, Jonathan Printy, Dr. H. P. Griswold, Wm. M. King. Minor R. Deming, John W. Crockett,. Geo. W. P. Cook, Dr. A. W. King.


Two of St. Mary's very oldest citiziens are still living in Ply- month, Allen Melton and Edward Wade; others as early reside in the vicinity. John Atchison, in the northwest, a native of Ireland, is thought to be one of the oldest settlers now in the county. Minor R. Deming is supposed to have been one of the first school- teachers in the tp. His career is fully treated of in the chapter on Mormon affairs. Jesse Roberts and family reached their new home near the village of St. Mary's, the evening the "stars fell," 1833. The first elephant show ever in the county was exhibited on Mr. Roberts' place. Mr. Roberts died in 1851. His widow was still living a year ago.


Capt. Rowland T. Madison (Lieutenant in the regular service U. S. 28th Infantry, and previously in Ky. Militia) was born in 1794, near Bowling Green. Was at the battle of Fort Meiggs, and served under Harrison in the Canada campaign. Came to Rush- ville 1836, and to Plymouth, 1840.


The first cabin built and occupied by the Cains was cut and built in a day. Jesse kept house ten years without buying a table


(578)


579


HISTORY OF HANCOCK COUNTY.


or a chair. These as well as the bedsteads were made from punch- eons.


Ang., 1831, Mr. Mathew Melton, his son Allen and John Tram- mell, settled on sec. 36, on which Plymouth now stands. Mr. Melton's daughter Marissa, afterward Mrs. Ezekiel Bowman, is said to have been the first white woman on Round Prairie; and her daughter, Eliza Jane, born March, 1833, now Mrs. Walty, of Ply- mouth, the first child born there.


Joshua Owen and John Box both removed to Lee county, Iowa, and each served a term in the Territorial Legislature.


John W. Crockett was said to have been a relative of the re- nowned " Davy," of Tennessee and Texas fame. David Green- leaf held various public offices, among them that of Probate Judge, and now resides in Carthage.


Crockett, James Clark, Benjamin Terrill and Lamarcus A. Cook succeeded the Melton family on sec. 36, and in January, 1836, laid out the town of Plymouth. Levier Tadlock erected the first build- ing.


There is a big "snake story" connected with Cedar Bluff, up north of Plymouth, good enough to be told here.


" One bright spring day in 1833, Mr. Ezekiel Bowman, who but a short time before had become the happy father of his first-born child,-now Mrs. Walty,-started out, with his infant in his arms, for a walk. Led, perhaps, by that intuitive love for nature in her wilder forms, so common in the human breast, he found himself presently at Cedar Bluff. Here his wandering steps were suddenly arrested by an ominous rattle and coiled form, that man never meets unexpectedly without being startled. Unarmed for fight, his first impulse was to seek a place of temporary safety for his precious luggage, and then a weapon of stick or stone for the attack; but as he turned another met his gaze, and then another, and another. In fact, hecould see snukes all around him without the aid, now required, of numerous glasses of strychnine whisky. Picking his way can- tiously out of the enemy's encampment, the attack was deferred until reinforcements could be brought up. Returning with two of his brothers-in-law, Allen and Henry Melton, the slaughter began. The enemy proved to be strongly intrenehed within the rocky ledge; their den was inaccessible, but by frequent raids during that season and part of the next, surprising and killing them as they ventured out of the den, over 600 rattlesnakes were killed by these parties at that locality."-Young's History. Snakes enough for one township.


Benjamin Whitaker, Esq., now of Wileox, kept the first store in Plymouth; removed from Riverside in 1837.


Jesse W. Bell kept the first hotel, and has continued in the business almost ever since. A public school-house was built also in 1837.


A postoffice was established in the place in the fall of 1836, Carroll O'Neil being the first Postmaster. He was succeeded by Win. M. King, Esq., who held it from 1839 to '57. Then followed


580


HISTORY OF HANCOCK COUNTY.


William Melton, John Cleaveland, H. P. Weir, John H. Lawton, Samuel Haggard, Mrs. E. S. Haines and E. J. Ellis.


David Higby, a citizen of Plymouth for several years, had pre- viously met with a tragical experience. He and his family were passengers on the ill-fated steamer Moselle, which blew up at Cin- cinnati, about 1836, with such destruction to human life. By the disaster, Mr. H was blown into the air, falling in the water, wounded, and maimed for life, and his wife and children killed.


The first celebration of the Fourth of July in this township, and probably the first barbacue in the county, was held in 1837 in Ply- mouth, Senator Little orator of the day.


Mr. L. A. Cook spent a year or two at an early day, in company with his wife,as an agent of the Government, among the Winnebago Indians, at Fort Atkinson, west of Prairie du Chien; then returned to Plymouth, where he still resides, aged about 86 years.


The people of St. Mary's, like all the rest of the early settlers, had more trouble to solve the bread than the meat question. The immigrants of the first year or two cane mostly from Morgan or Sangamon counties, and brought supplies with them; afterward they could produce the raw material for bread at home. But to turn it into flour and meal was the question. Of course the "hom- iny block" was easily made, and most families were provided with one, or else with that more elaborate and costly contrivance, the Phillips mill. With either of these the ghost of famine was kept away. Wild game supplied them with the best of meat, and hogs soon multiplied. A mill at Quincy, one at the mouth of the Mau- vaisterre, at Beardstown, and later, one at Brooklyn, on Crooked · creek, were to be reached at great labor and difficulty. Prairies had to be crossed without roads, creeks forded, marshes and ravines avoided or " stuck" in-all generally on horseback or with other poor modes of conveyance. The pioneer, it may well be believed, earned his bread by the sweat of his brow.


At Cedar Bluff are a number of small mounds, and also indica- tions of an Indian encampment. We are not aware that the mounds have ever been excavated to any extent.


The village of St. Mary's, so many years the center of business for that region, has been outgrown by its more favored rival on the railroad. Another station still nearer than Plymouth-Colmar, in McDonough county-has also injured its trade in that direction. It is beautifully situated, however, and surrounded by one of the richest and handsomest farming sections in the county. We have no record of its early Postmasters. John R. Nichols, at the same time a Justice of the Peace, held the office in 1846.


The first death in St. Mary's township was probably that of Jane Box, a daughter of Robert Box, 14th of May, 1833: buried in Augusta.


The first marriage, that of Hezekiah Cain, son of Daniel, to Irene Woodard, in 1833, daughter of Henry Woodard.


Dr. Orville Blackburn, the first physician in Plymouth prairie, removed to Brooklyn, Schuyler county.


581


HISTORY OF HANCOCK COUNTY.


G. W. P. Cook was born in Conn. in 1801, came to the county in 1834, to Plymouth in 1837, where he died a few months ago.


Mrs. Sabra (Wilkes) Botts, wife of Rev. Joseph Botts, married in Ky. in 1810, died in St. Mary's in 1865, aged 76,-after a conju- gal union of fifty-five years,-and now lies in the St. Mary's churchyard.


RELIGIOUS PROGRESS.


Revs. Thomas H. Owen and Bradley were, perhaps, the earliest ministers of the Baptist denomination in St. Mary's. We do not learn where Mr. Bradley resided, but Mr. O. lived just over the line in the Carthage township. They ministered frequently in St. Mary's and other parts of the county. Rev. Joseph Botts, a ven- erable minister, now residing near the village of St. Mary's, in his 91st year, came to the county in 1836, and since his residence here has organized and assisted in organizing 12 or 15 Churches of this denomination in Hancock and adjoining counties. In 1837 he or- ganized the St. Mary's Baptist Church, with the following as mem- bers: Reuben Graves and wife, William Graves and wife, Henry Garnett, Mrs. Frederic Walton, Charles Friend and sister, and Joseph Botts and wife -- ten members. This was in St. Mary's village. For place of worship they used the old building in town, till 1866, when a new church was erected. Present membership over 150.


· Mr. B. also assisted in organizing the Church in Plymouth in 1857. This consisted of eight members. Present number about 100.


Providence Church, in the west part of the township, was organ- ized abont 1835.


Rev. Mr. Botts tells the following anecdote, which he had from his friend Bradley, and as it illustrates "religious progress," will do to insert here. Mr. Bradley tells that, in early times, having occasion to cross the Mississippi on Amzi Doolittle's ferry boat, in offering to pay his ferriage, he was told by Mr. D. that he would not charge him anything, as he was a minister; but he would like to have him pray for him. Mr. Bradley replied, " I don't like to remain in your debt; come out on the bank and I will pay the bill." And the bill was settled to the satisfaction of both parties.


Rev. John Logan, of MeDonough county, was also an early min- ister of this section in St. Mary's


The first M. E. class was formed in 1833, but nearly all its mem- bers resided out of St. Mary's. Rev. Henry Summers, and Revs. Boring, Pitner and T. N. Ralston, were ministers in the early days. The noted Rev. Peter Cartwright sometimes officiated among them. So did Rev. Applebee, now of Hamilton. In 1853 this society built their church in Plymouth. Membership at present, abont 100.


The Congregational Church of Round Prairie (Plymouth) was organized in 1836, over in Schuyler county. A meeting-house was built in 1837. Later, in July, 1855, a neat house in Plymouth was dedicated. Among its pastors have been Rev. John Lawton (occa-


582


HISTORY OF HANCOCK COUNTY.


sional), Win. Kinby, Anson Hubbard, Gny C. Sampson, Z. K. Hawley, C. E. Murdock and Wm. C. Rankin. Later have been Revs. Milton Kimball, N. P. Coltrin, Wmn. B. Atkinson and Wm. A. Chamberlin. Later pastors not named.


The Presbyterian Church at Plymouth, though with a house of its own, has for ten years of its life been joined with the Congre- gational, and for many other years, when separate, has united with that in the support of pastors. It was organized in 1836, and of late years its membership has ranged between 50 and 80.


The Christian Church at Plymouth was organized in 1855, with 28 members; has increased since to over 100 persons. It occupies a house built in 1866. It has had among its pastors the following: Elders James and J. Carroll Stark, of Augusta; E. J. Lampton, George Brewster, E. Browning, James R. Ross and others.


BIOGRAPHICAL.


As the most essential part of the history of a township consists in biographical sketches of its principal citizens, we give as many of them in this connection as space will permit.


Esta Bidwell, blacksmith and dealer in agricultural implements, Plymouth, was born in New York in 1830, and came to Illinois in 1848, settling in Fulton county, until 1855, and then came to Plymouth. In 1851 he married Hannah R. Whaley, who was born in Indiana in 1832, and they are the parents of 9 chil- dren, 7 of whom are living: Effie, wife of E. J. Ellis, of Plymouth; Elizabeth, wife of M. M. Mark, of Plymouth; Anna E .; Hattie and Homer, twins; Minnie; Charlotte, deceased; Thomas L. and an infant. Mr. B. owns two lots, with dwelling and shop. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity and of the Presbyterian Church.


Alonzo Blair, farmer and stock dealer; P. O., Plymouth; was born in Ohio in 1824, and is a son of Robert and Mary (Johnson) Blair, the former a native of Virginia and the latter of Ohio; mother still living, at the age of 80. Mr. B. has followed his present business through life except for 15 years, in which he taught school. He owns about 500 acres of fine farm land. He fattens and sells 50 to 75 head of cattle every season, besides some hogs. In this county, in 1861, he married Miss Mildred Coke, daughter of James and Lucy Coke, natives of Kentucky, and Mrs. Blair was also born in that State, in 1840. The 4 children are, Mardula, Edgar L., Frances M., and Ina. Mr. Blair has been Supervisor four years, and Assessor four years. He is a Free- mason and a Republican.


Jacob J. Blair, brother of the preceding, is a farmer on sec. 4, owning 160 acres of land; P. O., St. Mary's; he was born in Ohio in 1818, married in this county in 1844 to Mary Nichols, daughter of John R. and Elizabeth (Rhodes) Nichols; they are the parents of 5 children,-Mary, Robert, Elizabeth, Alice and Alonzo J. Mr.


583


HISTORY OF HANCOCK COUNTY.


B. has been Road Commissioner; he is a member of the Masonic fraternity. Was in the Mormon war six weeks. Politically he is a Republican.


J. D. Botts, farmer sec. 2, owning 280 acres of land, was born in Kentucky in 1833, reared on a farm, and has followed farming through life; taught school several terms; came with his parents to this county in 1836; was married in 1859 to Mary E. Perkins, daughter of Jefferson and Charlotte Perkins, natives of Rhode Island; she was born in 1839; of their S children 7 are living: Sarah F., Mary, Miner J., Helen, Harriet, Cora, Carey and an infant, deceased. Mr. Botts is a Republican, and has been Town- ship Assessor.


Joseph Botts, retired farmer, sec. 2, was born in Virginia in 1790; came to this county at a very early day; in 1835 he was ordained a Minister of the gospel in the Baptist Church, and has been in the ministry ever since, although 90 years of age; walks a half-mile yet to preach. In Kentucky, in 1810, he married Sarah Weeks, who was born in Kentucky in 1790, and they had 12 chil- dren, 6 of whom are living: Matilda, Jane, William O., Absalom, James and Louisa. Mr. B. owns 240 acres of fine farm land. He is much respected in his neighborhood.


William O. Botts, farmer and stock-dealer, sec. 11; P. O., Ply- mouth. This gentleman was born in Kentucky in 1817, and emi- grated to this county in 1842. He has been twice married, the first time in this county in 1842, to Mary Darnell, who was born in Ohio in 1825, and died in 1850, leaving 3 children-Sidney J., wife of Edward Gileyhurst; and Margaret E., wife of Robert White, of Iowa. Dec. 26, 1850, Mr. B. again married, this time to Mary F. Walker, and they have 5 children -- Robert W., Joseph J., Myrtle A., William G. and Charles. Mr. B. is a member of the Baptist Church, is a Republican, has held the offices of Assessor and Col- lector, and in earlier days was a participant in the Mormon war.


William D. Burdett, keeper of livery stable in St. Mary's, was born in Castle county, Ky., in 1835, and is a son of Thomas and Martha Burdett, both natives also of Kentucky, and of German de- scent; he came to this county in 1851, settling in Plymouth, where he followed butchering eleven years, but for the past three years has kept a livery stable. In 1867, in this county, Mr. Burdett married Miss Harriet Ellis, a native of this county, and born in 1848; she is a daughter of William and Margaret Ellis, natives of Vir- ginia. Mr. and Mrs. B. have 3 children, Charles, Otto and Winnie E. Mr. B. has held the office of Constable. He owns four lots in St. Mary's, four dwellings and the livery stable.


W. K. Cornell, dealer in boots and shoes and ready-made eloth- ing, west side of the public square, Plymouth, was born in Wash- ington county, N. Y., in 1820. and came to this county in 1844; in 1862, in Iroquois county, III., he married a native of New York. Since he has been in this county he has dealt very largely in live stock, especially sheep. He owns three lots, with dwelling and store-house, in Plymouth.


584


HISTORY OF HANCOCK COUNTY.


J. W. Cox, farmer and dealer in stock; P. O., St. Mary's; was born in Virginia in 1822; was brought up in the vocation of farm- ing, which he has followed through life with success; he came to this county in 1843. In 1847 he married Julia Wilson, a daughter of John and Elizabeth Wilson, of Scotch descent, who came to this county in 1833; she was born in Virginia in 1823, and she is the mother of 6 children, + of whom are living, namely, Webster, Amanda, Allie H. and Esther: deceased, George and Belle. Mr. Cox owns 560 acres of well improved farm land, and deals exten- sively in cattle. He also was in the " Mormon war." Politically he is a Democrat.


William B. Ellis, proprietor of a wagon and repair shop, St. Mary's, was born in Virginia in 1816, and was married in that State in 1837, to Miss Elizabeth A. , who was born in Virginia in 1819, and of their 9 children, $ are living-Mary, Frances, Eliza A., Harriet J., George W., Elizabeth A. and David A. Jane is deceased. Mr. E. is a Republican, and has been Commissioner of Highways. His maternal grandfather served seven years in the Revolutionary war; and his father was in the war of 1812. Mr. Ellis owns three blocks in St. Mary's.


John G. Follin. physician and surgeon, Plymouth, is a son of Daniel and Hannah (Ewis) Follin, natives of Virginia, and was born in Ohio, Oct. 7, 1825 : early opportunities for a school educa- tion limited: followed farming until he was 21; in 1847 he com- menced the study of medicine, and graduated in 1849. at Cleveland. O .; he also graduated at the university of Iowa, in 1861; he com- menced the practice of medicine in 1850, in Missouri: he settled in Plymouth in 1864, where he has had an extensive and successful practice. In 1849, near Bowling Green, Kv .. he married a native of that State, who was born in 1834. Of their 10 children, 5 are living .- Mary. wife of Wm. Ramick, of this tp .: Julia C., Ida B., James and Ernest. The Doctor owns four lots. with dwellings, here, and 66 acres of land in Kentucky, three miles from Bowling Green. In politics the doctor is a Democrat.


Elias Gibbs, farmer, sec. 5. owning 1:0 acres; P. O., St. Mary's; was born in Burlington county, N. J., in 1819, and came to this State in 1842, settling in Schuyler county ; came to this county in 1870. In 1847, in Schuyler county, he married Sarah A. Boder, a native of Ohio, born in 1528, and they are the parents of 9 children ; namely, Mary A., wife of Frank Newcomb, of Missouri; Henry B., Smith J., Sarah, wife of Walter Case. of this tp .; William B., Philip N .: Nettie, wife of Samnel Coke, of this tp .: Charlie and Carl. Mr. Gibbs is a member of the I. O. O. F., and is a prosper- ous farmer ..


Lewis Graham, undertaker. Plymouth, was born in Ohio in 1520: emigrated to this county in 1836: settled in Plymouth in 1854. Was married in 1843, in Schuyler county. Ill., to Frances M. Lansdon, who was born in Kentucky in 1822, and they are the


Wesley aracion ST.MARYS TP


587


HISTORY OF HANCOCK COUNTY.


parents of 6 children, only one of whom is living: namely, Henri- etta, wife of Samnel S. Fox, of this tp. Both of Mr. Graham's grandfathers were in the Revolutionary war. He has been Town Trustee. He owns two lots, one with dwelling and one with shop. He keeps a good supply of stock in his line.


Henry A. Hendricks, farmer, sec. 34; P. O., St. Mary's; is a son of John and Nancy Hendricks, natives of Tennessee, and of Ger- man descent, and was born in that State in 1822; in 1841 he mar- ried Melvina Jones, who was born in Kentucky in 1826, and they are the parents of 10 children. 6 of whom are living; namely, William S., James Lavender, George E., Cord and Iona; John and 3 infants are deceased. Mr. H. came to this county in 1851, where he owns 146 acres of fine land. He is a Baptist, a Freemason and a Democrat; has been Commissioner of Highways.


W. S. Hendricks, physician and surgeon, St. Mary's, was born in Kentucky, Jan. 31, 1851; was brought to this county in 1852; commenced the study of medicine in 1869; studied and taught school for five years; graduated at the Keokuk Medical College in 1875; settled in this county in 1877, where he has since been practicing. In 1STS the doctor married Mattie P. Johnson, who was born in this county in 1854, and they have one child, named Pearl. Dr. Hendricks owns five lots in St. Mary's, one with store building where he keeps groceries and notions, and one lot with dwelling house. He has been Postmaster since 1878.


John J. Hipple. merchant, Plymouth, is a son of Henry and Catharine Hipple, the former a native of Maryland and the latter of Pennsylvania: Mr. IT. was born in Ohio in 1821, and came to this county in 1855, settling in Plymouth, where he now keeps a general store, of dry goods, groceries, etc .. on the south side of the public square. Heowns one lot with dwelling, and 350 acres of fine farm land. He was married in this county in 1848, to Miss. Caroline Darnell, who was born in Ohio in 1830. and they have had but one child, Catharine, the wife of W. E. King, of Plymouth. Mr. H. has been Town Trustee six years, Supervisor one term. Both his grandfathers were in the Revolutionary war, and his father was in the war of 1812. Politically Mr. Hipple is a Democrat.


Hiram B. Johnson. farmer, etc., sec. 14; P. O., St. Mary's; is a `son of John T. and Maria Johnson, natives of Ohio, and of Irish descent: they came to this county in 1839, where Hiram was born in 1844 and raised on a farm; he was married in this county. Oct. 30, 1872, to Lizzie Hendricks, who was born in this county in 1854, and their 2 children are Frankie and Freddie L. Mr. J. is a Re- publican.




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