USA > Illinois > Hancock County > History of Hancock County, Illinois, together with an outline history of the State, and a digest of State laws > Part 13
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Lyman Trumbull-Took his seat in the U. S. Senate March 4, 1855, and became his own successor in 1861. He had previously served one term in the Lower House of Congress, and served on the Supreme Bench. He was born in Connecticut; studied law
164
HISTORY OF ILLINOIS.
and came to Illinois early in life, where for years he was actively engaged in politics. He resides in Chicago.
Orvill H. Browning-Was appointed U. S. Senator in 1861, to fill the seat made vacant by the death of Stephen A. Douglas, until a Senator could be regularly elected. Mr. Browning was born in Harrison county, Kentucky; was admitted to the bar in 1831, and settled in Quincy, Illinois, where he engaged in the practice of law, and was instrumental, with his friend, Abraham Lincoln, in form- ing the Republican party of Illinois at the Bloomington Conven- tion. He entered Johnson's cabinet as Secretary of the Interior, and in March, 1868, was designated by the President to perform the duties of Attorney General, in addition to his own, as Secretary of the Interior Department.
William A. Richardson-Was elected to the U. S. Senate in 1863, to fill the unexpired term of his friend, Stephen A Douglas. He was born in Fayette county, Ky., about 1810, studied law, and settled in Illinois; served as captain in the Mexican War, and, on the battle-field of Buena Vista, was promoted for bravery, by a unanimous vote of his regiment. He served in the Lower House of Congress from 1847 to 1856, continually.
Richard Yates-Was elected to the U. S. Senate in 1865, serv- ing a full term of six years. He died in St. Louis, Mo., Nov. 27, 1873.
John A. Logan-Was elected to the U. S. Senate in 1871. He was born in Jackson county, Ill., Feb. 9, 1826, received a common school education, and enlisted as a private in the Mexican War, where he rose to the rank of Regimental Quartermaster. On returning home he studied law, and came to the bar in 1852; was elected in 1858 a Representative to the 36th Congress and re-elected to the 37th Congress, resigning in 1861 to take part in the sup- pression of the Rebellion; served as Colonel and subsequently as a Major General, and commanded, with distinction, the armies of the Tennessee. He was again elected to the U. S. Senate in 1879 for six years.
David Davis -- Was elected to the U. S. Senate in 1877 for a term of six years. He was born in Cecil county, Md., March 9, 1815, graduated at Kenyon College, Ohio, studied law, and removed to Illinois in 1835; was admitted to the bar and settled in Blooming- ton, where he has since resided and amassed a large fortune. He
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HISTORY OF ILLINOIS.
was for many years the intimate friend and associate of Abraham Lincoln, rode the circuit with him each year, and after Lincoln's election to the Presidency, was appointed by him to fill the position of Judge of the Supreme Court of the United States.
REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS.
FIFTEENTH CONGRESS.
NINETEENTH CONGRESS.
John McLean.
1818
Daniel P. Cook.
1825-26
SIXTEENTH CONGRESS.
TWENTIETH CONGRESS.
Daniel P. Cook.
1819-20
Joseph Duncan.
1827-28
SEVENTEENTH CONGRESS.
TWENTY-FIRST CONGRESS.
Daniel P. Cook.
1821-22
Joseph Duncan ..
1829-30
EIGHTEENTH CONGRESS.
TWENTY-SECOND CONGRESS.
Daniel P. Cook. 1823-24 Joseph Duncan .. .1831-32
TWENTY-THIRD CONGRESS.
Joseph Duncan. 1833-34 Zadock Casey.
1833-34
TWENTY-FOURTII CONGRESS.
Zadock Casey 1835-36
William L. May 1835-36
John Reynolds 1835-36
TWENTY-FIFTH CONGRESS.
Zadock Casey.
1837-38
William L. May. 1837-38
John Reynolds. 1837-38
TWENTY-SIXTH CONGRESS.
Zadock Casey.
1839-40
John T. Stuart
1839-40
John Reynolds. 1839-40
TWENTY-SEVENTH CONGRESS.
Zadock Casey.
1841-42 John T. Stuart 1841-42
John Reynolds. 1841-42
TWENTY-EIGHTH CONGRESS.
Robert Smith.
1843-44
Joseph P. Hoge. 1843-44
Orlando B. Finklin
1843-44
John J. Hardin 1843-44
Stephen A. Douglas.
1843-44
John Wentworth. 1843-44
John A. McClernand 1843-44
TWENTY-NINTH CONGRESS.
Robert Smith
1845-46
Joseph P. Hoge .... 1845-46
Stephen A. Douglas.
1845-46
John A. McClernand .1845-46
Orlando B. Finklin.
1845-46
John Wentworth. 1845-46
John J. Hardin. 1845
THIRTIETH CONGRESS.
John Wentworth.
1847-48
Orlando B. Finklin .. 1847-48
Thomas J. Turner.
1847
Robert Smith 1847-48
Abraham Lincoln.
1847-48
William A. Richardson
1847-48
John A. McClernand.
1847-48
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HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. THIRTY-FIRST CONGRESS.
John A. McCiernand
1849-50 Edward D. Baker 1849-50
John Wentworth ..
.1849-50
William H. Bissell.
1849-50
Timothy R. Young.
1849-50
Thomas L. Harris 1849
William A. Richardson. .1849-50
THIRTY-SECOND CONGRESS.
William A. Richardson. .1851-52
Richard Yates. 1851-52
Thompson Campbell
.1851-52
Richard S. Maloney. .1851-52
Orlando B. Finklin.
.1851-52
Willis. 1851-52
John Wentworth.
1851-52
William H. Bissell.
1851-52
THIRTY-THIRD CONGRESS.
William H. Bissell .1853-54
Thompson Campbell. 1853-54
John C. Allen ..
1853-54
James Knox.
1853-54
Willis.
.1853-54
Jesse O. Norton ..
1853-54
Elihu B. Washburne
1853-54
William A. Richardson.
1863-54
Richard Yates 1853-54
THIRTY-FOURTH CONGRESS.
Elihu B. Washburne 1855-56
Samuel S. Marshall 1855-56
Lyman Trumbull.
. 1855-56
J. L. D. Morrison.
1855-56
James H. Woodworth
1855-56
John C. Allen. 1855-56
James Knox. .
.1855-56
Jesse O. Norton .. 1855-56
Thompson Campbell.
1855-56
William A. Richardson. 1855-56
THIRTY-FIFTH CONGRESS.
Elihu B. Washburne.
1857-58
Samuel S. Marshall 1857-58
Charles D. Hodges.
1857-58
Isaac N. Morris 1857-58
William Kellogg.
1857-58
Aaron Shaw 1857-58
Thompson Campbell.
1857-58
Robert Smith. 1857-58
John F. Farnsworth
.1857-58
Thomas L. Harris
1857-58
Owen Lovejoy.
1857-58
THIRTY-SIXTH CONGRESS.
Elihu B. Washburne .. 1859-60
John F. Farnsworth 1859-60
John A. Logan .. .
1859-60
Philip B. Fouke. 1859-60
Owen Lovejoy
1859-60
Thomas L. Harris. 1859-60
John A. McClernand.
.1859-60
William Kellogg. 1859-60
Isaac N Morris.
1859-60
James C. Robinson 1859-60
THIRTY-SEVENTH CONGRESS.
Elihu B. Washburne.
1861-62
Isaac N. Arnold. 1861-62
James C. Robinson ..
1861-62
Philip B. Fouke.
1861-62
John A. Logan.
1861-62
William Kellogg. 1861-62
Owen Lovejoy.
.1861-62
Anthony L. Knapp 1861-62
John A. McClernand.
1861-62
William A. Richardson 1861-62
THIRTY-EIGHTH CONGRESS.
Elihu B. Washburne.
1863-64
William J. Allen 1863-64
Jesse O. Norton.
1863-64
Isaac N. Arnold ..
1863-64
James C. Robinson
1863-64 John R. Eden. 1863-64
CENTRAL HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, JACKSONVILLE.
DORMI
BUILDING
BAKER-COS
ILLINOIS INDUSTRIAL UNIVERSITY, CHAMPAIGN-FOUNDED BY THE STATE, ENDOWED BY CONGRESS.
169
HISTORY OF ILLINOIS.
Lewis W. Ross 1863-64
John F. Farnsworth. 1863-64
John T. Stuart ..
1863-64
Charles W. Morris. 1863-64
Owen Lovejoy
1863-64
Eben C. Ingersoll.
.1863-64
William R. Morrison 1863-64
Antnony L. Knapp 1863-64
John C. Allen.
1863-64
THIRTY-NINTH CONGRESS.
Elihu B. Washburne. 1865-66
John F. Farnsworth 1865-66
Anthony B. Thornton 1865-66
Jehu Baker. 1865-66
John Wentworth.
1865-66
Henry P. H. Bromwell. 1865-66
Abner C. Hardin.
1865-66
Andrew Z. Kuykandall 1865-66
Eben C. Ingersoll.
1865-66
Samuel S. Marshall. 1865-66
Barton C. Cook.
1865-66
Samuel W. Moulton 1865-66
Shelby M. Cullom. 1865-66
Lewis W. Ross 1865-66
FORTIETII CONGRESS.
Elihu B. Washburne
1867-68
John F. Farnsworth 1867-68
Abner C. Hardin. 1867-68
Jehu Baker. . 1867-68
Eben C. Ingersoll
1867-68
Henry P. H. Bromwell. 1867-68
Norman B. Judd.
1867-68
John A. Logan. .1867-68
Albert G. Burr.
1867-68
Samuel S. Marshall. 1867-68
Burton C. Cook.
1867-68
Green B. Raum. 1867-68
Shelby M. Cullom
1867-68
Lewis W. Ross 1867-68
FORTY-FIRST CONGRESS.
Norman B. Judd.
.1869-70
Shelby M. Cullom. 1869-70
John F. Farnsworth.
1869-70
Thomas W. McNeely 1869-70
H. C. Burchard ..
1869-70
Albert G. Burr .. 1869-70
John B. Hawley.
1869-70
Samuel S. Marshall 1869-70
Eben C. Ingersoll. 1869-70
John B. Hay.
1869-70
Burton C. Cook.
1869-70
John M. Crebs. 1869-70
Jesse H. Moore.
1869-70
John A. Logan .1869-70
FORTY-SECOND CONGRESS.
Charles B. Farwell.
1871-72
James C. Robinson 1871-72
John F. Farnsworth.
1871-72
Thomas W. McNeely . 1871-72
Horatio C. Burchard
1871-72
Edward Y. Rice 1871-72
John B. Hawley.
1871-72
Samuel S. Marshall. 1871-72
Bradford N. Stevens. 1871-72
John B. Hay. 1871-72
Henry Snapp.
1871-72
John M. Crebs. 1871-72
Jesse II. Moore 1871-72
John S. Beveredge. 1871-72
FORTY-THIRD CONGRESS.
John B. Rice .. 1873-74
Robert M. Knapp .1873-74
Jasper D. Ward ..
1873-74
James C. Robinson. 1873-74
Charles B. Farwell
1873-74
John B. McNulta. .1873-74
Stephen A. Hurlbut
1873-74
Joseph G. Cannon. 1873-74
Horatio C. Burchard. 1873-74
John R. Eden .. 1873-74
John B. Hawley.
1873-74
James S. Martin. 1873-74
Franklin Corwin. 1873-74
William R. Morrison. 1873-74
170
HISTORY OF ILLINOIS.
Greenbury L. Fort.
1873-74 Isaac Clements.
.1873-74
Granville Barrere. 1873-74
Samuel S. Marshall 1873-74
William H. Ray. 1873-74
FORTY-FOURTH CONGRESS.
Bernard G. Caulfield. 1875-76
Scott Wike. 1875-76
Carter H. Harrison 1875-76
William M. Springer .. .1875-76
Charles B. Farwell
1875-76
Adlai E. Stevenson. .1875-76
Stephen A. Hurlbut.
1875-76
Joseph G. Cannon. .1875-76
Horatio C. Burchard.
1875-76
John R. Eden. 1875-76
Thomas J. Henderson. 1875-76
W. A. J. Sparks. 1875-76
Alexander Campbell. 1875-76
William R. Morrison 1875-76
Greenbury L. Fort.
1875-76
William Hartzell.
.1875-76
Richard H. Whiting
1875-76
William B. Anderson
1875-76
John C. Bagby
1875-76
FORTY-FIFTH CONGRESS.
William Aldrich
1877-78
Robert M. Knapp .. .1877-78
Carter H. Harrison
.1877-78
William M. Springer .1877-78
Lorenzo Brentano.
1877-78
Thomas F. Tipton.
1877-78
William Lathrop.
1877-78
Joseph G. Cannon 1877-78
Horatio C. Burchard. 1877-78
John R. Eden. 1877-78
Thomas J. Henderson .1877-78
W. A. J. Sparks. 1877-78
Philip C. Hayes ..
1877-78
William R. Morrison.
1877-78
Greenbury L. Fort ..
1877-78
William Hartzell. 1877-78
Thomas A. Boyd.
1877-78
Richard W. Townshend 1877-78
Benjamin F. Marsh.
1877-78
FORTY-SIXTH CONGRESS.
William Aldrich.
1879-80
James W. Singleton 1879-80
George R. Davis.
1879-80
William M. Springer 1879-80
Hiram Barber.
1879-80
A. E. Stevenson. 1879-80
John C. Sherwin.
.1879-80
Joseph G. Cannon 1879-80
R. M. A. Hawk
1879-80
Albert P. Forsythe. 1879-80
Thomas J. Henderson 1879-80
W. A. J. Sparks. 1879-80
Philip C. Hayes.
1879-80
William R. Morrison
1879-80
Greenbury L. Fort.
1879-80
John R. Thomas. 1879-80
Thomas A. Boyd.
1879-80
R. W. Townshend.
1879-80
Benjamin F. Marsh
1879-80
CHICAGO.
While we cannot, in the brief space we have, give more than a meager sketch of such a city as Chicago, yet we feel the history of the State would be incomplete without speaking of its metropolis, the most wonderful city on the globe.
In comparing Chicago as it was a few years since with Chicago of to-day, we behold a change whose veritable existence we should
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HISTORY OF ILLINOIS.
be inclined to doubt were it not a stern, indisputable fact. Rapid as is the customary development of places and things in the United States, the growth of Chicago and her trade stands without a parallel. The city is situated on the west shore of Lake Michigan at the mouth of the Chicago river. It lies 14 feet above the lake, having been raised to that grade entirely by the energy of its citizens, its site having originally been on a dead level with the water of the lake.
The city extends north and south along the lake about ten miles, and westward on the prairie from the lake five or six miles, embrac- ing an area of over 40 square miles. It is divided by the river into three distinct parts, known as the North, West and South Divisions, or "Sides," by which they are popularly and commonly known. These are connected by 33 bridges and two tunnels.
The first settlement of Chicago was made in 1804, during which year Fort Dearborn was built. At the close of 1830 Chicago con- tained 12 houses, with a population of about 100. The town was organized in 1833, and incorporated as a city in 1837. The first frame building was erected in 1832, and the first brick house in 1833. The first vessel entered the harbor June 11, 1834; and at the first official census, taken July 1, 1837, the entire population was found to be 4,170. In 1850 the population had increased. to 29,963; in 1860, to 112,172; in 1870, 298,977; and, according to the customary mode of reckoning from the number of names in the City Directory, the population of 1879 is over 500,000.
Nicholas Perrot, a Frenchman, was the first white man to visit the site of Chicago. This he did in 1671, at the instigation of M. Toulon, Governor of Canada. He was sent to invite the Western Indians to a convention at Green Bay. It has been often remarked that the first white man who became a resident of Chicago was a negro. His name was Jean Baptiste Pointe au Sable, a mulatto from the West Indies. He settled there in 1796 and built a rude cabin on the north bank of the main river, and laid claim to a tract of land surrounding it. He disappeared from the scene, and his claim was "jumped" by a Frenchman named Le Mai, who commenced trad- ing with the Indians. A few years later he sold out to John Kin- zie, who was then an Indian trader in the country about St. Joseph, Mich., and agent for the American Fur Company, which had traded at Chicago with the Indians for some time; and this
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HISTORY OF ILLINOIS.
fact had, probably more than any other, to do with the determina- tion of the Government to establish a fort there. The Indians were growing numerous in that region, being attracted by the facilities for selling their wares, as well as being pressed northward by the tide of emigration setting in from the south. It was judged necessary to have some force near that point to keep them in check, as well as to protect the trading interests. Mr. Kinzie moved his family there the same year Fort Dearborn was built, and converted the Jean Baptiste cabin into a tasteful dwelling.
For about eight years things moved along smoothly. The garri- son was quiet, and the traders prosperous. Then the United States became involved in trouble with Great Britain. The Indians took the war-path long before the declaration of hostilities between the civilized nations, committing great depredations, the most atro- cious of which was the massacre of Fort Dearborn, an account of which may be found in this volume under the heading of "The War of 1812."
THE GREAT FIRE.
From the year 1840 the onward march of the city of Chicago to the date of the great fire is well known. To recount its marvel- ous growth in population, wealth, internal resources and improve- ments and everything else that goes to make up a mighty city, would consume more space than we could devote, however interest- ing it might be. Its progress astonished the world, and its citizens stood almost appalled at the work of their own hands. She was happy, prosperous and great when time brought that terrible Octo- ber night (Oct. 9, 1871) and with it the great fire, memorable as the greatest fire ever occurring on, earth. The sensation conveyed to the spectator of this unparalleled event, either through the eye, the ear, or other senses or sympathies, cannot be adequately described, and any attempt to do it but shows the poverty of lan- guage. As a spectacle it was beyond doubt the grandest as well as the most appalling ever offered to mortal eyes. From any elevated standpoint the appearance was that of a vast ocean of flame, sweeping in mile-long billows and breakers over the doomed city.
Added to the spectacular elements of the conflagration-the intense and lurid light, the sea of red and black, and the spires and pyramids of flame shooting into the heavens-was its constant and
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HISTORY OF ILLINOIS.
terrible roar, drowning even the voices of the shrieking multitude; and ever and anon-for a while as often as every half-minute- resounded far and wide the rapid detonations of explosions, or fall- ing walls. In short, all sights and sounds which terrify the weak and unnerve the strong abounded. But they were only the accom- paniment which the orchestra of nature were furnishing to the terrible tragedy there being enacted.
The total area burned over, including streets, was three and a third square miles. The number of buildings destroyed was 17,450; persons rendered homeless, 98,500; persons killed, about 200. Not including depreciation of real estate, or loss of business, it is estimated that the total loss occasioned by the fire was $190,000,000, of which but $44,000,000 was recovered on insur- ance. The business of the city was interrupted but a short time; and in a year after the fire a large part of the burned district was rebuilt, and at present there is scarcely a trace of the terrible dis- aster, save in the improved character of the new buildings over those destroyed, and the general better appearance of the city- now the finest, in an architectural sense, in the world.
One of the features of this great city worthy of mention is the Exposition, held annually. The smouldering ruins were yet smok- ing when the Exposition Building was erected, only ninety days being consumed in its construction. The accompanying engrav- ing of the building, the main part of which is 1,000 feet long, will give an idea of its magnitude.
COMMERCE OF CHICAGO.
The trade of Chicago is co-extensive with the world. Every- where, in every country and in every port, the trade-marks of her merchants are seen. Everywhere, Chicago stands prominently identified with the commerce of the continent. A few years ago, grain was carted to the place in wagons; now more than 10,000 miles of railroad, with thousands of trains heavily ladened with the products of the land center there. The cash value of the produce handled during the year 1878 was $220,000,000, and its aggregate weight was 7,000,000 tons, or would make 700,000 car loads. Divided into trains, it would make 28,000 long, heavily ladened freight trains, wending their way from all parts of the United States toward our great metropolis. These trains, arranged in one con-
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HISTORY OF ILLINOIS.
tinuous line, would stretch from London across the broad Atlantic to New York and on across our continent to San Francisco.
In regard to the grain, lumber and stock trade, Chicago has sur- passed all rivals, and, indeed, not only is without a peer but excels any three or four cities in the world in these branches. Of grain, the vast quantity of 134,851,193 bushels was received during the year 1878. This was about two-fifths more than ever received before in one year. It took 13,000 long freight trains to carry it from the fields of the Northwest to Chicago. This would make a continuous train that would reach across the continent from New York to San Francisco. Speaking more in detail, we have of the various cereals received during the year, 62,783,577 bushels of corn, 29,901,220 bushels of wheat, 18,251,529 bushels of oats, 133,981,104 pounds of seed. The last item alone would fill about 7,000 freight cars.
The lumber received during the year 1878 was, 1,171,364,000 feet, exceeded only in 1872, the year after the great fire. This vast amount of lumber would require 195,000 freight cars to transport it. It would build a fence, four boards high, four and one-half times around the globe.
In the stock trade for the year 1878, the figures assume propor- tions almost incredible. They are, however, from reliable and trustworthy sources, and must be accepted as authentic. There were received during the year, 6,339,656 hogs, being 2,000,000 more than ever received before in one year. It required 129,916 stock cars to transport this vast number of hogs from the farms of the West and Northwest to the stock yards of Chicago. These hogs arranged in single file, would form a connecting link between Chicago and Pekin, China.
Of the large number of hogs received, five millions of them were slaughtered in Chicago. The aggregate amount of product manu- factured from these hogs was 918,000,000 pounds. The capacity of the houses engaged in slaughtering operations in Chicago is 60,000 hogs daily. The number of hands employed in these houses is from 6,000 to 8,000. The number of packages required in which to market the year's product is enormously large, aggregating 500,- 000 barrels, 800,000 tierces and 650,000 boxes.
There has been within the stock yards of the city, during the year 1878, 1,036,066 cattle. These were gathered from the plains
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HISTORY OF ILLINOIS.
of Oregon, Wyoming and Utah, and the grazing regions of Texas, as well as from all the Southern, Western and Northwestern States and Territories and from the East as far as Ohio. If these cattle were driven from Chicago southward, in single file, through the United States, Mexico, and the Central American States into South America, the foremost could graze on the plains of Brazil, ere the last one had passed the limits of the great city.
Not only does Chicago attract to its great market the products of a continent, but from it is distributed throughout the world manu- factured goods. Every vessel and every train headed toward that city are heavily ladened with the crude products of the farm, of the forests, or of the bowels of the earth, and every ship that leaves her docks and every train that flies from her limits are filled with manufactured articles. These goods not only find their way all over our own country but into Europe, Asia, Australia, Africa, South America, Mexico, and the Islands of the sea; indeed, every nook and corner of the globe, where there is a demand for her goods, her merchants are ready to supply.
The wholesale trade for the year 1878 reached enormous figures, aggregating $280,000,000. Divided among the leading lines, we find there were sold of dry goods, $95,000,000 worth. The trade in groceries amounted to $66,000,000; hardware, $20,000,000; boots and shoes, $24,000,000; clothing, $17,000,000; carpets, $8,000,000; millinery, $7,000,000; hats and caps, $6,000,000; leather, $8,000,- 000; drugs, $6,000,000; jewelry, $4,500,000; musical instruments, $2,300,000. Chicago sold over $5,000,000 worth of fruit during the year, and for the same time her fish trade amounted to $1,400,- 000, and her oyster trade $4,500,000. The candy and other con- fectionery trade amounted to $1,534,900. This would fill all the Christmas stockings in the United States.
In 1852, the commerce of the city reached the hopeful sum of $20,000,000; since then, the annual sales of one firm amount to that much. In 1870, it reached $400,000,000, and in 1878 it had grown so rapidly that the trade of the city amounted during that year to $650,000,000. Her manufacturing interests have likewise grown. In 1878, her manufactories employed in the neighborhood of 75,000 operators. The products manufactured during the year were valued at $230,000,000. In reviewing the shipping interests of Chicago, we find it equally enormous. So considerable, indeed, is the
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HISTORY OF ILLINOIS.
commercial navy of Chicago, that in the seasons of navigation, one vessel sails every nine minutes during the business hours; add to this the canal-boats that leave, one every five minutes during the same time, and you will see something of the magnitude of her shipping. More vessels arrive and depart from this port during the season than enter or leave any other port in the world.
In 1831, the mail system was condensed into a half-breed, who went on foot to Niles, Mich., once in two weeks, and brought back what papers and news he could find. As late as 1846, there was often but one mail a week. A post-office was established in Chicago in 1833, and the postmaster nailed up old boot legs upon one side of his shop to serve as boxes. It has since grown to be the largest receiving office in the United States.
In 1844, the quagmires in the streets were first pontooned by plank roads. The wooden-block pavement appeared in 1857. In 1840, water was delivered by peddlers, in carts or by hand. Then a twenty-five horse power engine pushed it through hollow or bored logs along the streets till 1854, when it was introduced into the houses by new works. The first fire-engine was used in 1835, and the first steam fire-engine in 1859. Gas was utilized for lighting the city in 1850. The Young Men's Christian Association was organized in 1858. Street cars commenced running in 1854. The Museum was opened in 1863. The alarm telegraph adopted in 1864. The opera-house built in 1865. The telephone introduced in 1878.
One of the most thoroughly interesting engineering exploits of the city is the tunnels and water-works system, the grandest and most unique of any in the world; and the closest analysis fails to detect any impurities in the water furnished. The first tunnel is five feet two inches in diameter and two miles long, and can deliver 50,000,000 gallons per day. The second tunnel is seven feet in diameter and six miles long, running four miles under the city, and can deliver 100,000,000 gallons per day. This water is distributed through 410 miles of water mains.
Chicago river is tunneled for the passage of pedestrians and vehi- cles from the South to the West and North divisions.
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