USA > Illinois > Macoupin County > History of Macoupin County, Illinois > Part 12
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VIRDEN SHAFT.
FEET. IN
Drift Clay.
20
0
No. 1 Sandstone
5
0
' 2 Bituminous shale
0
5
1 . 3 Coal .
0
= 4 Fire-clay
5
0
5 Bituminous shale
4
6
= 6 Coal No. 10 .
0
6
7 Fire-clay or clay shale
6
0
8 Hard gray limestone
7
9
4
9 Bituminous shale
1
4
" 10 Argillaceous shale
5
6
5:
12 Bituminous shale, Coal No. 9 .
1
3
" 13 Clay shale
6
0
" 14 Limestone.
0
9
" 15 Sandy shale and sandstone
63
0
" 16 Soft limestone or calcareous shale
1
4
" 17 Bituminous shale
3
10
" 18 Coal No. 8
0
10
" 19 Sandstone and sand shale
72
0
" 21 Hard calcareous (?) sandstone .
8
0
" 22 Blue clay shale
4
0
" 23 Variegated shales (Horizon of Coal No. 7)
92
6
4 24 Sandy shales
26
0
= 25 Soft bituminous shale
1
6
" 26 Limestone
3
0
" 27 Bituminous shale
2
6
2
9
# 29 Fire-clay
2
0
" 30 Sandstone
4
0
" 31 Coal No. 6
1
6
" 32 Fire-clay
2
0
" 33 Sandstone and shale
10
0
" 34 Limestone
7
0
" 35 Bituminous shale
0
4 36 Coal No. 5
7
8
Total depth to the bottom of the coal
320
1
A shaft was also sunk at Girard down to this main coal, but as no record was kept of the thickness and character of the beds passed through, we are unable to designate the changes which mark the various strata between these points.
In the central portions of the county its thickness ranges from six to eight feet, but on Apple creek, in the north-west corner of the county, a coal out- crops that seems to be the equivalent of this, but is much thinner, ranging only from two to three feet, and at the shaft one mile and a half north of Bunker Hill, its average thickness is about four feet.
At the Virden shaft the main coal (No. 36 of this section) averages about seven feet and a half in thickness, sometimes running up to eight feet, and seldom falling below seven. It is a moderately soft, and free-burning coal. The coal has a tendency to break into cubic blocks like the Belleville coal, though the partings which separate the coal into several distinct layers are not as decided here, as at the mines in St. Clair and Randolph counties. Salt water in small quantities percolates through some of the sandstones above the coal, especially Nos. 19 and 33. Immediately on the coal is an argillaceous shale. Fossils are comparatively rare, even where it becomes hard and slaty, but we obtained a few of the common species here, among which were Discina nitida, Productus muricatux, Hemepronites crassa, Chone- tes mesoloba, some fragments of a Nautilus, and teeth of Petrodus occidentalis. These fossils were generally poorly preserved, and the shells mostly replaced with yellowish pyrite.
The shaft at Carlinville is two hundred and sixty-six feet to the top of the coal passing through the following beds :
FEET. IN.
Drift clays .
75
0
No. 1 Clay shale.
28
6
: 2 Soft coal (No. 8) .
6
=
3 Dark and light fire-clays 5
0
4 Sandstone and shale .
70
0
: 5 Clay shale
15
0
= 6 Dark shale
6
7 Soft smithy coal (No 7) .
5
0
:
8 Fire-clay
6
0
9 Sandstone .
8
6
10 Clay shale
9
0
=
11 Limestone
3
0
" 12 Clay shale
1
0
13 Limestone
1
6
14 Coal
1
6
15 Shale . No. 6
6
00
16 Coal
0
6
17 Fire clay 2
6
. 18 Hard rock (probably limestone or calc. sandstone)
12
0
= 19 Shale
5
0
" 20 Limestone
5
0
" 21 Black shale
0 to 4
0
22 Coal (No. 5)
6
0
266 2
The coal here is similar in quantity to that obtained from the shafts at Virden and Girard, and the mine is entirely free from water, and its gang- ways as dry as though they possessed a water-proof covering.
The shaft in the creek valley south of town was commenced at a much lower level, and coal was reached at a depth of about 210 feet. The coal in this shaft ranges from six to eight feet in thickness, and has a good roof, composed of five feet of bituminous shale, and five feet of limestone.
The sandstone is partially exposed on the lower courses of Macoupin and Hodge's creeks, and also on some branches of Apple creek, in the north- western portion of the county.
The limestone No. 11 of the Virden shaft section is a very hard gray limestone, and outcrops at several points in the vicinity of Carlinville, and is therefore locally called the Carlinville limestone. It ranges in thickness from six to twelve feet or more, is a compact, brownish-gray rock, weather- ing to a rusty-brown color on exposure, the lower portion of the bed being usually in regular layers, while the upper portion becomes concretionary or pebbly, in structure. This limestone forms the bed-rock over a considerable portion of the county, especially in the region of Carlinville, and extending south-eastwardly to Bunker Hill and Staunton. On the head waters of Cahokia creek, this limestone is partially exposed, and is here overlaid by about fifteen feet of greenish shale, with a band of impure earthy iron ore intercalated in it about two feet above the limestone.
At a coal shaft one mile west of Staunton this limestone is six feet thick, and lies in regular beds, and is quarried for foundation walls and other purposes. The coal at this point lies 210 feet below this limestone, and the seam averages about six feet in thickness.
At the coal shaft on the railroad a half mile east of town, there was no re- cord kept of the character and thickness of the strata passed through, but we give a table furnished from recollection by the man in charge of the work in sinking the shaft, which is approximately correct. Beginning at the level of the limestone we have as follows :
Digitized by Google
LL
#
" 28 Coal No. 6 )
" 20 Shales with ironstone .
0
" 11 Compact limestone (Carlinville bed)
7
0
-
.
36
HISTORY OF MACOUPIN COUNTY, ILLINOIS.
FEET. IN.
No. 1 Limestone
6
0
2 Clay shale
35
3 Fire clay (?)
5
0
4 Coal (No. 8)
0
3
5 Shale and sandstone, partly arenaceous and including the horizon of coal No. 7
110
0
6 Red shale
0
4
7 Limestone
5
0
=
8 Blue shale
3
6
.
9 Coal (No. 6)
2
0
=
10 Clay shale
9
0
" 11 Limestone
17
0
" 12 Bituminons shale
2
0
" 13 Coal (No. 5)
6
0
The shaft one and a half miles south-east of Bunker Hill is two hundred and fifty-three feet in depth, and, although no record was kept of the beds passed through, the following, given by one of the proprietors, from recollec- tion, is approximately correct :
FEET. IN.
No. 1 Drift clay
28 0
2 Blue clay shale
12
0
3 Hard gray limestone (Carlinville bed).
8
4
--
4 Blue shale
30
0
5 Limestone (?)
2
0
6 Clay shale
1
4
7 Coal (No. 8)
0
3
= 8 Fire clay
2
0
8
0
4. 10 Red shale
2
6
4
11 Sandstone and shale .
55
0
=
12 Black shale (Coal No. 7) .
3
0
13 Sandstone (water-bearing)
30
0
= 14 Shale with limestone .
15
0
15 Clay shale
3
0
= 16 Coal
1
8
' 17 Nodular limestone and shale (No. 6.).
10
0
4 18 Coal
1
6
" 19 Limestone
8
0
# 20 Shale
7
0
" 21 Limestone
7
0
22 Black shale
2
0
" 23 Coal (No. 5)
6
0
253 1-
The coal at this mine varies in thickness from five to seven feet, and is divided below the middle by a shale parting. The coal above the parting is of a better quality than below it, and having a tendency to the black char- acter.
In the vicinity of Plainview, the Carlinville limestone is found outcropping on one of the small tributaries of the Macoupin, and following down the railroad grade as it descends into the creek valley, the following beds may be seen :
No. 1. Compact brownish-gray lime-stone . 6 feet.
4 2. Calcareous shale with chonetes, etc.
3. Dark blue clay shale, with ferns .
3
' 4. Sandy shale and shaly micaceons sandstones, extending below the creek level . 50 to 60 "
Silver ore was reported to have been discovered in this sandstone, in a quarry on the south-west quarter of section 20, town 10, range 8 west, a few years since, and an attempt was made to organize a joint stock company for its development. The silver scales of mica which the rock contained were mistaken by some ignorant persons for silver, and hence the reported dis- covery of a rich mine of metallic ore at this locality. The only material of economic value this rock contains is building stone of a fair quality, which may be obtained here in abundance.
The chocolate-colored limestone (No. 6) is a coarsely granular rock made up in good part of the joints and plates of crinoidea, but it also contains Pinna per-acuta, Productus, Prattenianus, P. Nebrascensis, and the teeth of several species of fossil-fishes, among which we recognize Petalodus destructor and Cladodus mortifer.
This chocolate-colored limestone seems to be identical with that of Sugar creek in Sangamon county, where the rock for the old State House was obtained.
On Apple creek, in the north-west corner of the county, the following beds
are exposed between Carlin's cannel coal seam, on the north-east quarter of section 3, township 12 north, range 9 west, and the west line of the county, following along the bluffs of the main creek and its tributaries :
FEET. IN.
No. 1 Bituminous shale
1
6
2 Cannel coal (local ? ) .
1
= 3 Shale .
10 to 12
4 Compact steel-gray limestone
39
= 6 Bituminous shale
7 Coal (No. 7?)
8 Clay shale .
9 Nodular gray limestone
10 Greenish-colored shale 12
11 Brown coarse-grained limestone . 1 to 8
12 Sandstone and sandy shale .
24
13 Brown argillaceous limestone =
3
" 14 Shale, mostly argillaceous 1 to 3
= 15 Coal (No. 6?) .
2 to 3
16 Clay shale and nodular limestone
8 to 10
On a branch of Apple creek, two miles north of Scottsville, the beds of the foregoing section, from 7 to 16 inclusive, are well exposed, and the lower coal seam has been opened at several points by tunnels driven into the hill- sides. It ranges in thickness from two to four feet, and is divided near the middle by a parting of shale from one to two inches. The coal is overlaid by two or three feet of clay shale and a bed of argillaceous limestone, which sometimes passes into calcareous shales three or four feet in thickness. The limestone weathers to a rusty-brown color on exposure, though its color is a light-gray on a freshly broken surface. Where this rock is shaly, it afforded some good fossils, among which the Cumarophoria Osagensis and Productus longispinus were the most common.
The cannel coal, No. 2 of the foregoing section, was opened at an early day on land owned by Matthew Newkirk, on section 11, township 12 north, range 9 west, and was worked for several years by Mr. John Carlin, to sup- ply the local demand of the neighborhood. The seam varies in thickness from eighteen inches to two feet, the upper being the true cannel coal, and the lower a common bituminous coal. It has proved to be quite local in the development, and has not as yet been met with at any other locality in the county of sufficient thickness to be of any economical value. The sand-stone below the coarse-grained limestone at the locality two miles north of Scotts- ville is quite massive, and affords a very good building-stone. This is also true of the sand-stone below the Newkirk coal, No. 5 of the foregoing section, and the upper twenty feet of the bed is a micaceous sand-stone impregnated with the oxyde of iron, which hardens on exposure, and affords a reliable building stone.
ECONOMICAL GEOLOGY.
Coal .- As may be presumed from the perusal of the preceding statements coal is by far the most valuable mineral product of this county. Its entire area is underlaid by coal, and the supply from coal seam No. 5 alone is prac- tically inexhaustible ; and its resources from this seam, reckoning its average thickness at six feet, which is believed to be a fair estimate, is not less than 5,184,000,000 tons, and will admit of an annual consumption of one million of tons per annum for 5,184 years, before the coal from this seam alone would be exhausted. The underlying beds which have never yet been penetrated in this county may be safely set down as capable of affording an amount equally as great as that of No. 5, and hence the entire coal resources of this county may be estimated in round numbers at more than ten billions of tons.
Coal No. 5 may be found anywhere in the county that it may be desirable to inaugurate a coal mining enterprise, as it outcrops at the surface on the principal streams that intersect the western border of the county, and in the central and eastern portions it may be reached in shafts varying from three to four hundred feet in depth.
Coal No. 4 usually lies from thirty to forty feet below No. 5, and the three lower seams, Nos. 1, 2 and 3, will all be found, if developed at all, within one hundred and fifty feet below No. 4, so that a boring or shaft carried two hundred feet below the main coal in this county, would penetrate all the coals to be found here, and determine positively the amount of coal accessi- ble at any given point where the experiment may be made.
Coal No. 5 affords a coal of good average quality, tolerably hard, bright, compact and usually free from pyrite; it has a rather uneven fracture, but inclines to break into cubic forms, the layers rather thick and separated by partings of carbonaceous clod or mineral charcoal, and contains vertical
Digitized by Google
6
0
10
6
4
5 Sandstone and shale
1
0000
9 Clay shale, with nodules of limestone
37
HISTORY OF MACOUPIN COUNTY, ILLINOIS.
seams of white carbonate of lime. An analysis of this coal from the Hodge's creek mines, made by the late Mr. Henry Pratten, former chemist of the geological survey, and published in Dr. Norwod's " Abstract of a Report on Illinois Coals," gave the following result :
Specific Gravity
1 2797
Loss in coking
Total weight of coke
43 48 56 52
100 00
ANALYSIS.
Moisture .
6 50
Volatile matter
36 98
Carbon in coke .
48 72
Ashes (white).
7 80
100 00
Carbon in coal
53.8
In quality this coal will compare favorably with the average of our west- ern bituminous coals. It is a good steam-producing coal, hard enough to bear transportation, and when carefully selected this seam will afford a good smith's coal.
Building Stone .- The coal measure strata seldom afford a good building stone, except for foundation walls, culverts and the more ordinary uses to which a coarse and homely material may be used. The Carlinville lime- stone is the most valuable rock of its kind to be found in this county, and it has been freely used for the ordinary uses above named. In the vicinity of Carlinville, the beds range from five to six feet in thickness, and occur in quite regular layers from four inches to a foot or more in thickness. When burned, it slacks freely, and makes a tolerably good but dark-colored quick-lime. It appears to stand exposure well, and has proved to be a durable stone where used for foundation walls, bridge abutments, etc., and is the most valuable limestone in the county for economical purposes.
The coarse brownish-gray limestone above the Carlinville bed, which is found in the bluffs of the Macoupin, east of Carlinville, is also a durable stone, and has been used for abutments and foundation walls in the vicinity of its outcrop, but as the bed is only from two to three feet in thickness the supply from this source is necessarily limited.
Among the sandstones of this county there are at least three distinct beds, that will furnish building-stone of fair quality if carefully selected. Two of these beds outcrop on Apple creek and its tributaries, in the north-western corner of the county. These beds are twenty-four and thirty feet thick respectively, and are in part composed of a massive brown sand-stone that stands exposure well, has an even texture, and can be easily quarried in blocks suitable for ordinary building purposes. There is also a softer micaceous sand-stone outcropping on the Macoupin, below the bridge, on the Chicago, Alton and St. Louis Railroad, which affords a tolerably good build- ing stone if carefully selected. These sand-stones may probably be found outcropping at other points in the western portion of the county, and, as a general rule, wherever a sand-stone is found to present a solid cliff or rock at its outcrop, it may be safely used for all ordinary building purposes.
Iron Ore .- A band of very pure carbonate of iron was observed at two or three points on the Macoupin east of Carlinville, intercalated in the shales overlying the Carlinville limestone, but nowhere in sufficient abundance to be of any economic importance at the present time.
Sand and Clay for Brick Making .- These materials are abundant in all parts of the county, and may usually be obtained from the beds immediately beneath the soil on the uplands, and where there seems to be a deficiency of sand in the subsoil clays it may be easily supplied from the beds of the streams, or from the sand-beds interstratified with the drift-clays.
STATISTICS OF COAL MINES AND MEASURES FROM REPORT OF INSPECTOR CRAIG.
Weer's Shaft, Carlinville .- Thickness of coal six feet, average depth below the surface 260 feet, wrought by shaft, number of men employed in mine 30, circumference of shaft twelve by six feet, aggregate yearly produc- tion 370,028 bushels, amount of capital employed 824,000. Owners Weer Bros., leased by T. L. Loomis.
Bartel's Shaft, Carlinville .- Thickness of coal six feet, average depth below the surface 210 feet, wrought by shaft (horse-power), number of men employed eight, aggregate yearly production about 32,000 bushels, amount of capital employed about $8,000. Owner H. Bartel, Sr.
Union Coal Shaft, Carlinville .- Thickness of coal six feet, average depth 286 feet, wrought by shaft, number of men employed 20. Circumference of
shaft twelve by six feet, aggregate yearly production 180,000, capital employed 88,000. Owners, a Company.
Nilwood Shaft .- Thickness of coal six feet, average depth below the sur- face 330 feet, wrought by shaft, number of men employed 10. Circumfer- ence of shaft ten by six feet, aggregate yearly production 100,000 bushels, amount of capital employed $10,000. Hy. Cooper owner.
Girard Shaft .- Thickness of coal six feet, average depth 350 feet, wrought by shaft, number of men employed 14, aggregate yearly production 220,000 bushels, amount of capital employed $10,000. B. Bogus owner. Circum- ference twelve by six feet.
Staunton Shaft .- Thickness of coal seven feet, average depth 325 feet, wrought by shaft, with escapement, number of men employed 100, aggregate yearly production 1,000,000 bushels, capital employed 825,000. Owner Henry Voge. Circumference of shaft fourteen by six feet.
Virden Shaft .- Thickness of coal seven feet six inches, average depth 320 feet, wrought by shaft, with escapement, number of men employed 47, aggregate yearly production 750,000 bushels, capital employed 850,000. Owner John Utt. Circumference of shaft fourteen by six feet.
Bielby Slope, Chesterfield .- Twelve feet to coal, thickness six feet, two feet left for top, bushels of coal 6,000, one man, capital $100. Owned by T. Bielby.
Thos. Carr, Chesterfield Slope .- Twelve feet to coal, thickness five feet, two feet left for top, bushels of coal 500, two men, capital 8300. Owned by Thos. Carr.
Daris, Gin Pit, Chesterfield .- Thickness of coal five feet, two feet left for top, depth below surface thirty feet, shaft, four men employed, aggregate number of bushels 10,000, capital employed $500. Owned by W. K. Davis.
Wm. Carlin, Scottrille, Cannel Coal .- Thickness of coal three feet, drift, two men employed, production 3,000 bushels, capital employed $200. Owner Wm. Carlin.
Staunton, Gin Pit .- Thickness of coal six feet, average depth 220 feet, (horse-power), number of men employed three, aggregate yearly production 13,000, capital employed $2,000. Owner's name -
Mount Olive Shaft (Staunton Tp.)-Thickness of coal eight feet, average depth 400 feet, wrought by shaft, with escapement, number of men employed 100, aggregate yearly production 1,000,000 bushels, capital employed $35,000. Owned by Comp'y, Superintendent H. J. Keiser.
Bunker Hill Shaft .- Thickness of coal five feet, average depth 250 feet, wrought by shaft, number of men employed nine, aggregate yearly produc- tion 125,000 bushels, capital employed $10,000; leased by Wm. Niel & Co. Bunker Hill, Gin Pit .- Thickness of coal five feet, average depth 149 feet, (wrought by horse-power), number of men employed ten, aggregate yearly production 40,000 bushels, capital employed 82,000. Owned by A. Duffey.
CHAPTER VII. FAUNA OF THE COUNTY.
N presenting a list of the animals of the county that existed here prior to and after the advent of the white man, while the list may not be complete, it will, however, be of interest to the student and scientist. Of the ruminating animals that were indigenous to this territory we had the American Elk, (Cervus Canadensis) and still have the deer of two kinds, the more common, the well-known American deer, (Cervus Virginianus) and the White-tailed Deer, (Cervus Leucurus.) The latter still affords amusement and sport for the hunter in the more timbered portions of the county ; and at a period not very remote, the American Buffalo (Bos Americanus) must have found pastures near the alluvial and shaded banks of the Macoupin and plains and prairies of this portion of the state. The heads, horns and bones of the slain animals were still numerous in 1830. The Black Bear (Ursus Americanus) were quite numerous even in the memory of the " older settlers." Bears have been seen in the county within the last thirty-five years. The Gray Wolf (Canis Occidentalis) and Prairie Wolf, (Canis latrans) are not unfrequently found, as is also the Gray Fox, (Vulpes Virginianus,) which still exists by its superior cunning. The panther (Felis concolor) was occasionally met with in the earlier times, and still later and more common, the Wild Cat, (Lynx rufus.) The Weasel, one or more species; the Mink (Putorius Vison); American Otter, which were quite numerous on Otter creek, in the Northern
Digitized by Google
1ยช
:
.
:45
. E
-
38
HISTORY OF MACOUPIN COUNTY, ILLINOIS.
part of the county, (Lutra Canadensis); the Skunk, (Mephitis Mephitica); the Badger, (Taxidea Americana; the Raccoon, (Procyon Lotor) ; The Opossum, (Didelphys Virginiana). The two latter species of animals are met with in every portion of the United States and the greater part of North America. The coon-skin among the earlier settlers was regarded as a legal tender. The Bear and Otter are probably now extinct in the county, and were valuable for their furs. Of the Squirrel family we have the Fox, Gray,' Flying, Ground and Prairie Squirrel, (Seirus Ludovicanus, Carolinensis, Vo- lucella, Striatus and Spermaphilus.) The Woodchuck, ( Arctomys Monax) and the Beaver, was common prior to the settlement, (Castor Canadensis) ; the common Musk Rat, (Fiber Zibethicus.) The Bats, Shrews and Moles are common. Of the Murida we have the introduced species of Rats and Mice, as also the native Meadow Mouse, and the Long-tailed Jumping Mouse, (Meriones Labradorus) frequently met with in the clearings. Of the Hares, the (Lupus Sylvaticus) the so-called Rabbit, is very plentiful. Several species of the native animals have perished, being unable to endure the presence of civilivation, or finding the food congenial to their tastes appropriated by stronger races. Many of the pleasures, dangers and excitements of the chase are only known and enjoyed by most of us at the present day through the talk and traditions of the past. The Buffalo and the Elk have passed the borders of the Mississippi to the westward, never more to return.
Of the Fish, the most common are the Cat, Bass and the Sun-fish. The Perch, Pike and Buffalo are also occasionally met with. The common Carp Chub are numerous; the Bass is a game fish, and affords fine sport.
Of Birds, may be mentioned the following :*
Among the Game Birds most sought after are the Meleagris Gallopavo, (Wild Turkey) and Cupidonia Cupido, (Prairie Hen ) which afford excellent . sport for the hunter, and are quite plentiful. The Gray Eagle is also occa- sionally met with. Pinnated Grouse, (Bonasa Umbellus); Ruffled Grouse and Ortyx Virginianus Quail, (Philohela Minor) ; Woodcock, (Gallinago Wilsonii) ; English Snipe, (Macrorhamphus Griseus) ; Red-breasted Snipe, (Gambetta Melanoleuca); Telltale Snipe, ( Gambetta Flavipes) ; Yellow- Legs, (Limosa Fedoa) ; Marbled Godwit, (Scolofax Fedoa, Wilson) ; Nume- nius Longirastris, (Long-billed Curlew) ; Numenius Hudsonicus, (Short-billed Curlew); Rallus Virginianus, (Virginia Rail); Cygnus Americanus, (Ame- rican Swan) ; Cygnus Buccinator, (Trumpeter Swan); Anser Hyperboreus, (Snow Goose) ; Bermicala Canadensis, (Canada Goose); Bermicala Brenta, (Brant); Anas Boschas, (Mallard) ; Anas Obscura, ( Black Duck ); Dafila Acuta, (Pintail Duck) ; Nettion Carolinensis, (Green-winged Teel ) : Querque- dela discors, (Blue-winged Teel) ; Spatula Clypeata, (Shoveler) ; Mareca Americana, (American Widgeon) ; Aix Sponsa, (Summer, or Wood Duck); Aythaya Americana, (Red-head Duck) ; Aythaya Vallisneria, (Canvass-back Duck); Bucephala Albeola, (Butter Ball ); Lophodytes Cucculatus, Hooded Merganser); (Pelecanus erythrorhynchus) ; Rough-billed Pelican ; Colymbus torquatus), The Loon ; (Aegialitis vociferus), Killdeer, Plover ; Ball Head, Yellow-legged and upland Plover; (Tantalus loculator), Wild Ibis, very rarely visit this locality. (Herodus egretta), White Heron ; Ardea Hero- dias) Great Blue Heron; (Botaurus lentiginosus), Bittern ; (Grus Canaden- sis), Sand Hill Crane; (Ectopistes migratoria), Wild Pigeon ; Zenaidura Carolinensis), Common Dove ; (Corvus carnivorus), American Raven ; (Cor- vus Americanus), Common Crow ; (Cyanurus cristatus), Blue Jay; (Doli- chonyx oryzivorus), Bobo'link ; (Agelaius phonicanus), Red-winged Black Bird ; (Sturella magna ), Meadow Lark ; (Icterus Baltimore), Golden Oriole; (Chrysometris tristis), Yellow Bird; (Junco hyemalis), Snow Bird ; (Spizella Socialis), Chipping Sparrow ; (Spizella pusilla), Field Sparrow ; (Melospiza palustris), Swamp Sparrow ; (Cyanospiza cyanea), Indigo Bird; (Cardinalis Virginianus), Cardinal Red Bird; Pipilo erythrophthalmus), Cheewink ; (Sitta Carolinensis), White-bellied Nuthatch ; (Mimus polyglottus), Mocking Bird; (Minus Carolinensis), Cat Bird; (Harphorhynchus rufus), Brown Thrush ; (Troglodytes aedon), House Wren ; (Hirundo horreorum), Barn Swallow; (Cotyle riparia), Bank Swallow ; (Progne purpuren), Blue Mar- tin ; (Ampellis cedrorum), Cedar Bird; (Pyrangra rubra), Scarlet Tanager ; (Pyrangra astiva), Summer Red Bird; (Tardus migratorus), Robin, came less than forty years ago. (Sialia Sialis), Blue Bird; (Tyrannus Carolinen- sis), King Bird ; (Sayornis fuscus), Pewee; (Ceryle alcyon), Belted King- fisher ; (Antrostomus vociferus), Whippoorwill ; (Chardeiles popetue), Night Hawk ; (Chaetura pelasgia), Chimney Swallow ; (Trochilus colubris), Ruby- throated Humming Bird; (Picus villosus), Hairy Woodpecker; (Picus
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