The biographical encyclopedia of Illinois of the nineteenth century, Part 48

Author: Robson, Charles, ed
Publication date: 1875
Publisher: Philadelphia, Galaxy
Number of Pages: 770


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Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).


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RANT, ANGUS McNEIL, ex-Judge, President of the Mount Vernon National Bank, was born in Christian county, Kentucky, May 26th, 1812. Ilis parents, originally of North Carolina, and of Scotch parentage, settled in Kentucky in the early part of the present century. IIe received in his boyhood an ordinary school education, perfected by a subsequent course of studies in the higher branches of learning, at Princeton College, in his native State. Upon abandoning definitively student life, he became engaged in clerking for an unele, with whom he remained for a period of about four years. IIe was afterward occupied in farm- ing and agricultural pursuits, at which he continued until ' he has over eight hundred acres of the finest land in the


Lots. Pennington.


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State of Illinois, all under high cultivation. He has devoted the latter portion of his life to scientific farming and kindred pursuits, and in apposite knowledge is unsurpassed. The nursery business, from which he retired in 1855, was encom- passed with innumerable difficulties in this section, in the earlier days when the country was sparsely settled, and in almost a primitive and a virgin condition ; the depredations of swarms of wild rabbits made it all but impossible to pre- serve the trees, while the intensely severe winter of 1842- 43 was extremely injurious to all vegetable growth. His lands were located on the boundary of the prairie, and the incessantly recurring prairie fires necessitated the constant exercise of great caution and vigilance; and it was neces- sary, in order to arrest the progress of such fires, to hedge the farm about with a cordon, or belt of land, thoroughly ploughed, of two hundred yards in breadth. In 1861 he was appointed a member of the Board of Supervisors of White- sides county, in which capacity he has since continued to act with energy and ability. Ile was married in 1837 to Ann P. Barnett, daughter of John Barnett, of Brighton; she died in 1866. He was again married in 1868 to Ruth A. Morrison, daughter of William and Mary Anne Galt, and widow of Dr. William Morrison, of Lancaster county, Pennsylvania.


ISE, ALFRED H., Merchant and Capitalist, was born in Lycoming county, Pennsylvania, October 22d, 1832, his parents being William and Han- nah (Speise) Wise. His education was received in the common schools. In 1848 his parents re- moved to Freeport, Illinois, and settled upon a farm, in the labors incident to which he was engaged until 1 850, attending school during the winter. In the summer of that year, the railroad not having been completed beyond Elgin, he entered into a partnership arrangement with Daniel Powell to run an express and a stage for passengers from Freeport to Elgin, and also to Galena and Dubuque. In I851 he separated from Powell, and became associated with D. H. Sunderland, under the firm-name of A. H. Wise & Co., in this business, and conducted a daily line to Rockford, which was profitably continued until 1853, when the railroad was completed up to Freeport. He then sold out his interest in this business, and became a clerk in the grain and produce house of C. J. Marsh & Co., with whom he remained one year. In 1854 the firm was changed to Greenwood & Marsh, and while serving with them he became agent for Manny's reapers. In 1855 he went into partner- ship with Henry H. Taylor, under the name of Taylor & Wise, for the purpose of carrying on the grain and produce business, and also as jobbers of agricultural implements, having himself, while with Greenwood & Marsh, embarked in a limited way in this latter pursuit. Taylor & Wise re- mained in partnership until the fall of 1857, when Mr. Wise sold out his interest to Mr. Taylor, and commenced imme-


diately, on his own account, in the sale of threshing ma- chines and other agricultural implements. He was soon appointed agent for Russell & Co., of Massillon, Ohio, for their thresher, a machine which obtained great celebrity throughout the West, and soon by his energy, enterprise, and rare executive ability, secured a large business, which within a short time grew into enormous proportions. He continued his trade in general agricultural implements until 1864, when he so far changed its character as to deal ex- clusively in threshers and reapers, removing at the same time his place of business to Chicago. In 1865 he returned to Freeport, retaining only a transfer branch house in Chi- cago, to which place, in 1867, he again removed his office, remaining until 1869, when he came back to and finally settled in Freeport, closing his Chicago house altogether. In 1873 he retired from active business pursuits on account of ill health, and turned his attention to the supervision of farming and stock-raising. He was married in 1854 to Caroline Schofield, of Freeport. He was for several years Director of the Second National Bank of Freeport, return- ing in 1873. He is a gentleman of generous impulses, of affable manners, and of rare business qualifications. Both as an enterprising merchant, and as a public-spirited citizen, he stands very high in popular respect.


LEXANDER, JOHN T., Stock Raiser, was born September 15th, 1820, in Western Virginia, and when but six years old removed to Ohio with his father, who engaged in agricultural pursuits. Ile enjoyed in his youth but few opportunities for sccuring an education, and was engaged in rough- ing it through the continuous labors incidental to a farm in a newly opened country. When thirteen years of age he began to assist his father, then an extensive drover, in send- ing his cattle to the eastern markets, and from that period until reaching his twentieth year he passed his time in driving his father's herds from Ohio, over the Alleghenies, to Philadelphia, Baltimore, New York, and Boston. ITis father suffering then severe reverses in fortune, he deter- mined to go farther West and commence life upon his own account. Ile travelled to St. Louis, where he was soon employed at a moderate salary by a firm which at that time transacted the largest live-stock business in that section of the country. His employers discovering the unusual pre- cision of his judgment in estimating and averaging the weight of cattle, detailed him to travel into the interior to make purchases, and he served them faithfully and satisfac- torily for many months in this capacity. IIe then ended his service with them, and on a small scale, suitable to his limited means, commenced to fatten cattle for the markets on his own account. For three years he was thus occupied, gradually increasing his herd until it had reached such pro- portions that he felt justified in setting out as a drover. He


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accordingly took two hundred and fifty head of fat cattle to mules. He is a man of large mcans and of generous im. Boston, occupying the entire summer in driving them to pulses. He is tall and commanding in appearance, sanguine in temperament, and unassuming in manner. He has the possession of fine social qualities, and is conscientious in all his business transactions. These traits have secured for him the respect of the entire community, and the confidence of merchants throughout the country. He married Mary Dewees, of Morgan county, Illinois, by whom he has had five children ; three daughters and two sons. that market, and sold them at a price which yielded him a handsome profit. For three or four years he continued in this line of business, and then concluded to establish a large stock farm. In 1848 he made his first purchase, buying a tract of land in Morgan county, Illinois, for $3 per acre, which is now worth $100 per acrc. This tract, which lies ten miles from Jacksonville, on the Toledo, Wabash and Western Railroad, became soon under his management one of the most valuable stock farms in the State. He made it the site of his residence, and by gradual additions has en- larged his possessions in this section until now they cover ORSE, JOHN M., M. D., was born October 13th, 1823, in Bethel, Vermont, being the son of Calvin and Elvira (Moody) Morse. IIe received his early education in the common schools, and sup- plemented it with a thorough academical course, which carried him through many of the higher branches of learning. Being a student by nature, he ap- plied the greater portion of his spare hours to reading, and earlier than most young men obtained a very thorough and comprehensive knowledge of the arts and sciences. He selected the medical as the profession of his choice, and commenced his preparatory studies under Professor Walker Carpenter, who for the past twenty-five years has filled the chair of Theory and Practice in the Vermont University. These studies were commenced in 1846, and steadily and profitably carried on for two years, when Dr. Morse entered upon the prescribed course in the Vermont Medical College at Woodstock, from which, in June, 1850, he graduated with distinction. He began to practise in the towns in Windsor county, Vermont, and met with encouraging suc- cess. Anticipating, however, that the best and most lucra- tive field was in the West, he removed from Vermont to Galesburg, Illinois, in 1854. Here he set out at once upon his professional career, which has been maintained to the present time. For about one year he was associated with the late Dr. John W. Spalding, and for the eight subsequent years with Dr. James Bunce. He is a prominent member of the Illinois State and American Medical Associations. For the past six years he has been a member of the Board of Supervisors of Knox county, Illinois, in which he has always occupied a most prominent position and exercised a powerful influence. In other civil and private capacities six thousand acres. Soon after his original purchase in 1848 he stocked his farm with cattle purchased mainly in Missouri, and within a few years was the owner of the largest herds in the State. By judicious purchases and sales he acquired a very large fortune, part of which he un- fortunately lost in the years 1854-55 by reason of the great expense of keeping his stock, occasioned by the severe droughts, which killed the crops, and the unusual decline in market prices. In 1856 he was remarkably successful in all his ventures, clearing in that year $60,000. In 1859 he fattened fifteen thousand head of choice cattle, for which he obtained a ready sale in the large eastern cities ; but the closing of this year's operations indicated, what very few suspected, that his losses overbalanced the value of his entire estatc. Upon the breaking out of the rebellion great inducements were offered stock raisers by the heavy decline in prices in Missouri, occasioned by the insecure tenure of all personal property. By taking advantage of this opportunity for cheap purchases Mr. Alexander com- pletely retrieved his lost fortunc, and at the close of the rebellion was a millionaire. He subsequently bought the "Sullivant " farm, of twenty-six thousand acres, afterwards called " Broad Lands," situated on the Toledo, Wabash and Western Railroad, in Champaign county, Illinois, in order to have all the necessary facilities for handling vaster herds of cattle. He experienced soon after many reverses, losing many cattle by Spanish fever, and large sums of money by the repudiation of certain railroad contracts for ship- ments. His losses in one year aggregated $350,000. These misfortunes produced a crisis in his affairs, and by a failure to sell his " Broad Lands," for which the agreements had been partially drawn up, he was compelled to assign his | he has shown himself to be a capable and an irreproachable entire estate for the benefit of his creditors. Notwithstand- citizen. IIe is a leading practitioner, and is distinguished not only for his skill, but for the constant personal at- tention which he pays to the cases in which he is called to act. In politics he has always been a Democrat. Dur- ing the war he was a firm supporter of Mr. Lincoln in his measures for the suppression of the rebellion, and for the re-establishment of the Union upon a sound basis. He was married December 14th, 1851, to Sarah Marsh, a native of Vermont, who still lives, his devoted help- meet. ing the fact that his liabilities exceeded $1,200,000, his estate paid his creditors dollar for dollar. He is now the owner of his " home" farm of six thousand acres, com- posed of the most arable land in the State, two thousand acres of which are yearly planted with corn. The remain- ing four thousand acres arc used for the pasturage of a herd of from two thousand to three thousand cattle, and his stock is regarded as the finest in the West. He requires for his farm labor forty yoke of oxen and eighty horses and


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AITE, HON. HORACE F., Lawyer, was born in Lyme, New London county, Connecticut, March 15th, 1824. His parents were Horace Waite and Martha (Raymond) Waite. His uncle, Henry M. Waite, father of the present Chief-Justice of the United States Supreme Court, was at one time Chief-Justice of the Supreme Court of Connecticut. His family and its various members are well known in this country, especially in Connecticut and the other sections of New England, and it has produced many successful lawyers and noted jurists. As early as 1648 Thomas Wayte-the name being then spelled with a "y"-acted as one of the judges to King Charles I., and his signature appears to the famous warrant for the execution of that misguided and un- fortunate monarch. Any one curious to see a fac simile of this document can find it in Smollett's " History of Eng- land," in the London edition of 1754. His immediate connections begin with Thomas Waite, who settled in Lyme, Connecticut, in 1677, where portions of the family have ever since continued to reside, and which they look upon as their general family home. When in his childhood his parents removed with him to Lucas county, Ohio, and his earlier and preparatory education was acquired at the Marietta College, whence he entered the Ohio University, where he was noted for his acumen and power of grasping both detail and generalization. Upon the completion of his collegiate course he decided to embrace the legal pro- fession, and entered the law office of his cousin, the present Chief-Justice Waite, under whose supervision and able guidance he was prepared for the bar. Soon after being admitted to practice, believing that in the West was to be found a wider field for the profitable exercise of skill and energy, he removed to Chicago, Illinois, arriving in that city in December, I851. He became primarily a member of the law firm of Shumway, Waite & Townc, and succes- sively of that of Waite & Towne and Waite, Towne & Clark, now Waite & Clark. He has a very extensive law practice in the different branches of his profession, is a val- ucd member of the Bar Association, and stands high in the estimation of his colleagues and fellow-citizens. In 1870, immediately on his return from Europe, he was nominated as the candidate of the Republican party for the General Assembly of the State, was elected, and served as a member of the Twenty-seventh and Twenty-eighth General Assem- blies. In the former he served on the Judiciary Committee and on the Committee on Railroads; he officiated also as Chairman of the Committee on Municipalities, and in that capacity conducted himself with marked ability and unerring judgment. In the Twenty-eighth General Assembly he was Chairman and an influential member of the Committee for County and Township Organization. In 1872 he was elected to the State Senate, from the Sixth Illinois District, for the term of four years, and in that capacity is still serv- ing. His record as a legislator is above taint or suspicion, and in the fulfilment of the many important duties assigned


to him he has left no room for cavil or reproach. He has a keen perception of the legislation needed to subserve the best interests of the State and his constituents, and gives to this character of legislation his warmest support. As in the court room and the counsellor's office, so also in the halls of the Legislature, he takes a prominent position among the leading spirits, and by his scholarly attainments and innate strength of character adds daily to the lustre of his reputa- tion as law-maker and law-expounder. He was married, February 14th, 1853, to Jane E. Garfield, formerly a resi- dent of Lee, Massachusetts.


TKINS, BREVET MAJOR-GENERAL SMITII D., Lawyer, Soldier, and Journalist, was born June 9th, 1835, near Elmira, Chemung county, New York, and removed to Illinois with his father's family in 1848, living on a farm until 1850. He then entered the office of The Prairie Democrat to learn the art of printing. This was the first paper published in Freeport. He was educated at Rock River Seminary, Mount Morris, Illinois, working in the printing office and studying during his spare hours, and in 1852 obtained the foremanship of the Mount Morris Gazette while yet a student. In June, 1853, associated with C. C. Allen, late Major on the staff of Major-General Schofield, he bought out this paper, and established the Register at Savannah, Carroll county. In the fall of the same year he entered the office of Hcrain Bright, in Freeport, as a student at law, and was admitted to practice June 27, 1855. After his admission he continued to read law for some time in the office of Goodrich & Scoville, Chicago, and then entered upon his practice in Freeport, dating his entry into the active duties of his high profession September Ist, 1856. In 1860 he made a spirited canvass for the election of Lin- coln to the Presidency, and one address of his, delivered in this campaign, which was a careful and thorough review of the Dred Scott decision, went through several editions. He was elected State's Attorney of the Fourteenth Judicial Circuit of Illinois, and on April 17th, 1861, while trying a criminal case in Stephenson Circuit Court, a telegram was received stating that President Lincoln had issued his first call for troops to suppress the rebellion. He immediately drafted in the court room an enlistment roll which he headcd with his own name, being the first man to enlist as a private soldier in his county. IIe then announced to the court and the jury his decision to prepare without delay for service in the Union army. Leaving the half-finished case in the hands of a brother attorncy, he hastened out of the court room with his enlistment roll, and went into the streets of Freeport to find men to join. Before dusk one hundred had signed the roll, and in the evening a company organization was formed with him in the position of Captain. He and his companions-in-arms went to Springfield, where


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they were mustered in as Company A of the IIth Illinois Volunteers. Upon the expiration of his three months' ser- vice he re-enlisted for three years as a private, and was again mustcred in as Captain of Company A 11th Illinois Volun- teers, at Bird's Point. He was at Fort Donelson, with the unexpired order of leave of absence on account of sickness in his pocket, when the command of "Forward" was given. He took sixty-eight men into this desperate engage- ment, and came out with but twenty-three left, having been in the very thickest of the carnage. For gallant services at Fort Donelson he was promoted to the position of Major of the 11th Regiment, and went on the staff of General Hurl- burt as Acting Assistant Adjutant-General by the special assignment of General Grant, and in that capacity was en- gaged with Hurlburt in the battle of Pittsburgh Landing; his bravery and conspicuous services securing special men- tion in the general orders after that fight. Ill health, brought on by exhausting labors and exposure, compelled his resignation after the affair of Pittsburgh Landing, and he spent the two subsequent months on the sea coast. He re- cruited in time to take the stump to raise troops under the call of 1862, and enlisted the 92d Illinois Regiment, which was mustcred in, with himself as Colonel, on September 4th, 1862. He was in command of this regiment until Jan- uary 17th, 1863, when he was placed in command of a brigade. While the 92d was at Mount Sterling, Kentucky, Colonel Atkins being in charge of it, a grave issue arose. It was the first Yankee regiment which had visited that scction, and hundreds of slaves flocked to its camp begging for protection and offering their services or their blood for freedom. They refused to return to their masters, and when their owners demanded them as chattels Colonel Atkins declined to entertain the peremptory request that his force should be used to drive them back. The owners appealed to the commander of the brigadc-a Kentuckian-who ordered Atkins to return the slaves, but the latter persist- ently declined to do this and never did, his rcasons being that he was not responsible for the escapade of the slaves, and that his men had not enlisted to act in the capacity of blood-hounds to hunt them down and drive them back. On June 17th, 1863, he was placed in the command of the Second Brigade, Third Division, Army of Kentucky, which he commanded while in the Department of the Ohio. When the 92d Regiment was removed to the Department of the Cumberland he was placed in command of the First Brigade, First Division of the Reserve Corps; and when the regiment was mounted and transferred to Wilder's Brigade of Mounted Infantry, he accompanied and commanded it until transferred to Kilpatrick's Cavalry Division. When General Kilpatrick reformed his division preparatory to the great march with Sherman, he assigned the command of the second brigade to Colonel Atkins. When Sherman ad- vanced southward he aimed to throw his army between the rebel forces and Savannah. The task of deceiving the enemy and holding them while this movement was being


effected was given by Kilpatrick to Colonel Atkins and his brigade, and he skilfully accomplished it. At Clinton he charged the enemy and drove them fourteen miles to Macon. He assaulted their lines about the city and forced them into their works, and held them there until Sherman swept to the eastward, leaving him with the enemy in his rear, and nothing before him to impede his rapid progress. In all the engagements in which he participated with his brigade Colonel Atkins greatly distinguished himself, and especially so at Wagnersboro', where Wheeler and his cavalry were overwhelmingly defeated. While leading the charge of his troops against the rebel columns, his color-bearer was shot down by his side, and his brigade flag attracted the atten- tion of the encmy, who poured in upon it their concentrated fire. In this terrific storm of leaden hail he wore a charmed life, leading prominently in the van and cheering on his troops to victory. At Savannah he was brevetted Brigadier- General for gallantry, and at the close of the war, when he was mustered out, he was brevetted Major-General for faithful and important services. In all his stations as a commanding officer he was popular with both the rank and file. He was a perfect disciplinarian, and was kind and considerate to the men under him. His courage and his judgment as a strategist won their confidence, and they readily and heartily supported him wherever he went. After his military services he returned to Freeport, where he has since resided. He is the editor of the Freeport Journal, which he ably conducts, and is the Postmaster of the city. His entire career has been one of great activity and of great benefit to his fellow-citizens, who hold him in the highest respect. He is a gentleman of cultivated tastes and engaging manners, and interests himself in all move- ments for the intellectual and material improvement of the people of the community in which he resides.


KINNER, HON. ONIAS C., Lawyer, was born in Floyd, Oneida county, New York, in 1817, his parents being Onias and Tirza (Bell) Skinner. His elementary education was acquired at the academy in Whitestown, Oneida county, which he left in his fifteenth year. Subsequently, during a period covering several years, he was variously engaged in Philadelphia and New York. In 1836 he emigrated to the West, settling finally in Peoria county, Illinois, where he became occupied in agricultural pursuits. In 1838.he de- cided upon entering the legal profession, and commenced his preparatory studies at Greenville, Darke county, Ohio, under the able instruction of General Hiram Bell, who was afterward a member of Congress. In 1840 he was admitted to the bar of Ohio, and at once formed a partnership con- nection with his former preceptor. He practised at Green- ville during the ensuing eighteen months, and rapidly secured a remunerative clientage. At the expiration of that


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time he returned to Illinois and established his residence at | but one party nomination, though often elected to positions Carthage, the county seat of Hancock county, where he re- of grave responsibility. His prominence as a leader and a jurist, and his widespread reputation in the State of Illinois, is attributable not only to his possession of a high order of innate talent, developed by thorough and persistent study, but also to his unvarying rectitude and uprightness in all transactions-social, political, and professional-both in publie capacities and private relations. While carefully avoiding chimerieal enterprises and visionary schemes, he is a prompt and vigorous mover and agent in all improvements and affairs which, resting on solid bases, promise a reason- able degree of success. Alone, and in company with other prominent men of Quiney and other localities, he has been effectively instrumental in fostering and developing the re- sources-natural and acquired-of his adopted section, and has been interested in many enterprises having for an end the increase of its prosperity. He was married at Green- ville, Ohio, in 1843, to Adeline McCormas Dorsey, daugh- ter of Judge Jamcs M. Dorsey. . She died in 1849. He was again married in 1853 to Sarah Harris Wilton, daughter of Henry Wilton, of Wrightsville, York county, Pennsyl- vania, who dicd in 1861. The issue of this marriage was a daughter-Maud W .- who in 1875 became the wife of Hayden Humphrey, of Warsaw, New York. Mr. Skinner was again married, in 1865, to Helen M. Cooley, widow of the late Hon. Horace S. Cooley, who, at the time of his de- ccasc, was Secretary of State of Illinois. mained until 1844, when he removed to Quiney, in the same State. During the progress of the celebrated Mormon war in that section he acted in the capacity of Aide-de-Camp to Governor Ford until Gencral Hardin arrived on the field and took personal command of the forees called for its sup- pression. In 1848 he was elected to the State Legislature from the counties of Adams and Brown, and for a bricf period, by gubernatorial appointment, he filled the position of State's Attorney. As a member of the Legislature during the sessions of 1849 and 1850, he fulfilled all the duties de- volving upon him with ability and energy, and by his bold advocacy of needed reforms through legislative enactment, took immediate rank with the representative men of the State. In 1851 he was elected Judge of the Fifth Judicial Circuit, comprising the counties of Adams, Brown, Macdon- ough, Hancock, Henderson, and Mercer, and in 1854 was elected one of the Justices of the Supreme Court of Illinois, a position which he resigned in 1857. He then resumed his legal practice at Quincy, associating with him in partner- ship his present colleague, W. Marsh. He was chosen a member of the Constitutional Convention of the State in 1870, and filled in that body the important office of Chair- man of the Committee on Judiciary, for which his knowledge derived from his career both as an advocate and judge espe- cially fitted him. He has been prominently identified with various important railroad interests. He was President of the Quiney & Carthage Railroad, and built its line. This road is now consolidated with the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. In many other enterprises of kindred ISSELL, JOSIAH H., Lawyer, was born, June Ist, 1845, in the city of Rochester, New York, and is a son of Colonel Josiah W. Bissell, who served with distinction during the rebellion as Colonel of Engineers of the West, and was prominent in the capture of " Island No. Ten," in the Missis- sippi river, April 7th, 1862. His mother was a daughter of Horace Hooker, of Rochester, New York, and a very prominent citizen of that place. He was prepared for col- lege at Rochester, and entered the university there in Sep- tember, 1861. In the following year he left college and accepted a position as Lieutenant in an engineer regiment of the West, and was engaged thereafter in most of the engineering operations of the army until after the fall of Vicksburg. He then resigned and entered the same class at Yale College, graduating there in 1865, taking at com- mencement the second oration. Having selected the law as his future profession he became a student in the office of Hon. H. R. Selden, of Rochester, and in December, 1867, was admitted to the bar, and immediately afterward com- menced practice in that eity. He removed to Chicago in January, 1869, where he continued his professional duties and has remained there ever since. In July, 1870, he was appointed by Hon. D. Davis and Hon. Thomas Drummond the official reporter for the United States District and Cir- nature he took a prominent and active interest. To his effective aid is largely due the establishment of that railroad system which has achieved for the Northwest the present wonderful prosperity which it enjoys. During the past twenty-five years he has been extensively engaged in agri- cultural pursuits of large and increasing proportions. His legal practice, both in the State and Federal courts, has been varied and extensive, and, owing to the proper excr- cise of a tireless energy and to abilities of no common order, has met with unusual success. Although warmly interested in all that affects the political status of Illinois, and a elose observer of the constant variations in party theories, actions, and principles, he has had enough independenee of charac- ter to prevent his control by any political organization. As a member of the Legislature he faithfully guarded the com- mon interests of the people, ably advocated such action as was needed to develop the resources of the State and ad- vance the social and material interests of its citizens, and often intervened to prevent special grants of authority which tended towards the bencfit of the few at the expense of the many. While upon the bench he executed the law with wisdom and impartial bias. His decisions were pointed and conclusive, and were always admired for their faultless and unbiased presentation of law and fact. He received




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