USA > Indiana > St Joseph County > A history of St. Joseph County, Indiana, Volume 1 > Part 4
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Stanton, Aaron, 169.
Staples, Alex., 373, 374, 599.
Staples. Ralph, 184.
Stark, Samuel W .. 592.
Starr, Eliza A., 706.
Starr, William B., 453.
Starved Rock, 29, 38, 40, 41.
State Bank of Indiana, 409.
State Roads, 235.
Steele, Emeline, 993.
Steele, John, 993.
Steele, P. D., 1032.
Stegman, Henry C., 855.
Stephenson, A. H., 862.
Stephenson, Benjamin F., 736.
Stephenson, C. B., 556.
Stephenson Manufacturing Company, 408.
Stephenson Underwear Mills, 407.
Steuben County, 160.
Stocker, Peter, 809.
Stocks, 92.
Stoddard, Charles W., 684.
Stoeckinger, George F., 795.
Stoeckley, J. A., 529.
Stoffel, Nicholas J., 421.
Stokes, Milton W .. 186.
Stoll. John B., 150, 215, 392, 393, 469, 500.
Stoltz, Charles, 533.
"Story of Fifty Years," at St. Mary's, 698, 699. Storey, Wilbur F., 347. Storms, 270.
Stover, Calista S., 774.
Stover, David. 773. Stover. George H., 185. Stover, .T. H., 424. Stover, William B., 453.
Stover, William C., 185.
Societies and Clubs, South Bend, 452. Soils, 17. Sokel Polski, 463. Soldier Dead from Olive Township, 733. Soldiers in Southern Graves, 733.
Soldiers Monument, 390, 751, 756.
XXV
INDEX.
Stranz, L. V., 534. Strata,. 17.
Street Improvement, Primitive, in South Bend, 369. Street Railways-South Bend City, 240; South Bend and Mishawaka, 241; Indiana, 241; Chicago, South Bend & Northern Indiana, 242; Southern Michigan, 242; Chicago, Lake Shore and South Bend, 243.
Strope, Levi A., 1121.
Stuart, William E., 197.
Studebaker Brothers Manufacturing Co., 394, 397. Studebaker Fountain, 385, 391, 393.
Studebaker, Clement, 187, 215, 262, 360, 378, 393, 400, 414, 426, 477. Studebaker, George M., 389, 751.
Studebaker, Henry, 478.
Studebaker, Jacob F., 480.
Studebaker, John M., 361, 375, 376, 389, 391, 479.
Studebaker, Mary E., 453.
Studebaker Park, 384.
Studebaker, Peter E., 481.
Stueckle, Gustav A., 364, 564.
Stuer, Charles L., 336, 574.
Stull, John, 145. Stull, John S., 1087.
Stull, Samuel C., 850.
Stull, William H., 600.
Sulgrove, Berry R., 109. Summary of Mishawaka Enterprises, 347. Summary of South Bend Interests, 471.
Superintendent, County School, 451.
Superior General Sorin, 643.
Surveyor, The, 185. Surveys, First in County, 156; Second, 156. Swanger, John Q., 1148.
Swank, David L., 978. Swedish Baptist Church, 423.
Swedish Evang. Mission, 424.
Sweet Cemetery, Soldiers in, 733.
Sweet Home, 311. Switzerland County, 104. Swygart, John A., 586. Sylvania, 75. Symmes, John C., 83.
Talbot, Joseph E., 198. Talon, Intendant, 20, 57. Tamaronas, 37. Tannery, First, 295. Tavern-keepers, 97. Taxation, Exemptions from, 171.
Tax Upon Lands, 104. Taylor, Edmund P., 132, 184, 377.
Taylor, Francis P., 319. Taylor, Lathrop M., 129, 132, 157, 161, 175, 181, 191, 193, 195, 295, 351, 410, 453.
Taylor, Sarah C., 453. Taylor, Thaddeus S., 453. Taylor, Waller, 97, 104. Tecumseh, 102, 614.
Telegraphs and Telephones-Western Union, 243; Postal, 243; Central Union, 243; American Tele- graph and Telephone, 243; Home, 244.
Temperance Movement, 709. Temperance Society, First, 709.
Temple Bethel, 425.
Temple, William L., 775.
Temporary Government for Northwest Territory, 75. Ten States, from Northwest Territory, 75.
Terre Coupee, First Church, 297, 301.
Terre Couppe Prairie, 13, 296.
Terrill and Plainfield Cemetery, Soldiers in, 734.
Territory, Attached to St. Joseph County, 158, 159. Thieme, Traugott, 424, 578.
Thomas, Alexander N., 182, 361.
Thomas, Samnel R., S.8.
Thompson, Maurice, 2, 35, 44.
Thorpe, Kose H., 344.
Thorward, Theodore, 565.
Thrall, William C., 310.
Three 1 Railroad, 239, 281.
Thursday Club, 460.
Tiffin, Edward, 92.
Times Printing Co., 469.
Times, The South Bend, 468, 469.
Tippecanoe River, 12, 126.
Tippecanoe, Battle of, 97, 101, 102.
Tipton, General, 611.
Tobacco's Son, 64, 68.
Todd, Col. John, 72.
Toepp, William, 771.
Tohulka, Herman A., 187, 215.
Tong, Lucius G., 361, 386, 411, 412, 495, 638, 643, 648. Tonti, Henry de, 23, 25, 27, 28, 32, 33.
Topinabee, 130, 607.
Total Abstinence Society, 678.
Tornado, Only in St. Joseph County, 232.
Town and Township, 161.
Town, First Incorporation, 323.
Townships, First Division of, 272; Second Division, 273; Third Division, 273; Present Number, 275
Townships, First of St. Joseph County, 163.
Townships, Reorganized, 176.
Townships, Two Lost, 274.
Towle, Charles G., 187.
Towle, wilman, 186, 187.
Trail Creek, 143, 156.
Trails. Indian, 43, 45.
Traveler's Rest, 438.
Treaty of Greenville, 94, 103, 125.
Treaty of Paris, 41, 58, 103.
Treaty of Peace, (1783), 71.
Treasurer, The, 184.
Tribune, The South Bend, 218, 468.
Trinity Presbyterian Church, 417.
Troeger, Andrew, 470.
Truax, John M., 1130.
Truax, William V .. 1143.
Truss Bridges, 233.
Turner, Anthony W., 961.
Turner, Thompson, 971. Turner. Timothy G., 190, 306, 456, 470.
Turner's South Bend Directory, 371. Turnock, Joseph, 184, 378, 729, 769. Turnverein, 463. Tnscarssas, 37. Tutt Cemetery, Soldiers in. 733.
Tutt, Charles M., 184. Tutt, Francis R., 187. Tuttle,- Richmond, 184. Twin Branch, 14, 291.
Summers, Gabriel R., 778. Summit Lake, 1, 45. Sumption, Elisha, 451. Sumption, George, 144. Sumption Prairie, 47, 277. Sumption Prairie Cemetery, Soldiers in, 735.
xxvi
INDEX.
Twenty-first Battery, 730. Twenty-ninth Infantry, 720. Twigh-twees, 37, 48. Twin Lakes. 45, 47, 49, 51, 283.
Ulery, Samuel, 802. Ullery Cemetery, Soldiers in, 733. Ullery, Ira M., 838. Ullery, John C., 1144. Ullery, Joseph C., 1047. Underwood, Israel, 184.
Union Hall, 433. Union Hose Company No. 3, 377, 378. Union Township, 280. United Brethren, First Church, 425. Utley, William, 344.
Vail, Thomas D., 186. Van Buskirk Cemetery, Soldiers in, 733. Vance, David, 91. Vandalia Railroad, 239, 280. Vanden Bosch, James Q. C., 589. Vanderburgh, Henry, 91, 95. Van Doren, William T., 451. Van Pelt, Mrs. Marion B., 338. Van Pelt, Corwin B., 387, 40S. Van Pelt, Ryan T., 544.
Van Ryper. A. N .. 904. Van Ryper, Mary Z., 904.
Van Valin, George W., 1033. Varnum, James M., S3. Varier, James A., 184. Vermande, John, 887. Vigo, Francis, 65, 84. Vincennes, 42. 58, 59, 63, 78, 83, 100, 160. Vincennes University, 98. Virginia, 59, 71, 81, S2, 99. Virginia System of County Government, 160. Vistula Avenue, 132. Vistula Road, 234. Voelkers, Jerry, 866. Vogt. Ed F., 1059. Volunteer Aid Association. 717. Von Barandy. Oscar. 531. Vosburgh, Grove, 963.
Wabash and Erie Canal, 21. Wabash Railroad, 239. 280, 281. Wabash River. 10, 21. 41, 42, 126, 135. Wade, Alfred B., 724. Wagner, John C., 572. Wair, Harry, 527. Waldorf, Benjamin F., 186. Walker. John. 317. Walkerton, 291, 316. Walkerton Cemetery, Soldiers in, 735. Walkerton Independent, 317. Walkerton Visitor, 317. Wall. Benjamin, 438. Walsh. Thomas E .. 671. 691, 710. Walter, John U., 1115. Walters, Newton W .. 1052. Ward, Andrew J., 184. Ward, Wilbert, 363, 460, 513.
Wards, First Three of South Bend. 366. War of 1812, 102, 731. War of 1812, Soldiers of, 715. Warner, William S., 798. Warren, David G., 907.
Warren Township, 282. Warwick, 301, 311. Warwick County, 104. Washington Block, 437. Washington County, 104. Washington, George, 81, 83, 86.
Washington Hall, 635. Washingtonian Movement, The, 709.
Washington Township, 274. Waterfield, A. A., 865.
Water Power, of St. Joseph River, 229.
Waterways, 9; Ancient, 11.
Water Works Bonds, South Bend, 373.
Water Works, Trustees, 375.
Watkins, Adam K., 1081.
Wayne, Anthony, 38, 75, 86, 155.
Wayne County, 95, 100, 104.
Weber, Peter, 373.
Webster, Aaron A., 184. Wednesday Club, 460.
Weidler, Charles, 1148.
Weidler, Valentine, 1116.
Weir, Morgan H., 197.
Weiser, William A., 546.
Weldy, Abraham, 1122.
Weldy, John. 1122.
Weldy, Joseph W., 1122.
Wells, Flowing, 6.
Wenger's Creek, 14. 288.
Wenger, Aaron, 910.
Werwinski, Joseph A., 776.
West. Albert W., 466.
West, Scott, 184.
Westlake, Samuel B., 821.
West Troy. 316; Burk's Addition, 316.
Westbury, David A., 785.
Western Reserve. 74.
Western State, The, 79.
Western Union Telegraph Company, 243.
Westminster Presbyterian Church, 417.
Wharton, David F., 1045.
Wharton, James G., 1046.
Wharton Lake, 19, 277.
Wheeler. Alfred, 182, 467.
Whipping, 92, 97. 98.
White Beaver, 25.
White, Daniel A., 187, 215.
White, James, 323.
White Hall, 216. Whiteman, George N., 593.
Whitmer, Elmer J., 1075.
Whitmore, Charles, 881.
Whitmore, Mary J., 881.
Whitten. William M., 17, 186, 217. 223, 264, 266, 360, 370, 387. Wickham, Wilham A., 535.
Wilcox, Benjamin. 372, 416, 449.
Wilklow, George H., 1148. Willett, John T., 829.
Williams. B. E., 1157.
Williams, James C .. 187.
Williams, J. E., 782.
Williams, W. Oliver. 826.
Williamson, N. D., 417.
Williamsport, 308. Williard, Amos, 800. Wills, Emanuel R., 185, 777. Wilson, Abraham, 357. Wilson, James, 81.
INDEX.
xxvii
Windsor Hotel, 439. Winkler, Bros. Manufacturing Co., 408. Winkler, F. C., 408, 571. Witter, Harry, 1110. Witter, Martin M., 1060. Woltman, Casimir, 879. W. C. T. U., 710. Woman's Literary Club, 459. Women's Relief Corps, 463. Wommer, John M., 935. Wood, Aaron, 110. Wood, Edward J., 202. Wood, William Field, 550. Wood, William F., 561. Woodland, 290, 311.
Woodmen of the World, 463. Woodward, Del M., 1029. Woodward, Don J., 197.
Woodward, Jerry R., 887.
Woolman, Granville, 298, 922.
Woolverton, Jacob, 412, 493.
Woolverton Lake, 283.
Worden, James, 98.
Worden, Joseph, 373, 408. Worster, Henry B., 1095. Worth Literary Club, 461. Wright, John K., 185.
Wright, William B., 863. Wyandots, 42. Wyant, William T., 591. Wyatt, 290, 311. Wyckoff, James W., 1058. Wyman, George, 393, 431, 585. Wythe, George, 61.
Yates, Abraham, 78. Yellow River, 12. Yenn, Simon, 185, 792. Yerrick, Benjamin F., 853.
Yerrick, Harry L., 787.
Yoder, Elmer E., 1035.
Young Hoosier No. 4, 378.
Y. M. C. A., 425. Y. W. C. A., 393, 430.
Zahm, John A., 648. Zeiger, John, 1118. Zeitler, Edward A., 1072. Zeitler, John V., 1072.
Zell, Adam, 880.
Zeltner, John, 817. Zigler, John W., 185, 349. Zigler, Joseph G., 1112. Zion Evangelical Church, 424. Zubowicz, Anthony, 422, 573.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A list of the principal authorities relied on in the preparation of this History :
Constitution of the United States; Aets of Congress; United States Supreme Court Reports.
Constitution of Indiana. 1816 and 1851: Acts of the Legislature, Revised Statutes, 1831, 1838, 1843, 1852 and 1881, Gavin & Hord's, Davis' and Burns'; Indiana Supreme Court Reports.
Laws and Ordinances of Virginia and of the Northwest Territory.
Indiana Geological Reports; Geologieal Pa- pers by Dr. Hugh 'T. Montgomery. Prof. S. S. Gorby, Prof. Willis S. Blatchley and Prof. Maurice Thompson.
Bancroft's History of the United States: McMaster's History of the United States.
Dillon's History of Indiana; Dunn's His- tory of Indiana ; Smith's History of Indiana.
English's Conquest of the Northwest ; Cauthorn's History of Vincennes: Parkman's Diseovery of the Great West; Poole's His- tory of the West: Shea's Discovery and Ex- ploration of the Mississippi Valley.
Hennepin's Description de la Louisiane ; Drake's American Indians: Beadle's Unde- veloped West.
Dyer's Modern Europe; Winsor & Chan- ning's America: Landon's Constitutional History and Government of the United States; Hart's Formation of the Union.
Chapman's History of St. Joseph County ; Higgins Belden's Historical Atlas of St. Jo- seph County ; Parish's Art Work of South Bend and Vicinity; Packard's History of La Porte County : Daniels' History of La Porte County ; Cowles' History of Berrien County, Michigan ; Brice's History of Fort Wayne; King's History of Ohio: Montague's History of Randolph County, Illinois : Nevin's Black Robes; Irving's Astoria; Me- moirs of Elkhart and St. Joseph Counties ; Indiana Legislative and State Manual; Per- kins' Annals of the West: Roosevelt's Win- ning of the West.
Baker's St. Joseph-Kankakee Portage; Bartlett's Tales of Kankakee Land: Bart- lett & Lyon's La Salle in the Valley of the
St. Joseph; Charlevoix' Travels in North America; Thompson's Stories of Indiana; McDonald's Menominee; Campbell's Report on the Drainage of the Kankakee; Farmer's Map of the Territory of Michigan.
Records of : The Board of Commissioners of St. Joseph County; the St. Joseph Cir- cuit Court; the St. Joseph Probate Court; the St. Joseph Court of Common Pleas; the County Recorder's Office; the Boards of Trustees and Common Councils of South Bend and Mishawaka, and the Annual Pub- lications of both cities.
Historical Papers by David R. Leeper, Richard H. Lyon, George A. Baker. Charles Albert McDonald, Miss Ethel Montgomery, Mrs. Esse B. Dakin, Charles Arthur Carlisle, Ernest P. Bicknell, Jacob P. Dunn, Daniel McDonald, Miller Guy, Arthur Joseph Stace.
Reminiscences of Daniel Greene, Hugh V. Compton, Mrs. Marion B. Van Pelt, Thomas S. Stanfield, Jesse Haines, Lucius Hubbard, Mrs. R. J. Pidge, Granville Woolman, Wil- liam D. Bulla, John Stull.
Bartlett's Dictionary of Americanisms: The Century Cyclopedia of Names.
Dunn's Father Gibault: Hodgin's Nam- ing of Indiana; Dunn's Hoosier; Nicholson's Hoosiers ; Finley's Hoosier's Nest : Philothea.
Newspapers, periodicals and other similar publications : The Northwestern Pioneer: The St. Joseph Beacon: The St. Joseph Val- ley Register: The South Bend Times; The South Bend Tribune: The South Bend Sun- day News; The New Carlisle Gazette; The Indianapolis Journal; The Indianapolis News; The Indianapolis Sentinel ; the Indian- apolis Star: The New York Catholic Review : The Christian Advocate: The Baltimore Mir- ror: The Chicago Herald; The Chieago Trib- une ; The Cassopolis Democrat: The Waterloo Press: The Indianian ; Donahue's Maga- zine; Turner's Gazetteer of the St. Joseph Valley : Turner's Annuals and Directories ; South Bend City Directories: Intercollegiate Law Journal; The Notre Dame Scholastie ; The Notre Dame Silver Jubilee; The Notre Dame Golden Jubilee: Alerding's Diocese of Fort Wayne: A Story of Fifty Years: The Brothers of the Holy Cross.
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THE
NE ICH1 PUBLIC Aster, Lenox ano Tilden Foundations. 1900
HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH COUNTY
CHAPTER I.
TOPOGRAPIIY.
I. LOCATION AND GENERAL FEATURES.
St. Joseph County, Indiana, is the middle county of the northernmost tier of counties of the state. To the east, in order, are the counties of Elkhart, LaGrange and Steuben ; to the west, those of LaPorte, Porter and Lake. On the south are the counties of Marshall and Starke; and on the north is Berrien county, in the state of Michigan. The northern part of the county is in the valley of the St. Joseph, and the southern part in the valley of the Kankakee. From a tiny lake on the summit between the two valleys, and within the corporate limits of the city of South Bend, by a little stream known as Me- Cartney's Creek, the waters flow to the north- ward and into the St. Joseph River, and so finally reach the Gulf of St. Lawrence. From a point a little to the south of the same Sum- mit Lake, sometimes called LaSalle Lake, and also Stanfield Lake, the waters flow to the southward and form the source of the Kanka- kee river, and so, by the Illinois and the Mississippi, reach the Gulf of Mexico. Before reaching South Bend, the St. Joseph also flows in a southwesterly direction through Michigan and Indiana. At South Bend the river turns abruptly north, and flows thenee into Lake Michigan.
II. RELATION OF THE ST. JOSEPH TO THE KANΚΑΚΕΕ.
In a learned and exceedingly interesting paper read before the Northern Indiana IIis- torical Society,a Dr. Hugh T. Montgomery of South Bend shows very clearly, from an exam- ination of the geological formations extending from Lake Huron and Saginaw Bay, follow- ing the valleys of the St. Joseph and Kanka- kee, that those two great valleys were orig- inally one; and that, at a remote period, the waters of Saginaw Bay flowed through sonth- western Michigan and northwestern Indiana, reaching the Mississippi by way of the Illinois River. The broad flood plain marked out in geological ages, and through which flowed the mighty stream, called by Dr. Montgomery the Great Kankakee, may still be traced over the whole region from Saginaw Bay to the Mis- sissippi, passing through the heart of St. Joseph county.
III. THE GLACIAL DRIFT.
With the exception of the river bottoms and certain high and rolling ground in, places along the St. Joseph and the Kankakee, the general surface of St. Joseph county, like that of the adjacent parts of Indiana and Michi-
a. "The Glacial Phenomenon as exhibited in Northern Indiana and Southern Michigan."
1
2.
HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPHI COUNTY.
gan, consists of level or prairie lands ; the av- erage elevation in St. Joseph county being about 875 feet above the sea. The soil, which is exceedingly fertile, is composed chiefly of sand or gravel, clay and loam, with some muck in the Kankakee bottoms. The geo- logical formation is glacial drift, which here lies about two hundred feet in thickness over the bed roek.
This formation, and its origin, are well deseribed by Prof. S. S. Gorby, in the state geological report for the year 1886. The northern half of Indiana, he says. consists of a generally level plain, broken slightly by oc- casional long, low and broad ridges that form the divides between the various water courses. Almost the whole of this region is covered by vast aceumulations of transported mate- rial, consisting of sand, gravel, bowlders and clay. The general term applied to this ae- eumulated material is "drift," a term which well indieates its origin. Large volumes of flowing water, and immense masses of slowly moving iee, are recognized as the agents that transported and deposited these vast aeeumu- lations of drift. The uninterrupted flow of great volumes of water, and the continued movement of immense masses of ice through long periods of time, resulted in the wearing away of large portions of the original roeks. In some locations the erosions have amounted to hundreds of feet. Whatever elevations had previously occurred in the northern part of the state were leveled by advancing glaciers and flowing waters, and the sites of ancient hills and mountains are now covered by accumulations of the glacial period.
IV. GLACIAL ACTION OVER NORTHERN INDIANA.
In the same volume of geologieal reports the gifted Maurice Thompson has given us a fascinating story of the glacial deposits of northern Indiana. From his account we con- dense the following statement, indicating the forces that brought about the present condi- tion of the surface and soils of St. Joseph
county, and showing the origin of our streams. lakes and underground waters.
It has been clearly demonstrated, says Mr. Thompson, that ice in the form of a glacier, no matter how rigid it may appear, has a current similar to that of water. In other words, ice will form a solid stream, so to speak, which will slowly but steadily ereep down an inelined plane, and if this iee-stream be very deep, so as to give it great weight, it will overthrow, grind up and bear away whatever obstacle opposes it. Glaeiers are formed by the accumulation of snow, which, by pressure and erystalization, is turned into ice. Thus, wherever the snowfall in winter is greater than can be melted in summer. the snow grows deeper year by year until at length by its own weight, and by partial sur- faee melting, it is compressed into a sheet of ice enormously thick. Now if the surface upon which this sheet rests is inclined, the ice flows and we have a glacier. In the Alps there are glaciers from five hundred to over six hundred feet in vertical depth, slowly flowing down the mountain sides. But it does not require steep mountain slopes for the making of glaeiers; a comparatively gentle inelination of the surface of the ground is sufficient if the ice be thick enough and other conditions be favorable to motion. The gen- eral form of a glacier is that of a wedge, the edge resting on the lowest point of the surface occupied and the thick end resting on the highest point of the same. Of course the motion of a glacial stream will be in some proportion to the slope of this surface, but the thickness of the great end of the wedge must have much to do with the force of the current.
It is well to bear in mind that the ice of glaciers is not identical with ice frozen under ordinary circumstances, nor is the one equiv- alent to the other. Snow compressed into a mass of glacier iee is not perfeetly crystal- line and solid, but peculiarly laminated and porous in its texture, capable of absorbing at times a great quantity of water through-
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HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPHI COUNTY.
out its body, thus admitting of expansion by the very force of congelation. Moreover, the smallest movement of this sort repeated, at comparatively long intervals, during count- less centuries, would thrust a body of ice, no matter how thick, over a long surface dis- tance. Long and careful study of the phe- nomena of existing glaciers has resulted in establishing not only the flowing motion of ice, but many of the effects produced thereby, one of the most notable being the moraine matter brought down to the glacier's ter- minus, or collected along its sides. These masses of moraine matter consist of worn and striated fragments of stone, of all sizes, from giant bowlders down to tiny pebbles and in- finitesimal grains of sand, together with earthy matter of great variety. A body of this character collected at the foot of a glacier is called a terminal moraine ; if at the glacier's side it is called a lateral moraine.
A striking and easily recognized feature of moraine bowlders and pebbles, of whatever size, is the peculiar surface-planing caused by the glacier having dragged or pushed them over other stone surfaces, or the like. These ground and seratched faces. once seen and fixed in the memory, serve to identify glacier stones wherever found, whether the stones be bowlders, pebbles or rocks in places over which the glacier has passed. Indeed, the floor upon which an ice-river has flowed is always engraved with the unmistakable sign manual of the glacier-fine striae paral- lel with the direction of the current. The movement of a glacier may, and often does, load the ice-surface with stones, dust and other detritus, either by ploughing under the same, or by receiving them as they fall from the slopes on the side.
At the close of what geologists call the Tertiary age, there came a great change in the earth's atmospheric temperature, by which a large part of the northern hemisphere was subjected to a frigidity quite as great, per- haps, as that which now exists in the aretie regions. This polar condition crept on slowly
until at length the desolation of almost un- broken snow and ice reigned supreme. What length of time was required to bring about this climatic change can only be conjectured. Enough evidence appears, however, to make it quite certain that a sub-tropical tempera- ture, and a fauna and flora supported there- by, were banished from our hemisphere. while a boreal winter set its grip of ice upon every- thing. Snow accumulated year by year, and century by century, until its own weight compressed the mass into glaciers of scarcely imaginable thiekness and area, and beside which the ice-fields of Greenland are insig- nificant. As the winter grew colder and colder, the summer grew feebler, and there is plenty of evidence showing that a boreal fauna and flora crept far southward to usurp the places of those animals and plants that had formerly flourished in a balmy air and a warm, kind soil.
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