USA > Indiana > Biographical and historical cyclopedia of Indiana and Armstrong counties, Pennsylvania > Part 43
USA > Pennsylvania > Armstrong County > Biographical and historical cyclopedia of Indiana and Armstrong counties, Pennsylvania > Part 43
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The question of slack water navigation on the Allegheny river has recently received some discussion, as also that of re-opening the old line of water communication between Pitts- burgh and the east.
The Great Civil War .- Armstrong county was prompt in her response to Abraham Lincoln's call for troops when the Union flag went down on Sumter's shattered walls. On April 18, 1861, Capt. Sirwell left with a company of one hundred and fourteen men for the seat of war, and four days later another company left which was followed in a short time by a company from Apollo, under Captain (afterwards General) S. M. Jackson. Camp Orr was soon established on the fair grounds above Kittanning, where the 78th and 103d regiments were recruited and drilled. The 78th, commanded by Col. William Sirwell, left camp on October 14, 1861, and the 103d, under Col. T. F. Lchman, went to the front on February 24, 1862. Citizens of Arm- strong county served in considerable numbers in the 8th, 9th and 11th Pennsylvania Reserves, the 2d cavalry and 62d, 78th, 103d, 139th, 155th, 159th (14th cavalry), and 204th (Fifth ยท artillery) regiments, Pennsylvania Volunteers. The county was also represented in forty-five
other Pennsylvania regiments. According to an accurate calculation of Col. Sirwell, Arm- strong county furnished three thousand six hun- dred and fifty-two men to the Union armies during the war. Over fifty-seven thousand dollars were paid from the county treasury for relief of soldiers' families, and thirty-three thou- sand dollars were paid for bounties.
Religious .- In 1802 there were two (Presby- terian) churches on the west side of the Alle- gheny river, and sixteen years later Sunday- schools were organized. By 1850 the churches had increased to sixty-five in number. In 1876 there were in the county over one hundred churches, of which twenty-nine were Lutheran, twenty-four Presbyterian, nineteen Methodist Episcopal, thirteen United Presbyterian, twelve Reformed, ten Baptist, some German Baptist and several Catholic. The Armstrong County Bible society was formed September 15, 1828.
Educational .- Armstrong had as good sub- scription schools from 1800 to 1838 as any of the western counties of Pennsylvania, and her public schools since 1838 have continually in- creased in number and efficiency, until now they will compare favorably with the schools of any county in the State. Of the early teachers and schools, Superintendent A. D. Glenn, in his valu- able centennial school sketch of the county, states that he could obtain but little information. Teachers' institutes were held as early as 1856, and the first county institute was held in April, 1858. The Dayton Soldiers' Orphan school was opened November 1, 1866, with Rev. T. M. Elder as principal. The following academies in the county were opened at the dates: Kit- tanning academy, 1820 (ceased 1866) ; Freeport academy, 1836; Glade Run academy, Novem- ber 1, 1851; Dayton Union academy, April, 1852; Leechburg academy, 1855 (burned down 1876); and Elderton academy, 1864. Slate Lick classical institute began its work in 1865, and Plum Creek Normal school ran from 1874 to 1877, while Doeville seminary was a useful
319
ARMSTRONG COUNTY.
institution for several years. Lambeth college was incorporated by the court in December, 1868, and existed until 1876. In May, 1868, Columbia university (a continuation of Kittan- ning university) was opened at Kittanning, but in two years was closed.
Journalism .- The first paper in the county was The Western Eagle, which was estab- lished at Kittanning, by Capt. James Alex- ander, on September 20, 1810. Twenty-three years later William Badger issued the Olive Branch, at Freeport, and November 6, 1835, the first number of the Lacon was issued at Apollo. The Leechburg Enterprise was estab- lished in 1873 and the Dayton News made its appearance on November 10, 1882. The present press of the county comprises the follow- ing weekly papers: Armstrong Democrat and Sentinel, Armstrong Republican, County Stand- ard, Globe, Times and Union Free Press, of Kittanning; Herald, of Apollo; News, of Day- ton ; Journal, of Freeport; Advance, of Leechburg, and Phenix, of Parker City.
The Bar .- The Arinstrong county bar com- pares favorably with the bars of the other counties of western Pennsylvania, and will re- ceive more extended mention in the history of Kittanning.
Medical Profession .- The medical profession is well represented in Armstrong county and its prominent members will receive mention in the borough and town histories.
Political History .- In place of township and county elections, we give the vote of the county cast at every Presidential election since the people have had the right to vote for president :
Popular Vote of Armstrong County at Presidential Elections from 1824 to 1888.
1824. Republican . . Andrew Jackson 286
Coalition . . John Q. Adams 16 Republican . . William H. Crawford . 6 Republican . . Henry Clay 1
1828. Democratic . . Andrew Jackson 1,133
Nat. Rep., . . John Q. Adams 169
1832. Democratic . . Andrew Jackson . 1,437
Anti-Masonic . William Wirt 429
1836. Democratic . . Martin Van Buren . . 1,528
Whig. . William H. Harrison . . 1,014
1840. Democratic . . Martin Van Buren . . 1,744
Whig. . William H. Harrison . . 1,260
Liberty . . James G. Birney
1844. Democratic . . James K. Polk . 1,983
Whig . Henry Clay 1,453
Liberty . . James G. Birney . 38
1848. Democratic . . Lewis Cass .
2,126
Whig . Zachary Taylor . 2,030
Free Soil . . . Martin Van Buren 141
1852. Democratic . . Franklin Pierce 2,430
Whig . . . . . Winfield Scott 2,093 Free Dem., . . John P. Hale . 142
1856. Republican . . John C. Fremont 2,963
Democratic . . James Buchanan, 2,680 American . . . Millard Fillmore 188
1860. Republican . . Abraham Lincoln .
3,355
Democratic . . John C. Breckinridge 2,108 50
Cons't Union . John Bell . Ind. Dem. . . Stephen A. Douglas 5
1864. Republican . . Abraham Lincoln . 3,526 Democratic . . George B. McClellan 3,331
1868. Republican . . Ulysses S. Grant 4,082
Democratic . . Horatio Seymour 3,412
1872. Republican . . Ulysses S. Grant 4,297
Dem. & Lib. . Horace Greeley 2,078
Democratic . . Charles O'Connor. Temperance. . James Black
1876. Republican . . Rutherford B. Hayes . . 4,613 Democratic . . Samuel J. Tilden . 3,821
Prohibition . . Green Clay Smith . 19
Greenback . . Peter Cooper . 1
1880. Republican . . James A. Garfield . 4,721
Democratic . . Winfield. S. Hancock . . 3,991 Greenback . . James B. Weaver . 375
Prohibition . . Neal Dow . ,0
1884. Republican . . James G. Blaine 4,685
Democratic . . Grover Cleveland . 3,591
Prohibition . . John P. St. John . 275
Greenback . . Benjamin F. Butler . 156
1888. Republican . . Benjamin Harrison 5,030
Democratic . . Grover Cleveland . 3,763 Prohibition . . Clinton B. Fisk . 193
Greenback . . Alson J. Streeter 14
Census Statistics .- Population of Armstrong county at each census from 1800 to 1890: 1800, 2,399 ; 1810, 6,143; 1820, 10,324; 1830, 17,701; 1840, 28,365; 1850, 29,560; 1860,
320
GEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL SKETCH OF
35,797; 1870, 43,382; 1880, 47,641; 1890,
Colored population from 1800 to 1890 : 1800, 0; 1810, 4; 1820, 42; 1830, 96; 1840, 112; 1850, 129; 1860, 178; 1870, 179; 1880, 278; 1890, -
By the census of 1820 there were in Arm- strong county : 1,146 spinning-wheels, 244 looms, 1 fulling-mill, 4 hatteries, manufac- turing 1000 hats; 1 nailery, making 2,500 pounds of nails; 16 blacksmith shops, doing $8,000 worth of work; 21 distilleries, making 63,000 gallons of liquor ; 4 potteries, 29 wheat- mills, grinding 87,000 bushels of wheat; 11 saw-mills, cutting 550,000 feet of lumber. There were in the county 1,821 horses and 4,689 neat cattle.
By the census reports of 1880 Armstrong county had 4,026 farms, containing 378,960 acres. In 1879 the following amounts of grain were raised from the number of acres given :
Grain.
Acres.
Bushels.
Buckwheat.
7,713
87,935
Rye .
9,535
79,165
Oats.
31,370
749,437
Corn
24,684
753,509
Wheat .
27,967
228,743
There were 3,463 acres of meadow which yielded 27,878 tons of hay and also five acres of tobacco which made a yield of 2,730 pounds of that article. There were in the county 10,342 horses, 14,159 milch cows, 18,272 other cattle, 34,814 sheep and 30,975 swine. There were two hundred manufacturing establish- ments with an invested capital of nearly $2,000,000 and employing over 1,000 hands.
Population of Minor Civil Divisions of. Arm- strong County, from 1850 to 1880.
Township or Borough
1850.
1860.
1870.
1880.
Allegheny.
2,506
2,406
2,539
Apollo.
331
449
764
1,156
Kittanning (bor.).
309
318
526
702
Sugar Creek
1,113
1,482
1,873
1,852
Bethel
......
......
871
Red Bank
943
2,042
1,660
3,078
..
......
......
589
Kiskiminetas.
2,430
2,080
1,728
1,698
Kittanning (bor.)
1,561
1,696
1,889
2,624
Kittanning.
1,175
1,237
1,504
1 681
Leechburg.
359
368
1,123
Madison.
1,151
1,440
1,621
1,950
Mahoning
...
1,446
1,402
1,930
Manor
775
1,210
1,071
1,508
Manorville
..
....
330
327
North Buffalo
916
1,175
1,057
1,216
Parker City
.....
.....
1,835
Parks
715
Perry
799
991
3,877
1,309
Pin
3,849
1,521
1,642
728
Plum Creek
2,215
1,817
1,738
1,996
Queenstown
119
201
217
Red Bank.
1,980
1,305 .
1,341
1,667
South Bend.
1,266
1,571
1,633
1,151
South Buffalo.
1,266
1,571
1,633
1,715
Sugar Creek.
1,688
1,101
1,023
1,018
Valley
1,552
1,821
1,861
Washington
988
1,180
1,489
Wayne.
1,348
1,576
2,028
1,567
West Franklin
......
213
1,098
1,129
Worthington.
.....
213
216
186
Allegheny township and Aladin borough have passed out of existence and the census returns of 1890 could not be obtained at this writing.
Population of Early Townships from 1810 to 1840.
1810.
1820.
1830.
1840.
Pine.
...
......
1,227
Kittanning.
1,197
976
1,629
1,323
Buffalo
1,150
1,597
2,458
1,820
Clarion
...
..
2,067
2,239
Toby.
611
1,156
1,362
1,829
Perry
853
1,112
Aladin
..
......
..
...
Township or Borough
1850.
1860.
1870.
1880.
Boggs.
....
....
1,010
Brady's Bend.
2,325
1,890
3,619
2,340
Burrell
833
964
1,047
Cowanshannock ...
1,318
1,964
2,246
2,611
Dayton.
......
......
...
579
East Franklin
......
......
1,451
1,695
Elderton
196
235
299
Freeport
1,073
1,691
1,640
1,614
Gilpin.
......
......
......
-
. .
..
....
....
49
1,190
Hovey.
321
ARMSTRONG COUNTY.
1810.
1820.
1830.
1810.
Plum Creek
1,340
1,456
2,216
Allegheny
820
1,413
2,966
1,839
Wayne.
878
1,875
Monroe
..
....
1,151
Madison
......
......
1,305
Franklin
......
.....
......
1,713
Villages and Population, 1880.
Atwood.
.(Cowanshannock) .. 149
Brady's Bend.
.(Brady's Bend). .1010
Buffalo.
(West Franklin).
77
Clayton or Girty
.(South Bend) 44
Clinton
(South Buffalo) 127
Cowansville
(East Franklin).
77
Craigsville
(West Franklin). 106
Deanville.
(Madison) 69
Duncanville.
(Madison)
30
Eddyville.
(Red Bank). 52
Kellersburg
(Madison) 58
Laneville
(South Buffalo)
206
Meenanville.
(South Buffalo) 52
Milton
(Red Bank). 100
Mt. Tabor ..
.(Red Bank) 23
Mouth of Mahon (Pine) 146
New Salem
(Red Bank). 80
North Freedom
(Red Bank).
144
Rimerton.
(Madison) 127
Rural Valley
(Cowanshannock) 183
South Bend.
(South Bend). 54
Stewartson's Furnace .. (Pine)
299
Templeton
(Pine) 163
Watersonville.
(Washington). 144
Whitesburg
(Plum Creek) 60
...
Oil excitement .- The northwestern part of the county lies in the " Lower Oil Fields " and the belt of the Third Oil sand crosses the Alle- gheny river from Clarion county, above Parker City, stretching thence across Hovey township into Butler county. The "Fourth sand " belt trending nearly east and west is at Brady's Bend. South from this locality and across the Brady's Bend anticlinal no oil has yet been discovered, either at the horizon of the " Third " or "Fourth " sands, or at any other horizon within a distance of two thousand feet below the surface. It would therefore appear that the oil-producing area is confined to the region west of the Brady's Bend anticlinal axis.
We quote concerning the first oil well in the county from Henry's " History of Petroleum " :
" In the winter of 1864-65 the oil excitements of the upper and lower Oil creek regions were at their height, and Mr. William D. Robinson - very earnestly conceived the idea that oil depos- its existed in the region of his third of a 'cen- tury's residence. He had examined and care- fully noted the then generally received opinion of 'surface indications,' and soon reached the conviction that oil could be found there. He purchased thirty-six acres of the old homestead farm, lying on the Allegheny river and now forming a portion of Parker's Landing. This thirty-six acres of land he made the basis of a stock company. In the spring of 1865 he com- menced his first well under the auspices of this company, and this was the first oil well drilled at Parker's Landing. The embarrassment at- tending the first effort to find oil at Parker's Landing may be estimated by those familiar with new territory. All the machinery for the new well had to be boated from Pittsburgh or Oil City, and there was neither derrick nor de- velopment between these two points, fifty and sixty miles from a machine shop, if a break occurred. Pittsburgh, Oil City, or Titusville, were the nearest points for repairs. It required the entire summer of 1865-nearly six months -to complete this well. In October, 1865, the sand pump brought up the unmistakable evidence of a ' third ' sand, or oil rock. The well was tubed and started off at about ten barrels per day."
Progress and Development .- In the history of the territory of Armstrong county, the pioneer period of 1781 to 1800 was a war period full of dangers from the Indians. From 1800 to 1825 was a period of great improvement. The single- story round-log cabin of the frontier, standing in a deadened clearing, had been succeeded by the respectable two-story hewn-log house, sur- rounded by cultivated fields and waving grain. The bridle-path and pack-horse road had been
322
GEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL SKETCH OF
transformed into the more commodious emi- grant road, which had in turn given place to county and State pikes; while the hand-mill and tub-mill were replaced with the water-power . grist-mill. During the days of the pack-saddle paths and early roads the necessaries of life commanded high prices, a bushel of salt being worth four dollars, and a pound of iron twelve cents. Luxuries commanded extravagant fig- ures ; a pound of coffee sold for a dollar, and a yard of calico for half that amount.
From 1825 to 1860 was the period of char- coal iron manufacture, during which time also the salt industry was developed and reached the height of its prosperity. Substantial stone and good brick dwellings succeeded the hewed log houses, and the Allegheny Valley R. R. was built during the latter years of this period. The devel- opment inaugurated by the building of railroads and the introduction of coke as a fuel in the manufacture of iron was checked in 1861 when the late civil war commenced. During that great struggle the sons of Armstrong county won for themselves, under McClellan, Sherman, Sheridan and Grant, a highly honorable and imperishable war record. About the close of the war came the oil excitement, which was fol- lowed some ten years by an era of railroad building which will not be completed until the great coal, iron ore and fire-clay beds of the county are fully developed.
The old log subscription school-house, whichi also answered for a preaching-place, has long since disappeared, but, in its stead, on every hill and in every valley, the spire and dome of church and school appear, indexing the upward tendencies and onward progress of the age.
Armstrong is one of the richest mineral counties in the Union, its great coal beds average four feet in extent and underlie almost the entire surface of the county, while a very rich deposit of cannel coal nine feet thick is within its borders. Limestone, building-rock and roofing slate with traces of lead are found
in the northern part where salt-water, oil and natural gas are to be obtained. Iron-ore, limestone and fire-clay are abundant in almost every section of the county and valuable beds of mineral paint are said to exist in some of the townships. The county, while wonderfully rich in minerals, is not backwards in agriculture, for it possesses a productive soil and ranks as one of the foremost agricultural counties of the State.
The growth of its manufacturing interests has been commensurate with the development of its material resources. The Kittanning rolling- mill, the sheet-iron and carbonized steel mills of P. Laufman & Co., of Apollo, and the rolling-mill at Leechburg are leading iron in- dusties of the State as well as of Armstrong county.
The Graff and the Rumberger woolen-mills on Buffalo creek will compare favorably with the woolen manufacturing establishments of any section of the State; while Reese's silica fire- brick works and the Wick China-ware potteries of Kittanning are the largest works of their kind to be found in the United States. Rock quarries, cement beds and glass sand deposits exist in many places throughout the county. The coke industry is in its infancy, but will soon attain to respectable dimensions through the labors of Capt. Albert Hicks and other public-spirited and progressive citizens. A detailed account of all these resources and in- dustries will be found in the township histories.
Miscellaneous .- " Gen. Armstrong purchased from the proprietors of the then Province of Pennsylvania 5563 acres with the usual allow- ances. The tract was surveyed to him by virtue of a proprietary letter to the secretary, dated May 29, 1771, on November 5, 1794. The patent for that tract bears date March 23, 1775. It is thus described: 'A certain tract of land called Victory, containing five hundred and fifty-six and one-half acres and the usual allow- ances, including the Indian town and settle-
-
ARMSTRONG COUNTY.
323
ment called Kittanning.' That tract of land, with other property, was devised by the will of Gen. Armstrong, proven July 25, 1797, to his two sons, John and James."
The Armstrong county Bible society was formed at the court-house on Monday, Septem- ber 15, 1828, when Thomas Hamilton was chosen president and James E. Brown, secre- tary. In 1841 it made an effort to distribute Bibles and Testaments in every township and during the Centennial year it sought to supply every family in the county with a Bible.
In 1850 Armstrong county had: grist-mills, 21; saw-mills, 13; salt-boiling establishments, 12; carpentering and building establishments, 5; manufactories of brick, 9; manufactories of tin and sheet-iron ware, 3; manufactories of woolen fabrics, 3; manufactories of nails, 1; rolling-mills, 2; furnaces for making iron, 6; iron foundries, 2; tanneries, 8.
" At a Court of General Quarter Sessions of the Peace, held at Robert Hanna's, Esquire, for the county of Westmoreland, the sixth day of April, in the thirteenth year of the reign of our Sovereign Lord, George the third, by the grace of God, of Great Britain, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, etc. And in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and seventy-three, before William Crawford, Esquire, and his associate justices of the same court.
"The court proceeded to divide the said county into the following townships by the limits and descriptions hereinafter following, viz .:
"Fairfield . .. Donegal ... Huntingdon ... Mount Pleasant . . . Hempfield ... Pitt Tyrone . . . Spring Hill ... Manallan ... Ros- traver ... Armstrong. Beginning where the line of the county crosses the Conemach"- nearly midway between the Conemaugh Fur- nace and Sang Hollow, on the Pennsylvania Railroad-"then running with that river to the line of Fairfield, along that line to the Loyal Haunon, then down the Loyal Haunon and the 20
Kiskiminetas to the Allegheny, then up the Al- legheny to the Kittanning, then with a straight line to the head-waters of Two Lick or Black Lick creek, and thence with a straight line to the beginning. "
The Holland Land company owned large tracts of land in Armstrong county, as well as in Indiana and other counties of Pennsylvania, and its history will be found on page 66 of this work.
In 1828 Armstrong county paid $3625 for the scalps of wolves and panthers that were killed within the borders of the county.
The Pensioners for Revolutionary and Mili- tary services in Armstrong county in 1840 were: Peter Yungst, Daniel Davis, Addy An- derson, David Shields, John Brown, Thomas Meredith, Henry Davis, Sarah Smith, James McCaine, James Buchanan, Martha Stone, Jo- seph Evcret, Gideon Gibson, Hugh Callen, Sr., Samuel Austin, John Wilson, Sr., Mary Soli- day, Isaac Steel, Sr., Daniel Gould, Ezekiel Lewis, Manassas McFadden, Joseph McDonald, Henry Reefer, William Hill, Samuel Murphy, Margaret Laughrey, Jolin Sipe, Eleanor Ray- burn, Andrew Daugherty, Killian Briney, John Davis, Sr., Michael Hartinan, Sarah Williard, Michael Truby, James Walker, Thomas Tay- lor, Robert Patrick, Sr.
The Pennsylvania canal entered Arm- strong county nine miles above Apollo, and crossed the Kiskiminetas to its north bank, which it followed to the Allegheny, and cross- ing the latter river by an aqueduct, followed the Allegheny for one and one-half miles below Freeport, where it left the county. The Indi- ana and Kittanning turnpike runs northwest through the county to the Butler county line.
The timber of the county is black, red, white and rock oak, chestnut, hickory, ash, walnut, sugar maple, elm and cherry.
By Act of Assembly, March 12, 1800, the county-scat was to be located not farther than five miles from "Old Kittanning Town, " and
324
GEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL SKETCH OF ARMSTRONG COUNTY.
John Craig, James Sloan and James Barr were appointed trustees to receive the title for the land for the public buildings. In 1803, James Matthews and Alexander Walker were appointed in place of Craig and Barr, and Walker having declined to act, it devolved upon Sloan and Matthews to locate the county-seat and organize the county. They selected the present site of Kittanning, and on December 17, 1804, received a deed for 150 acres of Gen. Armstrong's "Victory" tract from his sons, Dr. James and John Armstrong. This land was given by the Armstrongs in view of enhancing the value of the remainder of their tract.
Armstrong was attached to Westmoreland county for several years after its organization. It was organized for judicial purposes in 1805, and the first court was held in a log house on the site of the Reynolds house in Kittanning, with Samuel Roberts as president and James Barr, Robert Orr and George Ross as associate judges.
The scenery of the Allegheny Valley is so beautiful and impressive, as to have received high praise at the hands of Bayard Taylor, Dom Pedro and other noted travelers, who have passed over the Allegheny Valley Rail- road.
In 1818 there were only two post-offices in the county and seventy years later (1888) the following offices were in the county :
Adams, Adrian, Apollo, Arnold, Atwood, Barnard's, Belknap, Blanco, Blanket Hill, Brady's Bend, Brattonville, Bryan, Cochran's Mills, Cowansville, Craigsville, Dayton, Dean- ville, Dime, Eclio, Eddyville, Elderton, Foster's Mills, Freeport, Girty, Goheenville, Gosford,
Greendale, Kaylor, Kellersburg, Kelley's Sta- tion, Kittanning (c. h.), Leechburg, Logans- port, Long Run, McHadden, McVill, McWil- liams, Mahoning, Manorville, Muff, North Buffalo, North Freedom, Oakland, Oak Ridge Station, Olivet, Parker's Landing, Phoenix, Pierce, Putneyville, Queenstown, Rimer, Ross- ton, Rural Valley, Schenley Station, Shady Plain, Sherrett, Slate Lick, South Bend, Spring Church, Sydney, Templeton, Top, Walkchalk, West Valley, Whitesburg, Widnoon, Worthing- on.
In 1820 there were 20 stores in the county, which had increased to 79 in number in 1840. In 1876 there were 358 wholesale and retail dealers on the mercantile appraisers' list.
The Armstrong county Agricultural society was organized in 1855, and existed until 1857, when it went out of existence after it held two very successful fairs.
By resolutions of Congress two surveys of the Allegheny river have been made: one in 1829 and the other in 1837.
In 1863 the first telegraph line was erected, and now telegraph lines extend along every railroad.
As Armstrong county is rapidly nearing the. threshold of the second century of her exist- ence as a political division of Pennsylvania, let not her people forget the obligations which rest upon them as individuals, to do each his part in the future, to secure the continued prosperity of their county and the happiness of their fellow- citizens. Let the people of Armstrong county rejoice in their arts and industries, in their fields and mines, in their homes, their schools, their churches, and, above all, in their Christian civilization.
Samuel Wiley
BIOGRAPHIES OF ARMSTRONG COUNTY.
KITTANNING.
Historical and Descriptive .- Kittanning is tanning. The town was laid out iu 1803, by one of the most important centres of trade and Judge George Ross, was incorporated in 1821. industry in the Allegheny Valley, as well as being one of the most attractive towns of western Pennsylvania. Around its site and name cling romantic memories of Indian and Revolu- tionary times.
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