History of Henry County, Indiana, Part 2

Author:
Publication date: 1884
Publisher: Chicago: Inter-State Pub. Co.
Number of Pages: 996


USA > Indiana > Henry County > History of Henry County, Indiana > Part 2


Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).


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Mellett, J. H. 770 Painter, D. M. .599


Ice, E. T.


764


Mellett, L. L. 771


Mendenhall, E. T. 504


Mendenhall, Isaac. 504


Mendenhall, J. O. 668


Me-sick, D. A. 552 Michaels, Milton 77%


Miller, Adam 8:1


Miller, A. S. 597


Miller, F. B 772


Mitchell, John 822


Mitchell, L. P 374


Modlin, Alcander. 508


Modlin, L. W.


509


Kilmer, Daniel. 848 Modlin, Wm. E. 732


Kinsey, D. W 497


Modlin, Wm. H. 669


Modlin, W. W. 509


Kissel, William 498 Moffitt, J. A. 824


Koons, Benjamin F. 550


Kutz, David. 728


Lamb, Miles. 666


Lamb, Phineas 667


Leaky, A. B .. 7:8


Lennard, A. W 499


Lennard, G. W. 367 888


Lewis, Edmund.


Lewis, J. M 667


Lewis, J. T. :69


Lewis, Washington 889


Lindamood, Enos 596


Lindamood, John 820


Littleton, Levi.


Littleton, Thomas 849


Livezey, Isaac 769 Mullen, Thomas 512


Livezey, W. C


Loer, James


Lowe, George. 500


Lowery, J. H. 500 Murphy, William 513


Ludwig, Rev. J. B 501


Luther, W. J. B 850


Macy, Solomon 820


Macy, Wm. A.


627


Macy, Wm. R.


849


Hernly, C. S ..


Kirk, J. W. 645


Mills, James


889


Hazelton, H. D 760


Keesling, W. H. 596


Kendall, Cyrus 666


Kent, E. L. 727


Kerr, T. C 848


Kerr, Wm. M 426


Moore, Rev. A. H 509


Moore, C. P. 552


Hickman, J. L.


Julian, Shubal. 665


Millikin, William 628


Kahn, Ed .. 496 Mills, Alonzo. 570


Hume, William 492


Hunt, T. B .. 727


Nation, Abel. 421


CONTENTS.


Peed, E. H 517


Ross, Wm. J. . 781


Veach, Jonathan 784


Peed, J. R 518


Rudy, R. B. 532


Vestal, F. J. 539


Peirce, Andrew .853


Runyan, John. 735


Vestal, M. M. .539


Pence, C. P. .518 Runyan, Thomas 735


Vickrey, D. L. 831


Perdieu, C. C. 519


Rutledge, John. 706


Walker, J. S 539


Personett, Alex


704


Saint, A. W 898


Waltz, Daniel. .911


Personett, Daniel


671


Saint, Exum. 371


Warner, N. W. 711


Warner, Rollin 375


Phelps, C. A 520


Sanders, C. C.


602


Waters, J. L.


785


Phelps, Elias. .671


540


Phelps, Ezekiel. 520


Sears, T. M ..


556


Watis, Harry 900


901


Phelps, T. C. 672


Shaffer, Peter.


678


Wayman, A. R


540


Pickering, Mrs. Catherine ... 601


Shane, G. W 707


Weaver, C. C ... 575


Pickering, David .... .672


Shawhan, E. H. 736


Weaver, John. 902


Pickering, Jonas 673


Shelley, Lewis 533


Weeks, Joseph. 608


Pickering, Jonas 673


Sherry, J. W


534


Weesner, Jehu 679


Pidgeon, W. C. 854


Shirk, Benjamin. 534


Welsh J. H 608


Shively, Wm. T .. 782


Shopp, H. L. 535


Weston, A. M. 712


Polk, R. H.


521


Showalter, Anderson 602


Showalter, Joseph


909


Whistler, J. L 679


Porch, R. F. 826


Showers, G. W


708


Powell, C. C.


521


Powell, H. L


.52


Smeltzer, Wm. H. 737


White, J. H.


635


Powell, John 522


Smith, Charles


571


White, Lilburn


833


Powell, S. T 365


Smith, Jackson


572


White, R. P


636


Smith, Manning. 782


White, T. N.


636


Powers. J. A


775


Smith, N. G 630


White. W. S.


637


Powers, J. S


775


Smith, Richard.


737


Whiteley, R. H.


833


Powers, R. H.


776


Smith, R. A ...


Whitesell, J. M


903


Pressel, John. 734


Smith, Sarah M 631


Whitworth, J. W


712


Pritchard, Joseph 896


Smith, Wm. F. 783


Whitworth, Wm. B.


713


Province, D. P . 705


Snider, John. 783


Wickersham, Jethro.


833


Ramsay, J. C. .896


Snider, Zachariah 783


Wiggins, W. W


834


Ratcliff, A. C 674


Sowash, David 708


Wiggs, C. W Wilhite, Washington


786


Ratcliff, Isaac. 674


Sowash, J. H ..


709


Wilhoit, B. H.


609


Ratcliff, J. P.


675


Stafford, D. H.


633


Wilhoit, Thomas 610


Wilkinson, Lanson. .541


Stafford, Mrs. Isabel 536 Williams, Albert. 786


Rayle, Wm. H.


827


Starr, Nathan H 910


Williams, Ellison 904


Rayle. Z H


827


Stewart, Charles 634


Williams, Jacob


739


Stiggleman, John. .572


Williams, Jason


835


Redding, T. B


Stout, Ira. 710


Strattan, E. K. 536


Strickler, D. M. 603


Williams, Matthew 787


Reed, M. L. 525


Reed, Wm. M 777


Strough, John.


710


Williams, Wm. C. 836


Reedy, G. W


705


Stuart, Benjamin


635


Wilson, David. 740


Rees, G. W.


856


Stuart, I. W.


899


Wilson, James $40


Reese, T. M. 675


Summers, S. H


603


Wilson, Wm. H 741


Reeves, Jesse 897


Swafford, J. M.


573 899


Reynolds, James


676


Swain, C. B


604


Wimmer, J. M. 741


857 Wimmer, William 741


Rhine, John ...


525


Swindell, L. H 537


Winings, Samuel 542


Wink, S. S. 904


Winnings, A. J 742


Winnings, Joseph 742


& Richey, J. E


778


Teas, T. S. 829


Ricks, Jonathan 676


778


Thomas, F. W .830


Ridgway, D. B 526


Rıfuer, P. P. . 779 Thompson, Sallie 429


Rifner, Wm. A 779


677


Thrawley, C. II 900


Woods, Robert.


906


Riley, Charles,


.601


Turner, J. W 739


Woodward, Asahel 420


Risk, H. L


645


Turner, Moab 538


Woodward, J. R 375


Robe, Robert.


781


Tweedy, J. L .. 574


Robe, T. C ..


781


Tweedy, Jonathan 575


Tykle, Frederick 605


Rodgers, Leonidas. 526


Unthank, J. T. 830


Wright, John.


638


Rogers, Adolph 373


Unthank, Wm. B. 831


Vance, J. M. 647


Wyatt, Alcibiades 679


Yelton, Hayden 681


Roof, J. W. 528


Vaumatre Cyrus 606


Yost, A. N 713


Roof, Samuel .529


Van Matre, Henry 607


Yost, Wm. S


714


Root, G. H.


532 ! VanMatre, Isaac. 539


Young, William 557


637


Ratcliff, Fleming. 523


Sowash, John. 709


Rawlins, F. J. C. 897


Stafford, J. A. 737


Stiggleman, Philip 573


Williams, J. J. 787


Williams, L. A 541


Reed, J. M. 776


Reed, Joel. . 424


Strough, Absalom 710


Williams, S. T. S 835


Wilson, Wm. R. 542


Reynolds, Alexander .675


Swaim, E. W


Wimmer, George 741


Richey, C. A.


706-


Taylor, John


537


Richey, James


778+


Teas, E. Y 829


Wisehart, E. M. 743


Wisehart, J. L 743


Wisehart, Nelson 911


Wisehart, S. D 743


Wolf, Samuel 633


Woods, Joseph 905


Riley, Andrew


Rodecap, G. W. 602


Woodward, Capt. Pyrrhus .. 543 744 Worl, John. Wright, Joel 648


Wyall, J. M. 5. 7


Rogers, Ezekiel, 526


Rogers, Rev. Thomas 527 Vance, Wm. H. 784


Swearingen, J. H.


Reynolds, Job. .828


777. Taylor, Jacob. .828


Teetor, Henry C 837


Ridgway Allen


Thompson, J. F 538


647


Whisler, Jacob 609


Polk, R. L ..


.371


Porch, Samuel .826


Showers, J. H.


708


White, Isaac


White, A. S. 903 832


Shroyer, Henry . 535


White, James 832


Pike, J. A ... 895


West, R. F. 785


Pitman, I. W 520


Scovell, M. V 898


Watkins, J. N


Phelps, Samuel 672


Shaffer, Jacob.


677


Watts, Peter.


Phelman, Frank 734


Saint, William 646


Shelley, W. W. 533 Weesner, J. P 678


Pickering, M. A 673


Powers, Geo. R. 774


Rayle, Alpheus. 827


Rea, John .. 523 Redding, J. M. 524 369


Williams, Levi. 739


" Richey, Jacob


Thornbury, F. L. 605


2


HISTORY OF INDIANA.


FORMER OCCUPANTS.


PREHISTORIC RACES.


Scientists have ascribed to the Mound Builders varied origins, and though their divergence of opinion may for a time seem incom- patible with a thorough investigation of the subject, and tend to a confusion of ideas, no doubt whatever can exist as to the compar- ative accuracy of conclusions arrived at by some of them. Like the vexed question of the Pillar Towers of Ireland, it has caused much speculation, and elicited the opinions of so many learned antiquarians, ethnologists and travelers, that it will not be found beyond the range of possibility to make deductions that may suffice to solve the problem who were the prehistoric settlers of America. To achieve this it will not be necessary to go beyond the period over which Scripture history extends, or to indulge in those airy flights of imagination so sadly identified with occasional writers of even the Christian school, and all the accepted literary exponents of modern paganism.


That this continent is co-existent with the world of the ancients cannot be questioned. Every investigation, instituted under the auspices of modern civilization, confirms the fact and leaves no channel open through which the skeptic can escape the thorough refutation of his opinions. China, with its numerous living testi- monials of antiquity, with its ancient, though limited literature and its Babelish superstitions, claims a continuous history from antediluvian times; but although its continuity may be denied with every just reason, there is nothing to prevent the transmission of a hieroglyphic record of its history prior to 1656 anno mundi, since many traces of its early settlement survived the Deluge, and became sacred objects of the first historical epoch. This very sur- vival of a record, such as that of which the Chinese boast, is not at variance with the designs of a God who made and ruled the universe; but that an antediluvian people inhabited this continent,


18


HISTORY OF INDIANA.


will not be claimed; because it is not probable, though it may be possible, that a settlement in a land which may be considered a portion of the Asiatic continent, was effected by the immediate followers of the first progenitors of the human race. Therefore, on entering the study of the ancient people who raised these tumu- lus monuments over large tracts of the country, it will be just sufficient to wander back to that time when the flood-gates of heaven were swung open to hurl destruction on a wicked world; and in doing so the inquiry must be based on legendary, or rather upon many circumstantial evidences; for, so far as written narra- tive extends, there is nothing to show that a movement of people too far east resulted in a Western settlement.


THE FIRST IMMIGRATION.


The first and most probable sources in which the origin of the Builders must be sought, are those countries lying along the east- ern coast of Asia, which doubtless at that time stretched far beyond its present limits, and presented a continuous shore from Lopatka to Point Cambodia, holding a population comparatively civilized, and all professing some elementary form of the Boodhism of later days. Those peoples, like the Chinese of the present, were bound to live at home, and probably observed that law until after the con- fusion of languages and the dispersion of the builders of Babel in 1757, A. M .; but subsequently, within the following century, the old Mongolians, like the new, crossed the great ocean in the very paths taken by the present representatives of the race, arrived on the same shores, which now extend a very questionable hospitality to them, and entered at once upon the colonization of the country south and east, while the Caucasian race engaged in a similar move- ment of exploration and colonization over what may be justly termed the western extension of Asia, and both peoples growing stalwart under the change, attained a moral and physical eminence to which they never could lay claim under the tropical sun which shed its beams upon the cradle of the human race.


That mysterious people who, like the Brahmins of to-day, wor- shiped some transitory deity, and in after years, evidently embraced the idealization of Boodhism, as preached in Mongolia early in the 35th century of the world, together with acquiring the learning of the Confucian and Pythagorean schools of the same period, spread all over the land, and in their numerous settlements erected these raths, or mounds, and sacrificial altars whereon they received their


19


HISTORY OF INDIANA.


periodical visiting gods, surrendered their bodies to natural absorp- tion or annihilation, and watched for the return of some transmi- grated soul, the while adoring the universe, which with all beings they believed would be eternally existent. They possessed religious orders corresponding in external show at least with the Essenes or Theraputæ of the pre-Christian and Christian epochs, and to the reformed Theraputæ or monks of the present. Every memento of their coming and their stay which has descended to us is an evi- dence of their civilized condition. The free copper found within the tumuli; the open veins of the Superior and Iron Mountain copper-mines, with all the modus operandi of ancient mining, such as ladders, levers, chisels, and hammer-heads, discovered by the French explorers of the Northwest and the Mississippi, are conclu- sive proofs that those prehistoric people were highly civilized, and that many flourishing colonies were spread throughout the Missis- sippi valley, while yet the mammoth, the mastodon, and a hundred other animals, now only known by their gigantic fossil remains, guarded the eastern shore of the continent as it were against sup- posed invasions of the Tower Builders who went west from Babel; while yet the beautiful isles of the Antilles formed an integral portion of this continent, long years before the European Northman dreamed of setting forth to the discovery of Greenland and the northern isles, and certainly at a time when all that portion of America north of latitude 45° was an ice-incumbered waste.


Within the last few years great advances have been made toward the discovery of antiquities whether pertaining to remains of organic or inorganic nature. Together with many small, but telling relics of the early inhabitants of the country, the fossils of pre- historic animals have been unearthed from end to end of the land, and in districts, too, long pronounced by geologists of some repute to be without even a vestige of vertebrate fossils. Among the collected souvenirs of an age about which so very little is known, are twenty-five vertebræ averaging thirteen inches in diameter, and three vertebræ ossified together measure nine cubical feet; a thigh-bone five feet long by twenty-eight, by tweive inches in diameter, and the shaft fourteen by eight inches thick, the entire lot weighing 600 lbs. These fossils are presumed to belong to the cretaceous period, when the Dinosaur roamed over the country from East to West, desolating the villages of the people. This animal is said to have been sixty feet long, and when feeding in cypress and palm forests, to extend himself eighty-five feet, so that he may


20


HISTORY OF INDIANA.


devour the budding tops of those great trees. Other efforts in this direction may lead to great results, and culminate probably in the discovery of a tablet engraven by some learned Mound Builder, describing in the ancient hieroglyphics of China all these men and beasts whose history excites so much speculation. The identity of the Mound Builders with the Mongolians might lead us to hope for such a consummation; nor is it beyond the range of probability, particularly in this practical age, to find the future labors of some industrious antiquarian requited by the upheaval of a tablet, written in the Tartar characters of 1700 years ago, bearing on a subject which can now be treated only on a purely circumstantial basis.


THE SECOND IMMIGRATION


may have begun a few centuries prior to the Christian era, and unlike the former expedition or expeditions, to have traversed north- eastern Asia to its Arctic confines, and then east to the narrow channel now known as Behring's Straits, which they crossed, and sailing up the unchanging Yukon, settled under the shadow of Mount St. Elias for many years, and pushing South commingled with their countrymen, soon acquiring the characteristics of the descendants of the first colonists. Chinese chronicles tell of such a people, who went North and were never heard of more. Circum- stances conspire to render that particular colony the carriers of a new religious faith and of an alphabetic system of a representative character to the old colonists, and they, doubtless, exercised a most beneficial influence in other respects ; because the influx of immi- grants of such culture as were the Chinese, even of that remote period, must necessarily bear very favorable results, not only in bringing in reports of their travels, but also accounts from the fatherland bearing on the latest events.


With the idea of a second and important exodus there are many theorists united, one of whom says: "It is now the generally received opinion that the first inhabitants of America passed over from Asia through these straits. The number of small islands lying between both continents renders this opinion still more probable; and it is yet further confirmed by some remarkable traces of similarity in the physical conformation of the northern natives of both continents. The Esquimaux of North America, the Samoieds of Asia, and the Laplanders of Europe, are supposed to be of the same family; and this supposition is strengthened by the affinity which exists in their languages. The researches of Hum-


21


HISTORY OF INDIANA.


boldt have traced the Mexicans to the vicinity of Behring's Straits; whence it is conjectured that they, as well as the Peruvians and other tribes, came originally from Asia, and were the Hiongnoos, who are, in the Chinese annals, said to have emigrated under Puno, and to have been lost in the North of Siberia."


Since this theory is accepted by most antiquaries, there is every reason to believe that from the discovery of what may be called an overland route to what was then considered an eastern extension of that country which is now known as the " Celestial Empire," many caravans of emigrants passed to their new homes in the land of illimitable possibilities until the way became a well-marked trail over which the Asiatic might travel forward, and having once entered the Elysian fields never entertained an idea of returning. Thus from generation to generation the tide of immigration poured in until the slopes of the Pacific and the banks of the great inland rivers became hives of busy industry. Magnificent cities and monuments were raised at the bidding of the tribal leaders and populous settlements centered with happy villages sprung up everywhere in manifestation of the power and wealth and knowl- edge of the people. The colonizing Caucasian of the historic period walked over this great country on the very ruins of a civil- ization which a thousand years before eclipsed all that of which he could boast. He walked through the wilderness of the West over buried treasures hidden under the accumulated growth of nature, nor rested until he saw, with great surprise, the remains of ancient pyramids and temples. and cities, larger and evidently more beauti- ful than ancient Egypt could bring forth after its long years of uninterrupted history. The pyramids resemble those of Egypt in exterior form, and in some instances are of larger dimensions. The pyramid of Cholula is square, having each side of its base 1,335 feet in length, and its height about 172 feet. Another pyramid, situated in the north of Vera Cruz, is formed of large blocks of highly-polished porphyry, and bears upon its front hiero- glyphic inscriptions and curious sculpture. Each side of its square base is 82 feet in length, and a flight of 57 steps conducts to its summit, which is 65 feet in height. The ruins of Palenque are . said to extend 20 miles along the ridge of a mountain, and the remains of an Aztec city, near the banks of the river Gila, are spread over more than a square league. Their literature consisted of hieroglyphics; but their arithmetical knowledge did not extend farther than their calculations by the aid of grains of corn. Yet,


22


HISTORY OF INDIANA.


notwithstanding all their varied accomplishments, and they were evidently many, their notions of religious duty led to a most demo- niac zeal at once barbarously savage and ferociously cruel. Each visiting, god instead of bringing new life to the people, brought death to thousands; and their grotesque idols, exposed to drown the senses of the beholders in fear, wrought wretchedness rather than spiritual happiness, until, as some learned and humane Monte- zumian said, the people never approached these idols without fear, and this fear was the great animating principle, the great religious motive power which sustained the terrible religion. Their altars were sprinkled with blood drawn from their own bodies in large quantities, and on them thousands of human victims were sacri- ficed in honor of the demons whom they worshiped. The head and heart of every captive taken in war were offered up as a bloody sacrifice to the god of battles, while the victorious legions feasted on the remaining portions of the dead bodies. It has been ascer- tained that during the ceremonies attendant on the consecration of two of their temples, the number of prisoners offered up in sacri- fice was 12,210; while their own legions contributed voluntary victims to the terrible belief in large numbers. Nor did this horrible custom cease immediately after 1521, when Cortez entered the imperial city of the Montezumas; for, on being driven from it, all his troops who fell into the hands of the native soldiers were subjected to the most terrible and prolonged suffering that could be experienced in this world, and when about to yield up that spirit which is indestructible, were offered in sacrifice, their hearts and heads consecrated, and the victors allowed to feast on the yet warm flesh.


A reference is made here to the period when the Montezumas ruled over Mexico, simply to gain a better idea of the hideous idolatry which took the place of the old Boodhism of the Mound Builders, and doubtless helped in a great measure to give victory to the new comers, even as the tenets of Mahometanism urged the ignorant followers of the prophet to the conquest of great nations. It was not the faith of the people who built the mounds and the pyramids and the temples, and who, 200 years before the Christian era, built the great wall of jealous China. No: rather was it that terrible faith born of the Tartar victory, which carried the great defenses of China at the point of the javelin and hatchet, who afterward marched to the very walls of Rome, under Alaric, and


23


HISTORY OF INDIANA.


spread over the islands of Polynesia to the Pacific slopes of South America.


THE TARTARS


came there, and, like the pure Mongols of Mexico and the Missis- sippi valley, rose to a state of civilization bordering on that attained by them. Here for centuries the sons of the fierce Tartar race con- tinued to dwell in comparative peace until the all-ruling ambition of empire took in the whole country from the Pacific to the Atlan- tic, and peopled the vast territory watered by the Amazon with a race that was destined to conquer all the peoples of the Orient, and only to fall before the march of the arch-civilizing Caucasian. In course of time those fierce Tartars pushed their settlements northward, and ultimately entered the territories of the Mound Builders, putting to death all who fell within their reach, and causing the survivors of the death-dealing invasion to seek a refuge from the hordes of this semi-barbarous people in the wilds and fast- nesses of the North and Northwest. The beautiful country of the Mound Builders was now in the hands of savage invaders, the quiet, industrious people who raised the temples and pyramids were gone; and the wealth of intelligence and industry, accumulating for ages, passed into the possession of a rapacious horde, who could admire it only so far as it offered objects for plunder. Even in this the invaders were satisfied, and then having arrived at the height of their ambition, rested on their swords and entered upon the luxury and ease in the enjoyment of which they were found when the van- guard of European civilization appeared upon the scene. Mean- time the southern countries which those adventurers abandoned after having completed their conquests in the North, were soon peopled by hundreds of people, always moving from island to island and ultimately halting amid the ruins of villages deserted by those who, as legends tell, had passed eastward but never returned; and it would scarcely be a matter for surprise if those emigrants were found to be the progenitors of that race found by the Spaniards in 1532, and identical with the Araucanians, Cuenches and Huil- tiches of to-day.


RELICS OF THE MOUND BUILDERS.


One of the most brilliant and impartial historians of the Republic stated that the valley of the Mississippi contained no monuments. So far as the word is entertained now, he was literally correct, but


24


HISTORY OF INDIANA.


in some hasty effort neglected to qualify his sentence by a refer- ence to the numerous relics of antiquity to be found throughout its length and breadth, and so exposed his chapters to criticism. The valley of the Father of Waters, and indeed the country from the trap rocks of the Great Lakes southeast to the Gulf and south- west to Mexico, abound in tell-tale monuments of a race of people much farther advanced in civilization than the Montezumas of the sixteenth century. The remains of walls and fortifications found in Kentucky and Indiana, the earthworks of Vincennes and throughout the valley of the Wabash, the mounds scattered over Alabama, Florida, Georgia and Virginia, and those found in Illi- nois, Wisconsin and Minnesota, are all evidences of the univer- sality of the Chinese Mongols and of their advance toward a com- parative knowledge of man and cosmology. At the mouth of Fourteen-Mile creek, in Clark county, Indiana, there stands one of these old monuments known as the "Stone Fort." It is an unmistakable heirloom of a great and ancient people, and must have formed one of their most important posts. The State Geolo- gist's report, filed among the records of the State and furnished by Prof. Cox, says: "At the mouth of Fourteen-Mile creek, and about three miles from Charleston, the county-seat of Clark county, there is one of the most remarkable stone fortifications which has ever come under my notice. Accompanied by my assistant, Mr. Borden, and a number of citizens of Charleston, I visited the 'Stone Fort' for the purpose of making an examination of it. The locality selected for this fort presents many natural advantages for making it impregnable to the opposing forces of prehistoric times. It occupies the point of an elevated narrow ridge which faces the Ohio river on the east and is bordered by Fourteen-Mile creek on the west side. This creek empties into the Ohio a short distance below the fort. The top of the ridge is pear-shaped, with the part answering to the neck at the north end. This part is not over twenty feet wide, and is protected by precipitous natural walls of stone. It is 280 feet above the level of the Ohio river, and the slope is very gradual to the south. At the upper field it is 240 feet high and one hundred steps wide. At the lower timber it is 120 feet high. The bottom land at the foot of the south end is sixty feet above the river. Along the greater part of the Ohio river front there is an abrupt escarpment rock, entirely too steep to be scaled, and a similar natural barrier exists along a portion of the northwest side of the ridge, facing the creek. This natural wall




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