USA > Indiana > History of the Seventy-fifth regiment of Indiana infantry voluteers. its organization, campaigns, and battles (1862-65.) > Part 10
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On September 3d, at 2: 30 p. m., the Fourth Division left camp at Shellmound, and marclied six miles on the Trenton road with the Third Brigade in the advance. In all our pre- vious marches upon bad roads, those over Raccoon and Sand Mountains fully equalled, if they did not surpass the worst. Turchin's Brigade proceeded in a direct course to Trenton, where it encamped. The Second Brigade, Col. King com- manding, deflected to the right from the direct road to Tren-' ton, and moved to the Empire Iron Works, about three miles south of Trenton on the Lebanon road, where, on the 7th, we relieved the Seventy-eighth Pennsylvania Regiment, belong- ing to Negley's Division. We remained here only a day, when we moved up to Trenton, and encamped by the side of the Third Brigade.
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On the 6th, McCook and Crittenden completed the move- ments designated by the commanding general for their re- spective Corps, and General Thomas ended the movement for his Corps by the 8th. The Army of the Cumberland was now stretched out to a distance of thirty-five miles along the foot of Lookout Mountain, on the west side, from Wau- hatchie to Valley Head. After mature consideration of the various methods of dislodging Bragg from his stronghold, Rosecrans adopted the plan of cutting off Bragg's line of communications with the south by marching the Fourteenth Corps under Thomas over Lookout Mountain, through the gaps south of Chattanooga, and by sending the Cavalry force against the railroad leading from the south into Chattanooga. To make this movement successful, Crittenden's Corps, form- ing the left of the army at Wauhatchie, made a bold demon - stration in front of Lookout Mountain, near Chattanooga. McCook's Corps, on the right at Valley Head, strongly sup- ported the Cavalry on the extreme right, which advanced rapidly via Alpine through Broomtown Valley, and struck Bragg's line of railroad communication between Dalton and Resaca. During the movement of Crittenden, McCook and the Cavalry, as designated, the Fourteenth Corps in com- mand of Thomas scaled the Lookout Mountain from the centre, Negley's Division in the advance; thence passed through Cooper's and Steven's Gaps into McLemore's Cove.
On the morning of the 10th, the Seventy-fifth Regiment, with its Brigade, left Trenton and marclied to the foot of the mountain, where we encamped for the night preparatory to the ascent. On the IIth, we began to climb craggy Look- out's lofty mountain top. The Third Brigade of the Division completed the ascent about noon. It was night before the Seventy-fifth Regiment reached the summit. A band was playing a familiar tune, the melodious strains of which caught our ears, while we were on the toilsome march far down the mountain slope, pulling and pushing Artillery and ammuni- tion wagons in the darkness. To the writer the music of a
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brass band never before nor since sounded so charmingly sweet-never so inspiring and animating. Marching to the music of this band, we were scarcely sensible of fatigue. When we reached the summit of the rocky palisades of Lookout Mountain, 2,400 feet above sea level, on the night of September 11th, 1863, we performed a feat unsurpassed by the army of Napoleon in its ascent of the Alps. "The work of climbing Lookout Mountain with artillery and trains was exhausting. In Thomas' Corps two full days were required by each Division to get its artillery and trains over the mountain, and this was achieved at the expense of unremit- ting manual labor of the troops. It may justly be considered a feat of itself: the crossing of those rugged and inaccessible ranges of Sand and Lookout Mountains, so expeditiously and so successfully by the Army of the Cumberland, with its artillery and trains." (Gen. Turchin's History.)
The next day, 12th, the Seventy-fifth Regiment inarched down the eastern slope of the mountain, passed through Cooper's Gap into McLemore's Cove. Generals Negley's and Baird's Divisions had preceded us into the Cove, where they had a sharp skirmish in the Pigeon Mountain at Dug Gap. Our Division and Brannan's, under orders to move promptly, went to the support of these advanced Divisions. The Second Brigade, with the Seventy-fifth Regiment in the advance, early on the morning of the 13th, moved to Pond Springs, on the Chickamauga Creek, where we were encamped until the 17th.
A rumor was afloat that Bragg's army evacuated Chatta- nooga on the 9th, by reason of our recent movements. To ascertain the truth or falsity of the report, General Reynolds, on the same day, by direction of General Rosecrans, sent the Ninety-second Illinois Mounted Infantry Regiment of the First Brigade, under Col. Atkins, up Lookout Valley to enter Chattanooga, if he could. The feat was accomplished. The first National troops, therefore, to enter the "Gateway to Georgia," which was the objective of the campaign, were from
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Reynolds' Division, as this accompanying dispatch and its "indorsement" show:
HEADQUARTERS FOURTH DIVISION, FOURTEENTH CORPS,
CURETON'S MILLS, September 9, 1863-6:30 P. M. COLONEL FLYNT, Assistant Adjutant-General :
We are in receipt of two dispatches from Colonel Atkins, commanding Ninety-second Illinois (by special couriers from his regiment), within a few minutes of each other. Find copy of the first received inclosed; the other reads as follows (written first) :
HEADQUARTERS NINETY-SECOND ILLINOIS VOLUNTEERS, CHATTANOOGA, September 9, 1863-II A. M.
MAJOR LEVERING, Assistant Adjutant-General :
MAJOR : We had a little skirmishing on the mountain, but now hold Chat- tanooga. My stand of colors was the first to float over the town. A complete evacuation. Columns of dust showed them going south. Two companies of my regiment are pressing after them, and I will likely take my command up the river to gobble a little squad said to be there. $
Very respectfully, SMITH D. ATKINS, Colonel Ninety-Second Illinois.
Have sent copy to department headquarters.
Respectfully, J. J. REYNOLDS, Major-General, Commanding Division.
[INDORSEMENT. ]
Bully for Reynolds' division.
L[EVERING].
CHAPTER VI.
BATTLE OF CHICKAMAUGA-PRELIMINARY TO THE BATTLE.
(SEPTEMBER 19TH, 1863.)
IN the battle of Chickamauga, the Army of the Cumber- land, under Major-Gen. W. S. Rosecrans, comprised four Corps d'Armeé, viz: The Fourteenth was commanded by Major-Gen. George H. Thomas, and consisted of four Divis- ions, each of which had three Brigades. The First Division, cominanded by Brig .- Gen. Absalom Baird, comprised the First, Second and Third Brigades, commanded respectively by Col. Benj. F. Scribner and Brig .- Gens. John C. Stark- weather and Jolın H. King, in the order named; Second Division commanded by Major-Gen. James S. Negley, com- posed three Brigades, commanded by Brig .- Gen. John Beatty and Colonels Timothy R. Stanley and William Sirwell; Third Division, under Brig .- Gen. John M. Brannan, had three Brigades under Colonels John M. Connell, John T. Croxton and Ferdinand Vanderveer; and the Fourth Division under Major-Gen. Joseph J. Reynolds, comprised the First, Second and Third Brigades, under Colonels John T. Wilder and Edward A. King, and Brig .- Gen. John B. Turchin.
The Twentieth Corps, under Major-Gen. Alex. McD. Mc- Cook, consisted of three Divisions of three Brigades each, viz: First Division under Brig .- Gen Jefferson C. Davis, embraced the First, Second and Third Brigades, commanded by Col. P. Sidney Post, Brig .- Gen. William C. Carlin, and Col. Hans C. Hegg ; Second Division, under Brig .- Gen. Richard W. Johnson, comprised the three Brigades commanded by Brig .- Gen. August Willich, Cols .- Joseph B. Dodge and Philemon P. Baldwin ; Third Division, under Major-Gen. Philip H. Sheridan, was composed of the First, Second and
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Third Brigades, under Brig .- Gen. William H. Lytle, and Colonels Bernard Laiboldt and Luther P. Bradley.
The Twenty-first Corps, under Maj-Gen. Thos. L. Critten- den, consisted also of three Divisions of three Brigades for each Division. The First Division, commanded by Brig .- Gen. Thomas J. Wood, was composed of the Brigades under Col. George P. Buell, Brig .- Gen. George D. Wagner, and Col. Charles G. Harker; Second Division, under Major-Gen. Jolın M. Palmer, consisted of three Brigades commanded by Brig .- Gens. Charles Cruft and William B. Hazen, and Col. William Grose; Third Division, under Brig .- Gen. Horatio P. Van Cleve, had Brig .- Gen. Samuel Beatty and Colonels George F. Dick and Sidney M. Barnes, commanding the three Brigades in the order named.
The Reserve Corps, under Major-Gen. Gordon Granger, con- sisted of three Divisions and three Brigades each. The First was under Brig. - Gen. James B. Steedman, and its three Bri- gades were commanded by Brig .- Gen. Walter C. Whittaker, and Colonels John G. Mitchell and John Coburn; Second Di- vision under Brig .- Gen. James D. Morgan embraced the First, Second and Third Brigades under Colonels Robert F. Smith, Daniel M. McCook and Charles C. Doolittle; and the Third Division was commanded by Brig .- Gen. Robert S. Granger, and the three Brigades were commanded by Col. S. D. Bruce, and Brig .- Gens. T. D. Ward and J. G. Spears.
The Cavalry was under the command of Brig. - Gen. Robert B Mitchell, and consisted of two Divisions with three Bri- gades each. The First Division was commanded by Col. Edward M. McCook, the three Brigades of which were com- manded by Colonels Archibald P. Campbell, Daniel M. Ray and Louis D. Watkins; and the Second Division was under Brig. Gen. George Crook, and the Brigades were under Col- onels Robert H. G. Minty, Eli Long and William W. Lowe. Each of the Brigades of the Divisions of the respective Corps had their Batteries of Artillery.
The Second Brigade of the First Division, Twenty-first
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of Indiana Infantry Volunteers.
Corps, under Brig .- Gen. Wagner, the Third Brigade of the First Division Reserve Corps, under Col. Coburn, First and Third Brigades of the Second Division, Reserve Corps, under Colonels Smith and Doolittle, and the Third Division of the Reserve Corps, under Brig .- Gen. R. S. Granger, were not in tlie battle.
The Confederate Army in the battle, under General Brax- ton Bragg, was divided into five Corps d'Armeé. Polk's Corps, commanded by Lieutenant-Gen. Leonidas Polk, com- prised the Divisions of Major-Gens. Benjamin F. Cheatham, and Thomas C. Hindman. The former's Division embraced the Brigades commanded by Brig .- Gens. John K. Jackson, Preston Smith, George Maney, Marcus J. Wright and Otto F. Strahl; the latter's Division embraced the Brigades of Brig .- Gens. Patton Anderson, Zach. C. Deas, and Arthur M. Manigault.
Hill's Corps, commanded by Lieutenant-Gen. Daniel H. Hill, composed the Divisions commanded by Major-Gens. Patrick R. Cleburne and John C. Breckinridge. Cleburne's Division consisted of the Brigades of Brig .- Gens. S. A. M. Wood, Lucius E. Polk and James Desliler. Breckinridge's Division comprised the Brigades of Brig .- Gens. Benjamin H. Helin, Daniel W. Adams and Marcellus A. Stovall.
Buckner's Corps, commanded by Major-Gen. Simon B. Buckner, comprised the Divisions of Major-Gen. Alex. P. Stewart, and Brig.Gen. William Preston. Stewart's Divi- sion was made up of the Brigades of Brig .- Gens. Bushirod R. Johnson, William B. Bate, John C. Brown and Henry D. Clayton. Preston's Division was composed of the Brigades of Brig .- Gen. Archibald Gracie, Jr., and Colonels John H. Kelley and Robert C. Trigg.
Longstreet's Corps was commanded by Major-Gen. Jolın B. Hood, and embraced the Divisions of McLaws' and Hood's- the former was commanded by Major-Gen. Lafayette McLaws, and the latter by Brig .- Gen. E. McIver Law. McLaws' Division embraced tlie Brigades of Brig .- Gens. Joseph B.
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Kershaw, Benjamin G. Humphreys, William T. Wofford, Goode Bryan. ' Hood's Division embraced the Brigades of Brig .- Gens. Micah Jenkins, Jerome B. Robertson, George T. Anderson, Henry L. Benning and E. McIver Law (com- manded by Col. James L. Sheffield).
A Provisional Division, under Brig .- Gen. Bushrod R. Johnson, comprising two Brigades under Brig .- Gens. John Gregg and Evander McNair, was attached to Longstreet's Corps during tlie battle of the first day.
The Reserve Corps, commanded by Major-Gen. William H. T. Walker, comprised Walker's and Liddell's Divisions, the former commanded by Brig .- Gen. States R. Gist, and the latter by Brig .- Gen. St. Jolını R. Liddell. Walker's Division was composed of the Brigades of Gist's, commanded by Col. Peyton H. Colquitt, Ector's, commanded by Brig .- Gen. Mat -. thew D. Ector, and Wilson's, commanded by Col. Claudius C. Wilson. Liddell's Division embraced Liddell's and Walt- hall's Brigades, the former commanded by Col. Daniel C. Govan, and the latter by Brig .- Gen. Edward C. Walthall.
The Confederate Cavalry was under Major-Gen. Joseph Wheeler, and Brig .- Gen. Nathan B. Forrest. Wheeler liad command of two Divisions under Brig .- Gens. John A. Wharton and William T. Martin. Each of these Divisions had two Brigades, commanded by Colonels C. C. Crews, Thomas Harrison, John T. Morgan and A. A. Russell. For- rest had the command of two Divisions under Brig. - Gens. Frank C. Armstrong and Jolin Pegram; the former had two Brigades under Colonels James T.«Wheeler and George G. Dibrell, and the latter two Brigades under Brig .- Gen. H. B. Davidson and Col. John S. Scott. These Divisions had their respective Batteries.
The Divisions of Major-Gens. Walker and Breckinridge, from General Joseph E. Johnston's Army in Mississippi, and Longstreet's Corps from General Lee's Army in Virginia, were reinforcements to Bragg's Army now' concentrated in the rear of Pigeon Mountain around; Lafayette-a village twenty miles south of Chattanooga.
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of Indiana Infantry Volunteers.
Wofford's and Bryan's Brigades of McLaws' Division, and Jenkins' and Anderson's Brigades of Hood's Division of Longstreet's Corps, did not arrive in time to participate in the battle.
Since scaling the mountains, the Federal Corps of tlie Army of the Cumberland were widely separated. McCook's, forming the right, was far south in the Broomtown Valley around Alpine; Thomas', in the centre, occupied McLemore's Cove, guarding the various gaps of the mountain in the vicinity of Pond Spring; Crittenden's, on the left, was in the environment of Lee and Gordon's Mills. Thus our attenuated Army front was about forty-two miles in length-a critical situation.
Bragg was now in a position to attack and defeat in detail these Federal Army Corps, before they could have time and opportunity for concentration. Indeed, it was one of the rarest chances for a general to gain a great victory by falling upon one of these Corps with a concentrated Army of vastly superior numbers and crushing it. Such great Captains like Frederick the Great, the old Duke of Wellington, Napoleon, Grant or Sherman, who gained all their victories under less favorable circumstances, would have thought it good luck to have such an opportunity. From what everybody knows about the soldierly qualities of the famous commander of the Fourteenth Corps, Bragg, with all the odds in his favor, would have had a hard tussle in case lie would have attacked that Corps, occupying Mclemore's Cove. Bragg failed to attempt it, however, by his own inactivity and through the insubordination of his officers.
Rosecrans saw the unavoidable situation in which lis Army Corps were placed by flanking Bragg out of Chatta- nooga; for he says of it in his official report: "It was, there- fore, a matter of life and death to effect the concentration of the Army." This, with all possible speed, he began to accomplish by ordering McCook's Corps with. Mitchell's Cavalry out of the Broomtown Valley into McLemore's Cove.
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History of the Seventy-fifth Regiment
At the arrival of McCook's, Thomas' Corps was ordered to Crawfish Springs.
The Seventy-fifth Indiana Regiment with its Brigade rested for three days quietly at Pond Spring. In the mean time Turchin's Brigade was sent to guard Catlett's Gap. By the 14tl1, the whole Fourth Division was in the vicinity of Pond Spring, as Wilder's Mounted Brigade joined us here. On the 17th, Wilder moved his Brigade down the Chickamauga Creek to Alexander's and Reed's bridges, whither he was sent to do guard duty. From this time to the close of the battle, Wilder's Brigade was not with the Division, but on detached duty, acting with the Cavalry during the engage- ment of the battle. On the same day Wilder left, our Bri- gade, under Col. King, relieved Turchin's Brigade at Cat- lett's Gap; and on the 18th, Jolinson's Division of McCook's Corps relieved our Brigade at Catlett's.
By the night of the 17th, the three Corps were in support- ing distances of each other. The Army of the Cumberland was now in a fine position in McLemore's Cove, forming a line of battle front only six miles in length, from Pond Spring to Lee and Gordon's Mills, along the west branch of the Chickamauga Creek.
Bragg now inaugurated a grand movement to our left by his right flank, in which he hoped to fall upon our left, which was now held by Crittenden's Corps, crush it, and set liis own army squarely across the Chattanooga and Lafayette road between us and the town. The following order for the crossing of the Chickamauga on the extreme riglit, was is- sued by Bragg for the execution of this movement:
[Circular.]
HEADQUARTERS ARMY.OF TENNESSEE,
IN THE FIELD, LEET'S TAN-YARD, September 18, 1863.
I. Johnson's column (Hood's), on crossing at or near Reed's Bridge, will turn to the left by the most practicable route and sweep up the Chicka- mauga, toward Lee and Gordon's Mills.
2. Walker, crossing at Alexander's Bridge, will unite in this move and push vigorously on the enemy's flank and rear in the same direction.
3. Buckner, crossing at Thedford's Ford, will join in the movement to the
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of Indiana Infantry Volunteers.
,
left, and press the enemy up the stream from Polk's front at Lee and Gor- don's Mills.
4. Polk will press his forces to the front of Lee and Gordon's Mills, and if met by too much resistance to cross will bear to the right and cross at Dalton's Ford, or at Thedford's, as may be necessary, and join in the attack wherever the enemy may be. .
5. Hill will cover our left flank from an advance of the enemy from the Cove, and by pressing the cavalry in his front ascertain if the enemy is re- enforcing at Lee and Gordon's Mills, in which event he will attack them in flank.
6. Wheeler's cavalry will hold the gaps in Pigeon Mountain, and cover our rear and left and bring up stragglers.
7. All teams &c., not with troops should go towards Ringgold and Dal- ton, beyond Taylor's Ridge. All cooking should be done at the trains. Rations, when cooked, will be forwarded to the troops.
8. The above movements will be executed with the utmost promptness, vigor, and presistence.
By command of General Bragg :
GEORGE WM. BRENT, Assistant Adjutant-General.
Minty and Wilder, in advance of the Reserve Corps, un- der Major-Gen. Gordon Granger, on our extreme left flank, near Rossville, had a brush with the advance of these Con- federates under Johnson and Walker at these bridges referred to in this "circular" on the very evening of its issue, and were driven away from the bridges, and the Confederates crossed in force. We could see great clouds of dust moving to the northwest, which indicated troops marching in that direction.
Rosecrans was equal to this emergency. While Bragg was thus manœuvring for the possession of the road between our army and Chattanooga, Rosecrans sent the Fourteenth Corps under Gen. Thomas fromn Pond Spring to the north of Lee and Gordon's Mills in the vicinity of Kelley's farm, forming thereby the left of our line of battle. At 4 o'clock in the evening of the 18th, the Seventy-fifth Regiment in company with the Corps marched from Pond Spring by the left flank down McLemore's Cove four miles to Crawfish Spring. We were four hours in marching this short distance. Here at the Spring, Gen. Thomas was instructed by Gen. Rosecrans
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to continue the march during the night with three of his Di- visions via Widow Glenn's, until the head of his column had reached the designated point on the left. This movement, which began near midnight, was the race for the possession of the road leading to Chattanooga. It was the celebrated all-night march of the First, Third and Fourth Divisions of Thomas' Corps on Friday, September 18th, which proved to be the master movement of the Chickamauga campaign.
The Second Division of the Corps was temporarily detached at Crawfish Spring, and sent in the direction of the Chicka- mauga Creek, and was not in this night march.
On this night march, Turchin's Brigade was in advance of ours. The relative positions of the Regiments and Battery of our Brigade on the marchi that night were in the order herewith mentioned-Sixty-eighth and One-hundred and first Indiana, One hundred and fifth Ohio, Seventy-fifth Indi- ana, and Nineteenth Indiana Battery. Retaining these po- sitions relatively on entering the battle, the Sixty-eighth was posted on the left, and the Seventy-fifth on the right, with the One-hundred and first and One-hundred and fifth in the centre.
We will never forget that night march of Thomas' veterans! It is almost miraculous that during that fearful night we did not meet with some dreadful accidents. Here and there fences were set on fire, and the columns of marching troops, at one point, would penetrate the lurid light which illumi- nated their pathway, and at another would plunge into the impenetrable darkness. Hundreds of wagons, loaded with shells and powder, and immense trains of artillery, were compelled to pass over some of the burning rails, and inter- mingling with the marching infantry, would choke up the narrow way. The deep dull rumbling of the artillery wagons, the clanking of arms, the thousands of subdued voices of men inarching at midnight near the enemy, were ominous of the concentration of the correlative forces, which were soon to burst into a storm of battle.
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of Indiana Infantry Volunteers.
The leading Division (Baird's) arrived at Kelley's farm by daylight on the morning of the 19th. Baird formed his Division in line of battle at the fork of the roads, facing Reed's and Alexander's bridges. Brannan's Division moved into line to the left of Baird.
Col. Wilder, of Reynolds' Division, whose mounted Brig- ade had fought the vanguard of the Confederate column at Reed's and Alexander's bridges, on the one hand, gave in- formation of a very large force having crossed these bridges, and, after he, (Wilder) liad inflicted a loss of 105 mnen upon them, they had driven his Brigade to the hills near the Widow Glenn's house. Col. Daniel McCook, of the Reserve Corps, whose Brigade afterwards had burnt one of these bridges, on the other hand, reported that only an isolated Confederate Brigade was on the west side of the Chickamauga, which, he thought, could be easily captured. Wilder's state- ment subsequently proved to be the correct one; for when Brannan and Baird reconnoitred for the supposed "isolated Brigade," they discovered more than half of Bragg's Army on the west side of the Chickamauga.
During the night of the 18th, while the Fourteenth Corps was on its way to the left, Bragg transported, in accordance with his circular order, to our side of the Chickamauga, Longstreet's Corps under Hood, consisting of the Divisions of Bushrod R. Johnson and Law, Buckner's Corps, consist- ing of the Divisions of Preston and Stewart, and Liddell's Division of Walker's Corps, and Cheatham's Division of Polk's Corps, with the Cavalry under Forrest. These troops Bragg divided into two wings and a reserve. Hood com- manded the right, having Forrest's Cavalry on the flank, Buckner was in command of the left, and the Divisions of Liddell and Cheatham were held in reserve under Walker. In compliance with Bragg's orders, this force, stretching from Jay's Mill on the right to Dalton's ford on the left, began on the morning of the 19th to sweep up the west side of the Chickamauga, like the besom of destruction, using Lee and Gordon's Mills as a pivot.
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History of the Seventy-fifth Regiment
In this movement the Confederate right would first strike our left, therefore the battle opened on the extreme left of our line, about 7.30 a. m. between the Confederate Cavalry under Forrest and Brannan's Division, which had advanced to the vicinity of Jay's Mill to capture the supposed "iso- lated Brigade." Gen. Thomas sent Baird's Division forward to the support of Brannan, who was meeting with consider- able resistance. Although a part of Walker's Corps was now moved to Forrest's aid, the whole Confederate force was driven by Brannan and Baird in the direction of Jay's Mill, until Walker massed his whole Corps in their front, and furiously assaulted Baird's Division. The tide now turned, and Baird was forced to retire. The other Divisions-John- son's Palmer's and Reynolds'-were at this time in motion to take their places in the line assigned them. But the advanc- ing Confederates up the Chickamauga met them before they arrived at their designated places. Johnson's Division, the head of whose column was just in the act of wheeling into position on the right of Baird, about noon handsomely met the advancing foe. This conflict, in which the Confederate loss was great, raged furiously. Cheatham's Confederate Division was now hurried to the support of Walker, and Palmer's Federal Division was marched rapidly to the sup- port of Johnson.
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