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MILTONVALE: THE WESTERN TERMINUS OF THE NARROW GAUGE, TO 1910
by
EZRA R. MORGAN
A. B., Marion College, Marion, Indiana, 1948 B. D., Asbury Theological Seminary, Wilmore, Kentucky, 1950
A THESIS
A
Y
submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree
MASTER OF SCIENCE
Department of History, Government, and Philosophy
-
KANSAS STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND APPLIED SCIENCE
1956
11
LD 2668 T4 1956 M67 c.2 documents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE
iv
CHAPTER I. MILTONVALE, THE WESTERN TERMINUS OF THE NARROW GAUGE 1
CHAPTER II. THE EARLY SETTLERS AND THEIR PIONEER EXPERIENCES 16
CHAPTER III. THE GROWTH OF MILTONVALE 35
CHAPTER IV. TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION 49
CHAPTER v. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL LIFE OF MILTONVALE 56
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
71
BIBLIOGRAPHY
72
M
i11
MAPS
PLATE I. Map of Central Kansas showing the trails that passed near the site on which Miltonvale was later founded 3
PLATE II. Map of Miltonvale 12
TABLES
Table 1. Starr township census for the year 1875 8
Table 2. Average market prices of wheat and corn, 1870-97
24
Table 3. Birthplace of inhabitants of Starr township in
1880 27
Table 4. Examples of "boom" advertising in 1884 29
Table 5. Miltonvale business establishments as of May, 1884 37
Table 6. Population growth from 1878-1910 44
Table 7. Miltonvale lodges and clubs 69
P
iv
PREFACE
The purpose of this thesis is to present an historical account of the settlement and growth of Miltonvale, Kansas, and the surrounding community in its economic, social, and spiritual aspects.
The interest of the writer in the subject developed in this thesis grows out of the fact that he is employed by one of her institutions, Miltonvale Wesleyan College. A knowledge of the background of this community should assist the writer in more ably fulfilling his responsibilities as a citizen of the com- munity. Then, too, a presentation of this subject will, it is hoped, be a contribution to the limited knowledge of this area of the State of Kansas.
The principal sources of information regarding this subject are newspaper articles, local and state histories, public records such as deeds, abstracts, census records, state historical so- ciety records, plat books, and county commissioners' minutes and records, and personal interviews.
.
CHAPTER I
MILTONVALE, THE WESTERN TERMINUS OF THE NARROW GAUGE
On May 31, 1871, a charter was granted to the Kansas Central Railway Company which resulted in the founding of "the City of Miltonvale" ten years later.1
Miltonvale is located at the headwaters of Chapman Creek which empties into the Smoky Hill River west of Junction City. It is situated on the divide which separates the Republican River to the north from the Solomon River to the south. The land sur- rounding Miltonvale is rolling country, much of it still unbroken prairie used for pasturing cattle.
The original plat of the town contained 26 blocks, and was situated on the northeast quarter of section 20, township 8, range 1 west, in Cloud County, Kansas. There have been six additions to the town: West Addition, containing 14 blocks; North Addition, containing 20 blocks; Northeast Addition, which was later vacated; Angelo's Addition, containing about 26 blocks, but not greatly developed; College Addition, containing 23 blocks, which includes the College Campus and the Camp Grounds of the Wesleyan Methodist Church, Kansas Conference; and Culp Addition, which has remained relatively undeveloped.2
Little is known concerning the history of this area of Cloud County before its settlement which began in 1867. Zebulon M. Pike,
1 Harold Crimmins, A History of the Kansas Central Railway, 1871-1935, p. 3. "The CIty of Miltonvale" was the title given the town in the charter of incorporation.
2 Standard Atlas of Cloud County, Kansas (Chicago, 1917), pp. 22-23.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE I
This map shows the early expedition of Zebulon M. Pike in 1806, and Colonel John C. Fremont's second trip across Kansas in 1843, which crossed this area. Shown also is that part of the Leavenworth and Pike's Peak Express, established in 1859, which was routed through this area of Kansas.
*
·
3
PLATE I
Fremeat's
Jewell
Republic
Washington
R
Leaveswart
Cloud
Mitchell
1845
Clare
Pike's Peak Exe Lige
Lincoln
Ottawa
R.
Skyline
Smoky
Hill
R
120
4
on his expedition through Kansas in 1806, passed within 20 to 25 miles of the present site of Miltonvale. In 1843, Colonel John C. Fremont's second trip across Kansas led him through Cloud County, probably striking through the center of what is now Starr Town- ship, from the southeast to the northwest, and on across Cloud County into Jewell County. He may have tramped over the ground where Starr Center was later established as a postoffice, a mile east of Miltonvale.
Another early event was the establishment of the Leavenworth and Pike's Peak Express Company, in 1859, to meet the demands of a direct route to the new gold mines of western Kansas. This route ran northwest from Junction City "along the divide between Chapman's Creek and the Republican River, through Dickinson, Clay, Cloud, Mitchell, Jewell, Smith, Phillips, Norton, Decatur, Raw- lins, and Cheyenne counties, out of Kansas." This express ran near the southeast part of Cloud County and may have been used as an overland road for the settlers of this part of the county. 3
An early description of the area of Miltonvale pictures it as unsettled prairie with " just one lone tree and a water hole" on the site of what is now the Miltonvale Park. 4
In 1867, William Zahn with his two sons, Charles and William, arrived in Kansas and located in what was later known as Starr township, a few miles southeast of the present town of Miltonvale. Zahn was born in Prussia, in 1825, and emigrated to America in 1850, taking a position in the military riding school at Hoboken,
3 Kansas Historical Collections, 1905-1906, 9:574-7.
4 Miltonvale Record, September 7, 1933.
5
New Jersey. After a time, employment was hard to find so he de- cided to try the west. They traveled by rail to Junction City where Zahn met a Mr. Gabbart who promised to locate him for twenty-five dollars. They arrived at the place where Zahn home- steaded on Chapman Creek on April 10. His wife and daughter, Annie, joined them later. The first home in which they lived was a dugout on the creek bank. In 1870 a house of stone construc- tion, measuring 24 feet wide and 40 feet long, was erected. The stone was brought from a distance by stone boat drawn by two yoke of oxen. Their only neighbor for a time was an old trapper named Tiffany, who lived in a dugout on the bank of the creek. 5
In 1870 the Tanzer family settled in the neighborhood, and were the closest neighbors to the Zahns. George T. Mock, James Hanson, J. W. Shaw, and John Vine had arrived in Starr township also by 1870; the population of the entire county being only 2,323 at that time. By 1871 a steady flow of immigrants moved into Cloud County. Among those who settled in Starr township were 0. A. Loomis, C. W. Woodworth, and Orin Scott. On January 16, 1871, the United States land office was opened in Concordia and a long line of homesteaders waited their turn to file claim to the land they had settled. Land claims were more rapidly entered in this office than in any other in the United States. 6
5 Miltonvale Record, Sept. 28, 1933; E. F. Hollibaugh, Bio- graphical History of Cloud County, Kansas, p. 865.
6 Miltonvale Record, Sept. 7, 1933; The Miltonvale News, Aug. 11, 1887; The Homestead Guide (title page missing; In Con- cordia library, listed as Kansas), pp. 237-249. The 1870 Kansas census figures of Solomon township, which at that time included Starr township, were compared with the 1875 census figures of Starr township for some of the above information.
6
By 1873 the population of the southeastern part of the county was sufficient to warrant the organization of Starr township. This township had been a part of Solomon township, which original- ly included the entire southern part of the county, extending 30 miles east and west and 9 to 12 miles north from the southern boundary of the county. The township was divided January 2, 1872, and Meredith township was organized from the eastern part.7 This township was then partitioned in October, 1873, and Starr town- ship formed the extreme southeastern township of the county. 8 William Gilchrist, P. M. Gilchrist, Tom Barrett, Dan Waymire, Oscar Burdick, James J. (Major) Brooks, and Jet Brooks met at the farm of Tom Barrett and effected its organization. Oscar Burdick suggested the name "Starr" for the township, thinking a county by the name of Cloud needed another "Starr", since Arion and Aurora townships had been organized the previous fall with the names that suggested "Evening Star" and "Morning Star" respectively. 9 The petition for the new township was granted by the County Com- missioners October 6, 1873, and a special election was ordered for township officers to be held on November 4. The polling place was the Zahnville Post Office.10 On November 7, 1873, the board of Commissioners met as a board of Canvassers to canvass the votes and declared the following persons duly elected as Starr township officers :
7 Hollibaugh, op. cit., pp. 70-71.
8 Cloud County Commissioners' Journal A, p. 186.
9 Miltonvale Record, Oct. 5, 1933; Hollibaugh, op. cit.,
p. 72; interview with George Palmer, at Miltonvale, Kansas, June 10, 1955.
10 Cloud County Commissioners' Journal A, p. 186.
7
J. T. Brooks, trustee; H. H. Manlove, clerk; O. A. Loomis, treasurer; E. S. Gillies, justice of the peace; G. T. Mock, justice of the peace; Otto Zahn, constable; D. G. Gillies, constable; D. Scott, constable; D. Way- mire, constable.11
In the regular election on April 7, 1874, the following men were elected to offices in Starr township: J. W. Matthews, trustee; A. B. Fry, clerk; 0. A. Loomis, treasurer; D. G. Gillies, constable; and D. Waymire, constable.12
As shown in Table 1, there were 68 families living in Starr township by 1875, with the total population of the township num- bering 255. Of this number, 132 were male and 127 were female. Of those born in a foreign country, 20 were male and 14 were fe- male.13
By 1880, there was a settler on almost every quarter section, with 118 families living in 115 dwellings. The total population of the township reached 565 that year. 14
The need for closer transportation facilities seemed essen- tial, for large crops were being raised and stock was being fat- tened for the market. The closest marketing towns were from 20 to 25 miles away which made it difficult for most of the settlers to market their crops.15 However, the answer to their marketing problem was on its way in the form of the Kansas Central Railway, which had reached Butler, a new Irish settlement 19 miles west of
11 Ibid., p. 194.
12 Ibid., p. 223.
13 Taken from the (March) 1875 census of Starr Township, Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka, Kansas.
14 Miltonvale Record, Sept. 7, 1933. Tenth census, 1880, Kansas, Cloud, Starr township, 4:1-12. Also see Table 3, p. 27. 15 The Miltonvale News, Oct. 6, 1882.
8
Table 1. Starr township census for the year 1875.16
: Family
Other occupants of household
Adams, William
Kentucky
Missouri
Diantha, Jas., Geo., Heugh
Angelo, Ira
Illinois
Missouri
Bernette, S. A., Emnes, Rose, John
Austill, George
Ohio
Missouri
E. J., M. J., M. E., Mary
Ball, C. P.
Ohio
Nebraska
Charlotte, M. J., Thomas, Kattie
Barrett, Martin
Wisconsin
Michigan
Barrett, T. M.
Ireland
Wisconsin
Isabella, Lottie, Ed., Law
Barrett, W.
Mass.
Wisconsin
Mary
Brooks, T. J.
Tenn.
Illinois
Sarah, J. w., Chas., Gertrude, Elizabeth, Thos., Clara
Brown, J. W.
Indiana
Iowa
Burdick, M. O.
Malysa, Baby
Busey, S. W.
Indiana
Indiana
Canfield, w. W.
New York
New York
Colvin, John
Ireland
Indiana
Covey, Alex
Indiana
Missouri
Frances, Sherman, M. E., Homes
Crothers, John
Penn.
Illinois
Jane, A. E., H. C., Sarah, J. O.
Davidson, George
Virginia
Iowa
Nancy, Andrew J., David, Laura, Eleanor, Margaret
Davidson, Jas. T.
Iowa
Iowa
Davis, D. C.
Penn.
Iowa
Dunn, John M.
Penn.
Missouri
Fowles, Jas. C.
Ireland
Illinois
Fry, A. B.
Ohio
Missouri
Gilchrist, C. W. J.
Gordon, Jas.
Wisconsin
Iowa
Graham, J. F.
Germany
Illinois
Greenlee, James
Grunke, August
Germany
Germany
Grunke, Ludwig
Germany
Germany
Hale, Charles G. Hanson, James
Ireland
Colorado Ireland
Heusted, L. G.
New York
Michigan Iowa
Holmes, Theodore
Howe, Byron
Virginia New York
Missouri
Wilhelmina Henrietta, Herman, Amelia Helen, Nelly, A. G. Jane, Mary, Will, John, Stinson, Edward Mary, B. Hattie, T. A. E. J., Chas., Belle
-
-
Head of family : Nativity :residence
:
Malinda, L. E.
C. A., Pardee
Mary A., Clinton, J. W.
L. C., A. L., G. E. Elizabeth, Agnes, Jane, Jahn A., M. A. Amanda, W. H., Charles, Anna M. E. C., Thos., R. M., Lily, C. S., Pleasant, Ambrose Gilchrist, Baby
Melisa B. Hilda, Hiram, Lucy, George, Charles, Frank
Wisconsin
9
Table 1 (concl.).
Head of family
: Nativity : residence:
Loveland, John G.
New York
Wisconsin
Julia, Cora, Will, A. J., Irene Alice, Nora, R. H. Anna
Manlove, H. H.
Illinois
Iowa
Martin, Albert
Penn.
Iowa
Maskey, G. W.
Maryland
Missouri
Mason, James
Indiana ,
Iowa
Mason, Mary
Ohio
Iowa
Isabella
Matthews, J. W.
Indiana
Missouri
Matthews, W. T.
Indiana
Missouri
Mayberry, John R.
Illinois
Iowa
S. E., Anna, Laura C. Remedia, Victor, Arthur Susanah, Will, James, Cora, Martha
McGee, Will F.
Illinois
Missouri
McCaster, Joseph K.
Scotland
Missouri
McCaster, R. R.
Virginia
Missouri
Miller, John H.
Illinois
Missouri
Mock, George T.
Illinois
Iowa
Myer, E. C. Neill, Benjamin
Indiana
Illinois
Ireland
New York
Neill, James
Ireland
New York Iowa
Phelps, Levi E.
New York
Iowa
Phelps, Rezin S.
Penn.
Iowa
Rodgers, Robert M.
Illinois
Illinois
Scott, Orin
Vermont
Wisconsin
Susan
Shaiffer, Jacob
Missouri
Iowa
Sarah, Edith, Daniel, C. E.
Shaw, J. W.
England
England
Elizabeth, F. M. Margaret, Emma A. G.
Smith, S. P.
Vermont
Iowa
Stier, Victoria
Germany
Germany
Vine, John
England
Illinois
Angeline, S. J., C. H., Emma, John
Wallace, Clinton
Indiana
Iowa
Waters, W.
Indiana
Iowa
Waymire, Daniel
Missouri
Iowa
Wick, James M.
Indiana
Missouri
Winters, G. G.
New York
Iowa
Woodworth, C. W.
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Nancy, Dora Harnett, Chester, Mary, Dora, Olive
Zahn, Otto
Prussia
Calif.
Zahn, William
Prussia
New York
Phebe, F. W. Henriette, Charles
16 Taken from the (March) 1875 Kansas census of Starr Township, on record at the Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka, Kansas.
-
Nancy Eleanor, Mary T. Y., M. E., James J. Sarah E. Mary, Will H., John W., James, Ellen, M. E., Flora A., Jonas H., Mary E. Matilda, Frances, Eliza- beth, Sarah, Joseph, Mary, George
Passel, Edmond
Ohio
S. W. Elizabeth, Clara, Phebe, s. W.
Shrieves, John
Mary, Jerome, William Charlotte, Eva, Charles
Mary, Cora, S.E., Rebecca
:
: Family : Other occupants of household
10
Onaga, the middle of September, 1879. By the end of July, 1880, it had reached Garrison, about 50 miles away. 17 In the meantime railroad officials were working the territory on west to raise bonds to finance the construction of the railroad.
On February 17, 1880, the County Commissioners met in special session to consider a petition from 55 tax payers of Starr town- ship for a special election on whether to subscribe to $10,000 worth of bonds in the Kansas Central Railway. The election was called for Tuesday, March 23, 1880, and 89 of the 94 votes cast were in favor of the bond issue.18
Zahnville, a post office located in a store about a mile in- side the east boundary of Starr township and about centrally lo- cated north and south in the township, had high hopes that they might become the railroad town and marketing center. In March of 1881, Starr Center was established two miles west of Zahnville, also anticipating the profitable returns as a railroad town.19 The railroad could not get the required land for sidetracks here, however, so the town was moved one mile west where all the land needed was obtained from Milton Tootle, of St. Joseph, Missouri.20
Tootle had obtained section 20 of Starr township, along with other lands, in April of 1869, when he and several others, includ- ing Dudley M. Steele, purchased large tracts of land involving over $130,000 from the State of Kansas, according to the provisions
17 Crimmins, op. cit., pp. 23, 26.
18 Cloud County Commissioners' Journal B, pp. 301-308 ..
19 The Miltonvale News, Oct. 6, 1882.
20 Miltonvale Record, Oct. 5, 1933.
.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE II
This map gives the boundaries of Miltonvale as they were in 1917. It was taken from the Standard Atlas of Cloud County, 1917 edition.
The original town was platted November 21, 1881, and filed December 11, 1881.
West Addition was platted May 19, 1884, and filed May 28, 1884.
North Addition was platted May 20, 1884, and filed May 29, 1884.
Northeast Addition was platted June 21, 1884, filed May 1, 1885; vacated July 24, 1911; and filed the same day.
Angelo's Addition was platted December 10, 1887, and filed January 21, 1888.
College Addition was platted and filed March 16, 1909. Culp's Addition was filed October 18, 1909.
1
-
Scale: 880 ft. to 1 inch
North
4,
PM
PLATE II
1
ADDITION
ANGELO'S
ADDITION
city
NORTH
NORTHEAST ADD.
Park
-
1
ADD.
ORIGINAL
TORĘKA
ADDITION
SANTA FE
TOWN
WEST
CULP'S
ADDITION
+
-
R. R+
-
PACIFIC
UNION
5
12
ATCHINSON
COLLEGE
13
of an act of the Kansas Legislature, approved February 23, 1866, entitled, "An act providing for the sale of public lands to aid in the construction of certain railroads. "21 Having purchased this land as a group in the name of Dudley M. Steele, it was neces- sary for the land to be divided in a partition case in the dis- trict court for Marshall County, Kansas. In this partition case, section 20 along with other land was assigned to Milton Tootle.22 The northeast corner of this section was platted November 21, 1881, and filed the first day of the following month at the county record office as the town site of Miltonvale. The original town measured 2640 feet long east and west, and 1525 feet wide north and south at the east end and 1522 feet wide north and south at the west end. 23
The railroad company named the townsite in honor of Milton Tootle, its founder. It was first suggested that the town be named Tootletown. Tootleville was thought of also, but Miltonvale seemed more pleasing so this name was adopted. 24
Milton Tootle was well known in financial circles, and was probably the most outstanding man in commercial circles west of the Mississippi River in his day. He was born February 23, 1823, in Ross County, Ohio. His business career began at the age of 13 when he entered a mercantile house. He afterward worked for his
21 Record of Deeds Office of Cloud County, Deed Record
Vol. A, pp. 19-27.
22 Ibid., Deed Record Vol. K "Misc.", pp. 173-187.
23 Ibid., Plat Book Vol. 2, p. 11.
24 Hollibaugh, op. cit., p. 838; The Miltonvale News, Oct. 6, 1882.
14
uncle awhile, then was employed by George Smith, first as a clerk and later as manager of a new house of merchandise in Atchison County, Missouri. In 1848 he began his own business in Oregon, Holt County, Missouri, but in 1849 he returned, as a partner, to George Smith in St. Joseph at Smith's request. Tootle established dry-goods houses in Omaha, Sioux City, and Council Bluffs. He was also head of a flourishing wholesale dry goods house in Kansas City. At his death on January 2, 1887, he was considered St. Joseph's foremost citizen and leading business man. His esti- mated worth was $4,500,000.25
While the Kansas Central Railroad was being laid through the town of Butler, there was other construction work of a different nature going on almost 60 miles west. George Myer had purchased the southeast quarter of section 17 in Starr township from his brother John, and was in the process of building a stone house for his farm home. This was the only house in the vicinity of Milton- vale before the town was laid out, although it was not included in the original town plat because it was located just north of the section line, in section 17. He also erected the first building after the city was platted, beginning construction March 7, 1882. It was a large, well-built structure and was used as a livery barn. 26 The first residence within the city limits was built by C. E. McDaniel and was probably rushed to completion to accommo- date the expected arrival of Anna McDaniel, the first baby born in Miltonvale. The lumber for this house and a store building that
-
25 Weekly Herald, St. Joseph, Missouri, Jan. 6, 1887.
26 Miltonvale News, Oct. 6, 1882.
15
McDaniel built was hauled from Clay Center.27 Sometime in 1881, W. T. Matthews moved his store from Starr Center to Miltonvale, thus making his store the first in the town. The postoffice was moved with the store and Matthews was the first postmaster of Miltonvale.28 By the end of September, 1882, the town boasted 50 buildings with some of the stores carrying stocks of goods worth from $5,000 to $10,000.29
The Kansas Central Railroad, in the meantime, had progressed slowly westward. By Christmas of 1881 the road had reached Clay Center and the last 20 miles to Miltonvale were completed on April 1, 1882. According to the charter, about 300 more miles would be constructed at a later date, but no attempt seemed to be made to continue construction west of Miltonvale.30 The western
terminus of the narrow gauge had been reached. The establishment of this marketing center was the result of the patience and sacri- fice of the early pioneers in settling and developing the territory around Miltonvale.
27 Miltonvale Record, Oct. 5, 1933.
28 Hollibaugh, op. cit., p. 838.
29 Miltonvale News, Sept. 28, 1882.
30 Crimmins, op. cit., p. 27.
16
CHAPTER II
THE EARLY SETTLERS AND THEIR PIONEER EXPERIENCES
The nature and amount of publicity a new territory receives is an important factor affecting its settlement. "The Great American Desert" myth had to be dispelled from the minds of people before they were willing to venture west of the Osage River, for Zebulon Pike, who had explored the region in 1806, had reported that west of this river nothing was inhabitable but the river valleys, with grazing as the only practicable occupation. Pike's reports were confirmed by Major Long's expedition, and by others.1
The California gold rush, the transcontinental railway sur- veys, the colorful advertising of Kansas during the territorial period, the passage of the Homestead Act in 1862, the rapid laying of railroads westward and their extensive advertising, and the suppression of the Plains Indians after 1869 all helped to dispel the myth of "The Great American Desert" and bring settlers into the region.2
The hardships of the early settlers would be difficult to enumerate or describe. Indian raids; storms with accompanying wind, hail, snow, and floods; cyclones; insects; low prices; deprivation; and sickness each took its toll on the strength and life of these hardy pioneers.
Suppression of the Plains Indians after 1869 did not wipe out the fear of them altogether. The atrocities of that decade still lived in the memories of many. In the autumn of 1860 Moses Heller,
1 Clark and Roberts, People of Kansas, p. 19.
2 Ibid., pp. 20, 21.
17
pioneer settler on Elk Creek, in Cloud County, had been visited by several hundred Indians. They gave warning at that parley that the white man was not to settle beyond the eastern boundary line of the Indian hunting grounds granted them by the Great Father in treaties. The "dead line" ran from beyond the Arkansas, crossing the Solomon at the mouth of Pipe Creek, where Minneapolis is now located, up Pipe Creek to the divide and over to the head of Wolf Creek, thence to the Republican, and on north to the mouth of the Big Sandy in Nebraska, thus cutting Cloud County in two just west of center. During the Indian uprisings of this region, no murder was committed east of this line, but many were committed west of it.3 This "dead line" was from five to ten miles west of what was later known as Starr township but the fear of Indian raids no doubt extended some distance east of it.
When the settlement of Starr township was begun in 1867, the suppression of the Plains Indians was almost accomplished. In May of 1866 there had occurred the massacre of six men on the little Cheyenne, a tributary of Buffalo Creek, about 12 miles west of Concordia, in Cloud County. These men were on a buffalo hunting expedition when they encountered the Indians. After a long running fight they were all slain and brutally mutilated.
On August 11, 1868, there was an outbreak on the Solomon, near the present town of Glasco, when a number of settlers were killed. Two days later Sarah White was taken captive and her father, Benjamin White, was murdered by Indian marauders, just west of Concordia on White's Creek.
3 The Homestead Guide, p. 243.
18
The last outbreak in Cloud County came on June 2, 1869, a few miles west of Concordia, on the Republican River, when 12- year-old Ezra Adkins was murdered by a member of a band of over 40 Cheyennes. 4
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