USA > Kentucky > Fayette County > Lexington > History of Lexington, Kentucky : its early annals and recent progress, including biographical sketches and personal reminiscences of the pioneer settlers, notices of prominent citizens, etc., etc. > Part 31
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The irregular disintegration of the limestone layers has caused the formation throughout the whole of this region of extensive caverns, and underground lakes and streams of water, as well as numerous sink-holes. Such lakes and streams doubtless exist under the valley of the town fork of Elkhorn quite extensively, and more than one steam-
418
HISTORY OF LEXINGTON.
[1872.
engine is supplied at the lower part of the city, by tapping them, one of which is the bagging factory of Z. Ward. This gentleman, in boring, also, some eighty or ninety feet for water at his residence, on the high ground, near the trotting track, in the southeastern part of the city, obtained water, which was found, on chemical examination, to be quite impure, it containing not only carbonate of soda and nitrates and other salts, but also a notable quantity of fatty organic matter, smelling somewhat like soap, and becoming quite offensive on exposure, as though he had penetrated into a cavern or stream in the sub-strata into which some of the drainage of the city found access.
Another remarkable instance of the kind, observed by me, was that of the well bored in 1852, by Mr. John S. Wilson, in the cellar of his drug store, on Cheapside, in this city. He obtained water at the depth of forty feet below the level of the street, after boring twenty-six and a half feet through solid limestone, containing hard masses of iron pyrites, and the water was such a strong chaly- beate water, sparkling with carbonic acid gas, depositing oxide of iron on exposure to the air, and containing quite a variety of saline ingredients (as detailed in the chem- ical analysis of it, published in the first volume of the re- ports of the Kentucky Geological Survey), that it soon be- came quite popular as a mineral water. Not a long time elapsed, however, before the changed odor of the water gave evidence of the admixture of impurities, and pres- ently it became so offensive from the undoubted presence of town drainage, that Mr. Wilson was obliged to discontinue its use for any purpose, and to plug up the well.
These facts are not at all wonderful, when we know that the whole of the drainage from the extensive State Lunatic Asylum, with its fiye hundred patients and attendants, situ- ated on the northwestern part of the city, is discharged, through a natural underground channel, probably into sub- terranean cavities so extensive, under the city, that they never fill up nor become obstructed, notwithstanding the immense and filthy torrent which daily flows into them
419
GEOLOGY.
1872.]
from the laundry, the water-closets, the culinary depart- ment, the bath-rooms, etc., etc.
This may throw some light on the fact that every well bored in the valley of the town fork, below the city, is a saline sulphur water, for it is well known to chemists that the spontaneous fermentation of water containing impuri- ties of the kind mentioned, produces, by their decomposi- tion, sulphureted hydrogen, and carbonic acid gases and nitrate. Hence is it important that the origin and source of sulphur waters, found in the line of the drainage of towns, should be carefully studied, more especially as it is the result of experience that the habitual admixture of even very small quantities of town drainage in the water used for drinking is a fruitful source of disease, giving rise to diarrhea, dysentery, and low fevers, and aggravating the mortality of cholera and other epidemics.
A good exposure of the rock strata under the city may be seen on the Elkhorn branch, just below its limits, espe- cially at the old stone-quarry of Van Akin, and that higher up, opposite the cemetery, near the Frankfort railroad. At the first-named quarry, more than twenty feet perpen- dicular of the rocks are exposed. The layers are from six inches to one foot thick (thicker in the upper quarry). In the lower beds some good specimens of that large trilobite, the isotelus (asaphus) gigas, have been found; and in those above are to be seen those other characteristic fossils of the lower silurian formation, the chatetes lycoperdon, leptæna, atrypha, receptaculites ; also portions of small encrinital stems, specimens of modiola, orthis, pleurotomaria, etc., etc.
In the quarries at the eastern end of the city, the layers are usually thinner and more fossiliferous, containing atrypha, orthis, leptæna, etc., etc.
We append, in a tabular form, a statement of the chem- ical composition of some few of the limestones of this re- gion, as analyzed by Dr. Peter for the late Kentucky Geo- logical Survey, and published in volume two of the reports of that survey, as follows :
No. 507. Limestone-forming the thin, shelly upper layer at Van Akin's quarry.
420
HISTORY OF LEXINGTON.
[1872.
No. 508. Limestone-forming a thicker layer below, used for curb-stones, etc., in the city, and containing fossils characteristic of the Trenton limestone of the New York geologists.
No. 511. Limestone-an upper layer five inches to one foot thick, at Grimes' quarry, on the Kentucky river; not used for building purposes, but which would probably make hydraulic cement.
No. 512. Magnesian Limestone-from Grimes' quarry. A very good and durable building stone, used in the construc- tion of the Clay monument in our cemetery. This mate- rial, of a pleasant buff-gray color, was also used in the Clay statue, placed on the top of the column. Its fine granular structure, and its freedom from cracks and fossils, adapt it very well to the chisel of the sculptor.
COMPOSITION, ETC.
Specific gravity ..
2.660
2.711
2.716
2.703
Carbonate of lime.
92.73
77.63
51.57
55.54
Carbonate of magnesia.
.63
10.00
29.33
0.80
Alumina, and oxide of iron and manganese ...
2.42
3.23
3.57
.96
Phosphoric acid.
.86
.70
.37
not est
Sulphuric acid
.34
3.12
.34
.02
Chlorine
.05
not
estima ted.
Potash
.23
.32
.71
.36
Soda
.28
.15
.82
.22
Silica and insoluble silicates.
2.28
4.98
11.58
2.79
Loss
.28
......
1.71
......
100.00
100.13
100.00
100.69
No. 507.
No. 508.
No. 511.
No. 512.
With these remarks, we close our history of Lexington, the ancient metropolis of the mystic Alleghan ; the hunting- ground of the Indian; the first capital of Kentucky; the home of Clay; the center both of the blood-stock region of America, and of the " Garden Spot of the World."
INDEX.
.
Adventure of McConnell. 65
" James Morgan 94
Agricultural Societies .. 270
Agriculturalists of Fayette. 278
Agricultural and Mechanical College. 60
Amusements, Early
105
Ancient Remains ..
1
¥ Fortifications
4
Monuments in 1845.
9
Anecdote of General Jackson 324
400
Artists 144
Ashland
.60,
214
"Athens of the West "
303
A Virginia Town
181
Badin, Father
190
Bank, First in Kentucky
222
Barry, W. T., Biography ..
226
" Monument
230
Battle of Frenchtown
253
Barlow, Thos. H. .185, 319
Barracks 252, 269
118
398
Bascom, Bishop.
54, 154
Battle of the Blue Licks.
87-91
Barry and the Mountaineer.
228
Benevolent Society, Female
280
Bekkers, Rev. J. H.
192
Beck, J. B.
62
Berkley, Rev. E. F
200
Bible Societies.
299, 242
Bibb, G. M.
223
Blood-stained Letter, incident.
189
Bledsoe, Judge Jesse.
217
Block House built.
23
Great shot from
74
Abandoned.
99
Blythe, President Jas. 66 E., Death of
258
Blue Licks, Battle of.
87
Bourbon County created
116
Bowman, J. B.
57
at Blue Licks
85
Death of son
02
Boone's Creek Settlement. 29
337
Bryant's Expedition and disaster.
68
Station settled.
28
described
77
66
Seige of.
78
66 Heroic Women of. 79
66
Site of.
85
(421)
44
Boone, Daniel, discovers Kentucky.
16
Boyle, Judge John Botanical Garden.
304
Baptist Church .. " Female College.
Apostolic Times.
422
INDEX.
Bryant, Judge.
235
Branch Bank of Kentucky. 328
Brank, Rev. R. G.
284
Brown, Dr. S.
44
66 Jaines
151
66
B. Gratz
409
Brickbat War.
301
Bradford, John.
128, 171,
189
Breeders of Fayette.
135
Breckinridge, John.
182
Rev. John.
283
0
Jás. C.
302
John C.
367
Rev. R. J.
111
Buena Vista, Lexington Dead at.
356-358
*Buchanan, Dr. Joseph 45, 185, 224
Burr, Aaron 115, 226
Burrowes, N. 185
358
148
Dr. J. M
53
Burying Grounds, Early.
38-40
Buckner, R. A.
60
Byrd's Invasion.
35
Catacomb, Ancient
2
Caldwell, Dr. Chas.
47, 293
Carty, John, (Pioneer)
101, 102
Building
24
¥ Henry
.102, 356, 358
66 John, (Merchant ).
.24, 396
Catholic Church
190
Carr, Charles, Sr.
71
Capital removed to Frankfort
174, 181
Campbell, Rev. J. Poage.
111
Caledonian Society
217
Cemeteries ..
38-40
Cemetery, Lexington 260
Chapman, Rev. G. T. 199
407
Chasseurs, Lexington, Officers and Privates
383
Challen, Elder J 310
325
Christian Church. 66 Broadway.
407
City Officers for 1872.
411
Schools.
329
Circuit Judges
177
Clerks. 177
141
Clay, Henry, Biography
205-215
"
Law offices.
215
and the Prisoner 211
and the Irishman 163
212
66
Funeral. 213, 367
66 Monument
377
James B
390
C. M. 351
Clark, General G. Rogers.
22, 36, 95
Clifford, J. D. 295
Cloud, Dr. C. W 152
2
Church of Christ, Second.
Cholera of 1833
307
Cincinnati Settled.
¥ 66 Death of.
Burial of Mexican Volunteers.
Bush Buel, J. H., ( Artist)
423
INDEX.
County Officers in 1872 411
Coburn, Judge ... 108
County Clerks and Officers. 71, 72
Judges 364
Coming of the White Man
16
Court Houses
72
-Coombs, Leslie. 290
Crops of Fayette ..
413
Croghan, Major G.
269
Craig, Rev. Lewis Elijah ..
79
Dancing School, First
40
Daviess, Colonel Joe H
143, 243
Davidson, Rev. R.
53, 283
Davis, Hon. Jefferson ..
304
Delegates to Conventions 106, 109, 116, 123, 140, 162, 170, 219, 360
Democratic Society, The.
181 241
Decline of Lexington Trade.
402
Dismarie, Father
191
Dillard, Rev. R. T
120
Discoverers of Lexington.
18
Dow, Lorenzo.
223
Downey, W. S.
398
Drake, Daniel
39, 45
B. P
55
Dudley, Dr. Ben. W 45, 47, 53, 238
66 Colonel Wm 103, 262
« Rev. T. P 298
¥ Dr. E. L 386
262
Eclipse of the Sun
400
Ellis, Captain Wm.
29,169
Elder, Rev. G. A.
191
Episcopal Church.
198
Fayette County formed and named
37
= Court.
64
described
31, 412
National Bank
404
Farmers' Home Journal 394 Club 395
412
Fire Companies
164
Fishback, Dr. James
45, 120, 309
Filson, John.
96
Financial Crises.
292,
297
First Native of Lexington
28
28
66 Trustees c
64
Brick House in
193
Revolutionary Monument at. 20
321
Schools in
39
66 Dry Goods Store in.
105
Session Kentucky Legislature in Lexington .. 170-174
Fourth of July Celebration in. 139
116
Capital of 170
Officers of ¥
173-175
56 Baptist Covention in
119
A. 237 /
Dudley's Defeat
Fertility of Fayette.
White Female Settler of.
Lot Owners of. 73, 100
Councilmen of
White native of Kentucky
118
Dewees, Farmer ...
424
INDEX.
First Methodist Station in Lexington
152
Road Macadamized in
317
Nail Factory in 222
66 Western Railroad. 315
66
Lunatic Asylum. 285
¥
66 Newspaper 124
66 Locomotive in United States 186, 319 Steamboat ever Invented Planetarium " 183
185
Fowler, Captain John
345
Fort Washington ..
141
Fort at Lexington built.
25, 31
..
33
¥ 66
Food in
32, 37
36
97
66
Last Alarm of.
99
Freemasonry in Kentucky.
Frazer, Oliver ..
Funeral of Jefferson, Adams, and Shelby
Game 30, 188
118
Gas, City lighted by
374
Gazette, Kentucky, (old)
124
¥ " (new)
394
Geology of Lexington, and vicinity.
416
Girty, Simon .77, 83
395
Goodloe, Judge W. C.
389
Grundy, Felix
232
Great Rain ..
315
Graves, Major Ben.
260
" Judge B. F.
363
Grant's Station
29, 36
Great Prosperity of Lexington 240
Grinstead & Bradley's Bank. 389
Greene, Dr. Lewis 55
100
Hard Winter, The
36
Haggin, Judge
334
Hart, Captain N. S. G.
156, 256, 260
Joel T., (Sculptor)
331
Hall, Rev. N.
111
Harrison, James J.
61,
330
Heroic Era.
34
Headley & Anderson's Bank.
404
Hemp Manufacture .. 184, 241
413
Hinkston's Escape ... 35
Higgins, James, Gallant conduct of. 158
405
Hogan, James.
68
Horses, Noted 134
Howard, Benj.
103 Holly, Dr. Horace 46, 48, 49 Hunt, John W 346 Charleton. 321, 329, 338
F. K 54
~ Humphreys, Charles 319 Huston, J. B 61
142
147
313
Gano, Rev. John ..
Good Templars
Colonel John 29
1 Greenup, Gov.
" Crop of Fayette.
Historical Society of Fayette
Life in.
" Suffering in
Outside Cabins
425
INDEX.
Immigration Society 202
Inventions. 183
Infantry, Lexington Light. 155, 204
Infidelity 193, 223
Incidents, Amusing. 102, 157
Romantic .35, 37
Indian Fighters .. .168, 169
Ravages in Kentucky 21, 22
Incursions to Lexington. 35, 68, 74, 167
Tragedies ...
34, 74
The Great Invasion
77
Steal Negroes
170
66 Exterminate the Alleghan
14
Jackson's Visit.
323
Jail and Jailers
163
Jewish Church.
390 146
Johnson, M. C.
60
Kavanaugh, Bishop
154
Kendall, Amos.
270
Kentucky Gazette (old) ..
(new).
394
Racing Association
130
University, Early History of. 57
66
Removal to Lexington
59
"
Donations .59,61,62
¥ Officers
59, 60, 62
District of.
37
County Formed.
22
"Squaw," Ainusing Incident
260
Kinkead, G. B. " W. B
278
Know Nothings ..
376
Last Man Killed by Indians ..
170
Lafayette's Visit to Lexington.
305
Letcher, Dr. S. M.
55
an Indian Camp.
21
"
City.
321
Light Infantry
155
Lyceum
303
Library.
194
Orphan Asylum 326
Appearance of .. .19, 25, 30, 105, 202, 220, 285, 322
414 410
" Lexington," The great Race Horse 136, 137
Lindsays, The.
27
Life in the Fort.
33
Live Stock in Fayette
413
Liberty Poles .. 216
Lincoln's, Mrs., Birthplace. 296
Lunatic Asylum, E 285 Lutheran Church. 285
-Masterson, James 27
Masonic Lodges. 142
Maffitt's Revivals 154
18
Incorporated as a Town.
75
in 1872 described.
Character and Importance.
405
Daily Press.
Rifles
377
Lexington Discovered ..
54
Vineyard
219
Jouett, Matt. H
124
426
INDEX.
Malta, Sons of.
382
Marshall, Colonel Thos
96
Humphrey 100
Thos.
339
Thos. F
347
Mayors of Lexington ..
322
Mayes, Judge.
351
Maxwell, John
26, 38
Spring
Company
276
Market Houses ...
203
McGary's Rashness
88 282
McConnells, The
27
Cabin
19
66
Station
18, 28
Mckinney, John
39
and the Wildcat.
97
McCalla, General J. M
249
McCullough, S. D.
387 408
Mexican War ..
352, 355
Volunteers from Lexington.
352
Megowan, S. W
279
Mentelle, W.
354
Medical Society
223
Methodist Church (First)
152
Centenary
185 153
Mennifee, R. H.
342
Mission Church ..
407 11
Mound Builders, The ¥ Opened, and Contents.
9
Morrison, Colonel James
51
66 Captain John.
28
Professorship.
48 48
Morgan, John H.
390
¥ " and the Officer
356
Moore, Rev. James
198
Netherland, Benj.
90, 100
Negroes
289, 338 43
Nicholas, George.
S. S.
402
Novel Trial, A.
106
Noel, Rev. S. M
121
Northern Bank of Kentucky.
331
" Old King Solomon "
374
Observer and Reporter.
233 326
Odd Fellows Lodges.
340
" Old and New Court "
300 123
Patterson, Colonel Robert, Settles Lexington.
23
66 66
Biography
26
66 Anecdote of ..
91
Parker, Robert
114
Richard 159
Peers, Rev. B. O
51
Peter, Dr. R
50, 53, 56
66 66 Independent
Morris Chapel
155
College
Orphan Asylum ..
Paint Lick Expedition ..
27
McChord, Rev. James
McKee, Hugh
427
INDEX.
Physicians of Lexington
320
Pioneer Women of Lexington.
93
Pinkerton, Dr. L. L .. 311
Planetarium .. 185
Plan of Lexington Adopted 73
152
Portraits
145-150
Pope, John.
162
Population of Lexington and Fayette, 220, 240, 295, 363, 414, 412, 383, 404 Post Office. 188
190
Presbyterian Church, (First)
108
(Second)
Preston, Wm
Price, S. W.
Prosperity of Lexington
240, 344
Pruden, M.
386
Public Spring.
24
Pythias, Knights of ..
408
Rafinesque, Professor C. S.
4, 47
X Raisin Massacre ...
255
Rankin, Rev. Adam.
108
Railroads.
.318, 365, 366, 409
128
Reynolds, Aaron ..
84, 91
" Relief and Anti-Relief"
297
Religious Excitement ..
220
Revival.
Representatives in Legislature.
Congress ...
Republicans, National, and Democrats.
Red Men ..
394
Rice, Rev. David
41
Ridgely, Dr. F.
44
Royal Spring 18
377
Robertson, Judge George.
334
Russell, Colonel Wm.
103 251
Russell's Expedition ...
Spring and Cave. 295
14
Sayre, D. A .. Institute 300,
374
Scott, M. T.
382
Senators, United States, from Fayette State
179
Searle, Charles, Heroic Death of. 187, 259
71
Shackelford, Elder John ..
408
Sheep Excitement, Incident.
238
Shipman, Rev. J. S .. 201
172
Sinking Spring
286
Skillman's " Western Luminary "
300
Smith, Bishop, B. B.
199 Sons of Temperance .. 409
Society for Useful Knowledge. 123
St. Clair's Defeat. 168
St. Catharine's Academy 328
St. Tammany Society
245
St. Andrews Society
216
X
11
Racing Associations
328
177
180
316
Rosa's Poems.
Sac Legend of Kentucky.
405
180
Sheriffs, List of.
Shelby's, Governor, Address.
279 149
Masters
281
Poythress, Father
428
INDEX.
Streets Opened and Named.
64, 105, 219, 114, 115, 203
Statesman, Kentucky (old).
360
(new).
394
Stallions, Fayette.
135
Survey of Lexington
166
Taverns, Early
114
Tartar Emetic Treat, The.
301
Telegraph.
360
" The Man who Smoked out the Indians
158
Theaters ..
203
Town laid off.
65
Todd, Rev. John.
41
Colonel John.
32, 40,92
66 Robert
101
Levi.
32
Tomlinson, N
85
Trade and Wealth of Lexington and Fayette. 412 Trotter, General George. 267. 280
Expedition. 252
True American, Removal of ..
Transylvania University, Origin of.
¥
Removal to Lexington
41
66
Library 47, 53
66 Holly's Term. 46-49
Turfmen of Fayette 135
United States Bank. 289
Vardeman, Rev. J.
120 116
Vaughn, Mrs. Rhoda.
Adjutant E. M. 116
149
Visit of Monroe, Jackson, and Shelby
293
Ward, Rev. John ..
199
War 1812 Commenced 246
189
66 Soldiers of.
.247, 261, 262, 270
66 Killed of. 159, 252, 254, 261
220
Warfield, Dr. E.
45
Wayne's Victory
188
Welsh, Rev. Jas ...
110
West, Wm. (Artist)
145
" Edward (Inventor)
183
Whigs and Democrats 320, 350
Wilkinson, General James 106, 107, 108, 156, 167
395
Wilgus & Co.'s Bank.
409
Wickliffe, Robert, Sen.
382
66 66 Jr
364
D. C.
237
R. N
235
Women of Lexington
93
Woods, Rev. Alva. 150
Woolley, Judge A. K. 361
Young, Rev. J. C.
283
Town Fork. 114, 162, 219, 203, 242
351 40
Donations to .
47, 53, 54
Ver Bryck, Wm. (Artist),
66 Incident of.
Washington's Funeral.
Wilson's, Misses, Poems
1656
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