Louisiana : its history as a French colony. Third series of lectures, Part 1

Author: Gayarre, Charles, 1805-1895. cn
Publication date: 1852
Publisher: New York : John Wiley
Number of Pages: 764


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REYNOLAG HISTORICAL GENZALUCY COLLECTION


ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 02305 4593


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LOUISIANA:


ITS HISTORY


AS A FRENCH COLONY.


3d THIRD SERIES OF LECTURES .. 1852.


BY Etienne - . -


CHARLES GAYARRE. 5 -


DEBILE PRINCIPIUM MELIORA FORTUNA SEQUETUR.


NEW YORK : JOHN WILEY, 167 BROADWAY.


1852.


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1764855


F GAYARRÉ. CHARLES ÉTIENNE ARTHUR, 1805-1895.


. 3303


676 Louisiana: its history as a French colony. Third series of lectures ... New York, Wiley, 1852.


380р.


·


--


F876.3303


ENTERED, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1852, BY CHARLES GAYARRE, 1 In the Clerk's Office of the United States' District Court for the District of Louisiana


39013


-


R. CRAIGHEAD, PRINTER AND STEREOTYPER. 53 Vesey street, N. Y.


-


B


.


CONTENTS.


1


FIRST LECTURE.


PAGE


Anecdotes of De Vaudreuil


17


The Chickasaws sue for Peace


20


Effects of Paper Currency in the Colony


21


Trading Monopoly granted to Déruisseau


23


Lead Mines discovered in Illinois


24


Indian Difficulties


25


Proposed Expedition against the Chickasaws


27


Dispute between Lenormant and Vaudreuil


29 30


Proposed Fortifications on the Mississippi .


31


Means of Defence of the Colony .


34


Terrible Hurricane in Louisiana .


35


Lenormant's Remarks on Paper Money


36


Extent of the New Orleans District .


38


Civil War among the Choctaws .


39


Outrages committed by the Choctaws .


40


Red Shoe killed .


41


Renewal of Hostilities


42


Tixerant discomfited by Choctaw Hunters .


43


The Indians attack the German Coast Planters


44


Baby, the Dancing Master, repulses the Indians .


45


Death of Baby-Close of the year 1748


46


Views of the Government on Commerce


47


Census of Louisiana in 1745


28


Obstructions at the mouth of the Mississippi


iv


CONTENTS.


Ascendency of the French .


PAGE 49


Tranquillity re-established :


50


Paper Money


51


Increase of the Military Forces .


52


Paper Money counterfeited .


53


Pierre Boucher .


54


Lettres de Cachet


55


Distribution of the Troops .


56


Complaints against Vaudreuil


.


57


- Complaints against Rouvillière


58


Condition of the Colony


62


Introduction of the Sugar-Cane .


63


Expedition against the Chickasaws


64


State of Agriculture .


65


The Marquis of Vaudreuil .


66


SECOND LECTURE.


Kerlerec's Opinion of the Indians . 69


Kerlerec Endeavours to Conciliate the Indians


70


Changes among the Officers


71


State of the Colony


72


Character of the Troops


73


Tribute to the Indians


74


Tragic Occurrence


75


Fears of Invasion


77


Gain of the Mississippi on the Gulf


78


Fears of British Invasion


79


Religious Warfare


80


Intrigues of the English


82


Discontent of the Indians


83


Attack on Fort Duquesne


'84


Rochemore .


85


Introduction of the Sugar Cane .


87


Recall of Rochemore .


88


Help solicited from Spain .


89


Departure of Rochemore


91


Cession of Louisiana to Spain


92


Treaty of Peace signed at Paris


93


Indignation of the Indians .


95


Dissensions in the Colony .


96


Description of Louisiana, by Redon de Rassac .


97


.


·


.


1


CONTENTS.


V


Disputes between the French and English .


PAGE 98


Opposition of the Indians to the English


99


Expulsion of the Jesuits from Louisiana


190


Complaints against the English 101


Major Loftus ascends the Mississippi .


102


Loftus attacked by the Indians


103


Loftus returns to New Orleans


104


Condition of Louisiana


105


Memorial of Kerlerec .


108


Anxiety of the French Government


109


Letter of Louis XV. to D'Abbadie


111


Reflections on the Fate of Louisiana


113


THIRD LECTURE.


Arrival of the Acadians


116


Expulsion of the Acadians .


117


Fate of the Acadians .


118


Dispersion of the Acadians .


120


122


Settlement of Acadians in Louisiana .


123


English Fortifications ..


125


Description of Baton Rouge


126


Presentation of the Petition


129


Result of the Mission .


130


Ulloa appointed Governor of Louisiana Arrival of Ulloa .


133


.


Character of Charles III. .


134


Military Career of Charles III. .


135


Administration of Charles III. .


188


His Death .


141


Carrer of Antonio de Ulloa


142


Early Career of Antonio de Ulloa


145


Character of Antonio de Ulloa


150


Don Estevan Gayarre .


152


Don Martin Navarro .


155


·


The Mississippi a common thoroughfare


124


Protest against the Cession .


128


182


Treatment of the Superior Council


131


Hatred of the Acadians to the English


vi


CONTENTS.


FOURTH LECTURE.


PAGE


Ulloa's Instructions


158


Excitement Concerning the Paper Currency


159


Difficulty with the French Troops


161


Wretched Condition of Louisiana


163


Hostility of the Inhabitants to Ulloa .


164


Character of the Inhabitants


165


Embarrassments of the Government


166


Commercial Decree


167 168


Commercial Regulations


169


Remonstrances of the Merchants


170


Doubts as to the Act of Cession


171


Seclusion of Ulloa


173


Proposition of Ulloa .


174


Sojourn of Ulloa at the Balize


175


Marriage of Ulloa


177.


Letter of the Marquis of Grimaldi


178


Return of Jean Milhet


180


Ulloa's Tastes, Habits, and Disposition


181


Unpopularity of his Wife .


183


Conversational Powers of Ulloa


184


Letter of Aubry .


185


Conspiracy against the Spaniards


186


General Insurrection .


189


Petition for the Expulsion of Ulloa


192


Proceedings before the Council .


193


Decree of the Council


202


Opinion of Foucault


203


Protest of Aubry


204


Reflections on Lafrenière's Address


205


Quotations from Lafrenière's Address .


207


Character of Ulloa as Governor .


208


FIFTH LECTURE.


Delegates appointed by the Insurgents 210


Embarkation of Ulloa .


.


211


Manifesto of the Colonists


212


Anecdote .


CONTENTS.


vii


PAGE


Appointment of a Committee of Inquiry


217


Depositions of the Witnesses


218


The Council's Letter to the Duke of Praslin


219


Representations to the King.


220


Foucault's Letter to the Duke of Praslin


223


Aubry's Letter to the Duke of Praslin .


224


Position of the Revolutionists


227


Letters of Ulloa on the Revolution


228


Petition of the Colonists


237


Foucault's Despatches .


241


Aubry's Despatches ·


245


Council of Ministers in Spain


247


Grimaldi's Letter to Fuentes


262


Symptoms of Reaction


268


SIXTH LECTURE.


Letter of Aubry .


270


Aubry and the Council .


271


New Delegates sent to France


272


Foucault's Treachery


273


Departure of the Frigate


276


Increase of the Reaction


278


Scheme of a Republic .


279


Anxieties of the Public Mind


280


Reaction in Favor of the Spanish Officers .


281


Arrival of O'Reilly


282


The Career of O'Reilly


283


Message from O'Reilly to Aubry .


287


Aubry's Speech to the People


288


Deputation from the City .


289


Address of Lafrenière .


290


O'Reilly's Reply .


291


Close of the Interview


292


Landing of the Spaniards .


293


Landing of the Troops


294


Reception of O'Reilly .


295


The Closing Ceremonies


296


Aubry's Despatches .


297


Letter from O'Reilly to Aubry


298


Aubry's Answer .


300


Arrest of the Insurgent Leaders


301


,


viii


CONTENTS.


PAGE


Death of Villere .


303


O'Reilly's Proclamation


305


Arrest of Foucault


306


Ceremony of Swearing Allegiance


307


Proceedings with respect to Foucault


308


Letter from Aubry .


309


Foucault sent to France


310


Release of Braud


311


SEVENTH LECTURE.


A State Trial .


313


Presentment of the Attorney-General


318


Remarks on the Plea of the Accused


331


Quotation from Vattel


332


The Judgment .


334


Appeals to O'Reilly


337


His Inflexibility .


338


The Negro Jeannot


339


Execution of the Prisoners .


340


Death of Aubry .


341


Comments on the Execution


342


.


Despatch of O'Reilly to Grimaldi


· 344


Feelings and Ideas of the Time


345


Charge of Duplicity against O'Reilly


347


Anecdote of Cardinal Richelieu


348


Maisons d'Acadiens


350


Polished Manners of the Colonists


351


Census of the Inhabitants .


352


Concluding Remarks .


353


APPENDIX


. 359


PREFACE


TO THE THIRD SERIES


OF


LECTURES ON LOUISIANA.


THIS is the third and last series of the Historical Lectures on Louisiana, embracing a period which extends from its discovery to 1769, when it was finally transferred by the French to the Spaniards, in virtue of the Fontainebleau treaty signed in November, 1762. This work is, as far as I could make it so, a detailed and accurate history of Louisiana, as a French colony. The preface to the first series of Lectures, which was criticised by some as unworthy of the serious nature of the subject which I had undertaken to investigate, accounts for the defects apparent in the whole production, if tested according to the rules of regular and classical composition, and shows that they proceed, in part, from the very fact of its accidental creation. As I already said in that Preface, I looked upon the first four Lectures, as nugæ serice, to which I attached no more import- ance, than a child does, to the soap bubbles which he puffs through the tube of the tiny reed, picked up by him for the amusement of the passing hour. But struck with the interest which I had excited, I examined, with more sober thoughts, the flowery field in which I had sported, almost with the buoyancy of a school boy. Checking the freaks of my imagin- ation, that boon companion with whom I had been gambolling, I took to the plough, broke the ground, and turned myself to a more serious and useful occupation. This is, I think, clearly


PREFACE.


observable in the second series of Lectures. In the third and last series, which I now venture to lay before the public, a change of tone and manner, corresponding with the authenticity and growing importance of the events which I had to record, will be still more perceptible.


Should the continuation of life and the enjoyment of leisure permit me to gratify my wishes, I purpose to write the history of the Spanish domination in Louisiana, from 1769 to 1803, when was effected the almost simultaneous cession of that province, by Spain to France, and by France to the United States of America. Embracing an entirely distinct period of history, it will be a different work from the preceding, as much perhaps in point of style and the other elements of composition, as with regard to the characteristic features of the new Lords of the land.


Whatever may be the defects of this work (and they are numerous), their exposure cannot give me pain by defeating me in the pursuit of what I never aimed at-literary reputation. But notwithstanding their existence, I may be permitted to con- gratulate myself upon having thrown some light and interest on a subject, so far very little known-the history of the land of my birth. I rest satisfied with having been an humble pioneer, and with having erected in the wilderness the modest wooden structure, which, I hope, will soon give way to more stately edifices, showing the elegant proportions of a more classical architecture.


I beg leave, in conclusion, to refer those who think that the history of Louisiana which I have submitted to the public, is indebted to my imagination for many of its romantic incidents, and who may be willing to test the accuracy of my historical statements, to works, not of recent date, the authorship of which is attributed to: Bossu, Perrin du Lac, Charlevoix, Pittman, Dumont, Le Page du Pratz, Hennepin, Lahontan, Baudry des Lozières, Laharpe, and Laval; and I also refer to voluminous manuscripts copied from the archives of France


.


xi


PREFACE.


and Spain, and which have become the property of the State. These are my vouchers, and I have nothing to fear from their examination, however minute and critical it may be, with regard to the detection of any intentional errors on my part, conscious as I am, that, in the composition of this work, I have been animated with the same feelings which must glow in the breast of a devoted son, who attempts truthfully and scrupu- lously to reproduce and to perpetuate, with the painter's art; the perishing features of a cherished mother.


BATON ROUGE, July 15th, 1851.


LOUISIANA:


ITS .


HISTORY AS A FRENCH COLONY.


FIRST LECTURE.


ADMINISTRATION OF THE MARQUIS OF VAUDREUIL AS GOVERNOR OF LOUISIANA- ANECDOTES ILLUSTRATING HIS CHARACTER-THE CHICKASAWS SUE FOR PEACE- VAUDREUIL'S ANSWER-ORDINANCE CONCERNING LEVEES-EFFECTS OF THE PAPER CURRENCY LY THE COLONY-MONOPOLY OF TRADE GRANTED TO DERUISSEAU- DIMOVERIES OF MINES OF LEAD, COPPER, AND IRON -- NEGOTIATIONS WITH THE INDIANS-DEPREDATIONS COMMITTED BY THE CHICKASAWS-POPULATION OF NEW" ORLEANS IN 1745, SITUATION OF THE COLONY-MISUNDERSTANDINGS BETWEEN COMMISSARY LENORMANT AND GOVERNOR VAUDREUIL-OUTRAGE COMMITTED BY RED SHOE-REPORTS ON THE MOUTHS AND SAND-BARS OF THE MISSISSIPPI- MEANS OF DEFENCE ADOPTED TO PROTECT LOUISIANA AGAINST INVASION-TERRI- BLE HURRICANE-FINANCES OF THE COLONY-PAPER MONEY AND STOCK- JOBBING-CIVIL WAR AMONG THE CHOCTAWS-A PARTY OF THEM ATTACK THR GERMAN COAST-GREAT ALARM-ASSASSINATION OF RED SHOE-INCREASE OF THE INDIAN DISTURBANCES-DARING OF THE CHOCTAWS-COWARDICE OF TIXERANT- HEROUM OF TWO NEGROES-DESPERATE RESISTANCE OF BABY, THE DANCING MASTER, WHEN ATTACKED BY THE CHOCTAWS -- COMMERCE OF THE COLONY- ENCOURAGEMENT GIVEN TO AGRICULTURE-YIELD OF THE WAX TREE-THE CREOLES DECLARED FITTEST MEN TO WAGE WAR AGAINST THE INDIANS-CRUSHING BLOW GIVEN BY GRAND-PRE TO THE CHOCTAWS-HIS TREATY OF PEACE WITH THAT NATION-LARGE FORCES SENT TO LOUISIANA-COUNTERFEITING OF THE PAPER MONEY OF THE COLONY BY A COLORED MAN-HIS PUNISHMENT- GRAND-PRE MADE A KNIGHT OF ST. LOUIS-ORIGIN OF THE GRAND-PRÉ FAMILY IN LOUISIANA-QUARRELS BETWEEN VAUDREUIL AND THE COMMISSARY MICHEL DE LA ROUVILLIERE, THE SUCCESSOR OF LENORMANT-SUGAR CANES WENT TO THE JESUITS OF LOUISIANA-ARRIVAL OF SIXTY GIRLS-MANNER IN WHICH THEY WERE SETTLED IN THE COLONY-FRUITLESS EXPEDITION OF VAU- DREUIL AGAINST THE CHICKASAWS-ANECDOTE OF THE COLAPISSA FATHER- DEATH OF LA ROUVILLIERE-HE IS SUCCEEDED BY D'AUBERVILLE-VAUDREUIL WENT TO CANADA-KERLEREC, GOVERNOR OF LOUISIANA IN FEBRUARY, 1753.


THE appointment of the Marquis of Vaudreuil as Governor of Louisiana, in the place of Bienville,


2


.


18


ANECDOTES OF DE VAUDREUIL.


produced a favorable impression on the colonists, and gave rise to flattering hopes. It was known that the Marquis was the son of a distinguished officer who had been Governor-general of Canada, and that he belonged to an influential family at the French court. His nomination was received as a token that the government intended to make serious efforts to put the colony on a more respectable footing, and it was presumed that the Marquis would not have accepted the post of a petty governor in so insignificant a colony, if he had not received promises that the province over which he had been called to rule, would soon be destined, under the powerful patronage of the mother' country, to acquire more importance than it had so far possessed. His arrival in the colony was therefore hailed with joy, as the harbinger of better days. That joy rested also on the knowledge of the hereditary reputation of all the Vaudreuils for kind- ness and liberality. With respect to these qualifica- tions, the present Governor of Louisiana was no unworthy representative of his ancestors. A few anecdotes related of him will fully illustrate his cha- racter.


It happened that one of his servants acted with · insolence towards an officer of the garrison in New Orleans, who had come to pay his respects to the governor on one of his reception days. The marchio- . ness having been informed of the fact, brought it to the knowledge of her husband, and insisted on the culprit's being dismissed. De Vaudreuil acquiesced in a demand which he thought just, and consented to part with that servant, although a favorite one. He sent for 'his privy purse, and after having paid the wages due to the servant, he added a bounty of three hundred livres. His wife expostulated with him on


19


ANECDOTES OF DE VAUDREUIL.


this strange piece of liberality, and observed that it was offering a reward to impertinence. Unmoved, and without returning an answer, the Marquis threw again three hundred livres to the lacquey, and seeing the flush of anger rising on his wife's brow : " Madam," said he, with great composure, "I do not reward him for his insolence, but for his faithful past services, and if you show too much displeasure to the poor devil, I will give him the whole purse, to indemnify him for his having incurred the mortification which you now inflict upon him."


Once, an officer of the garrison wrote against him to the minister of marine. The minister transmitted the letter to De Vaudreuil. One day, the same officer was addressing some gross flattery to the Marquis, who stood it for a while, but the dose becoming too nauseating, " What conduct is this ?" exclaimed the Marquis, " how dare you thus give the lie to your own written assertions? Is it possible that you should so soon have forgotten a certain letter which you have written against me ?" " A letter against you, general, and from me?" "Yes, sir." "I swear that nothing can be more false." " Beware, sir; do not force me to look for that letter, for if you compel me to take that trouble, I will immediately have your commission taken away from you." The officer did not reply, and never, from that moment, did the Marquis open his lips on the subject, or show by any act that he remembered the circumstance.


It also happened, that a menial in his household had lost or mislaid a valuable piece of plate. The Marquis was at table when the offence was discovered, and the guilty one, trembling with emotion, and overwhelmed with shame at his being accused of so much negligence, and perhaps of theft, was brought


20


THE CHICKASAWS SUE FOR PEACE.


1


up to his presence. The Marquis, at first, looked at him with some severity of countenance, but his face soon resumed its usual benevolent expression, and turning to his butler, he said : " Get a bottle of my best wine, and give it to this poor fellow to cure him of his fright." This is enough; no more can be wanted to give the measure of De Vaudreuil's heart.


! Bienville, when he departed from the colony, had left it at war with the Chickasaws. These Indians, ' on their being informed that a new governor had arrived, sent to him four of their chiefs, with a Frenchman, their prisoner, named Carignan, to sue for peace." Vaudreuil answered that he would not treat with them, except it were in concert with his allies, the Choctaws, to whom they should make ample amends for all the injuries they had inflicted upon them at the instigation of the English, and except they should drive away from their villages the English traders, who, he said, were the authors of all their misfortunes. The Chickasaws took time to consider these conditions.


The necessity of providing against the ever threaten- ing overflows of the Mississippi had struck De Vau- dreuil, and jointly with Salmon, the king's commissary, he published, on the 18th of October, an ordinance which commanded the planters to have their levees made, or in a safe condition, by the 1st of January, 1744, under the penalty of forfeiting their lands to the crown. Evidently, this penalty was sufficiently stringent to secure the execution of the ordinance. Thus closed the year 1743, during which the ex- penses of the administration of the colony amounted to 348,528 livres.


In the beginning of 1744, the Chickasaws informed De Vaudreuil that they would accept his conditions,


EFFECTS OF PAPER CURRENCY IN THE COLONY. 21


and dismiss the English traders from their villages, if the French could supply them with all the goods, merchandise, and ammunition, of which they stood in need. This, De Vaudreuil could not do, nor could he promise to do, without exposing himself to a breach of faith ; and with no small degree of concern did he learn that the Chickasaws were negotiating with the Choctaws, to conclude a treaty of peace with them, without including the French. On this state of things, he wrote to his government : "I will do my best to defeat these negotiations, which, if successful, would be ruinous to the colony .. We must not forget that we are in a state of the utmost destitution, that our warehouses are empty, and that, between us, who can only make fair promises, and the English, who can give, the Indians cannot hesitate in their choice. Many of them have already carried their furs to the English, and this example will be contagious. All that I can do is, to insinuate to the Choctaws that the Chickasaws are not in good faith in their proposals for peace, and that probably their only object is to lull their enemies into unguarded security, and to strike an unexpected blow upon them, or perhaps that they seek, under cover of their pretended negotiations for peace, to keep the Choctaws in a state of inaction, and in the mean time quietly to get in their harvests." The Marquis concluded his despatch by endeavoring to impress upon the government his conviction of the necessity of forwarding to him, as soon as possible, an ample supply of goods and merchandise.


Vaudreuil had found the colony in a deplorable financial condition. It will be recollected that the government had, in 1735, contrary to the advice of Bienville and Salmon, called in the depreciated paper money of the India Company, and had replaced it by


-


-


22 EFFECTS OF PAPER CURRENCY IN THE COLONY.


pasteboard notes (billets de cartes), which, it was said, offered an infinitely better security than the preceding one, because the king's paper was not to be weighed in the same scale with the Company's paper. But hardly had nine years elapsed, when this royal paper was as much depreciated as its more modest predeces- sor. The depreciation was such, that it was necessary to give three hundred livres in paper for what might have been got for one hundred livres in coin. On the 27th of April, the council of state declared that it considered this condition of things as prejudicial to the finances of the government, to the welfare of the colony, and the progress of commerce, and that it had resolved to put an end to such disorders. It, therefore, determined to call in all pasteboard notes, and to pay one hundred livres for every two hundred and fifty livres worth of paper. Such was the rate established, and the mode of payment was not in specie, but consisted in giving drafts on the treasury in France. On these drafts the holders had again to lose a discount. It was also decreed, that all the pasteboard notes which should not be brought in within two months after the promulgation of this edict, should become null and void. In support of the justice of this high-handed and arbitrary measure, it was stated that the government did not feel under the obligation to take up those notes at par, because they had been given to meet expenses and claims which had been raised in proportion to the actual or expected depre- ciation of the currency in which these were to be paid. Such was the impotent apology offered by the government for its shameless breach of faith, and the poor, helpless colonists had to be satisfied with it. They had found out, too' late, that the King's paper, although it went by a more lofty name,


23


TRADING MONOPOLY GRANTED TO DERUISSEAU.


was as much of a worthless rag as the Company's paper.


Unfortunately, the Marquis of Vaudreuil marked the beginning of his administration by following the old nefarious custom of granting monopolies. On the Sth of August, he conceded to a man named Déruis- seau, the exclusive right of trading in all the country watered by the Missouri, and the streams falling into that river. This privilege was for a term a little exceeding five years, beginning on the Ist of January, 1745, to terminate on the 20th of May, 1750. To this grant several conditions were annexed, among which were these :- Deruisseau bound himself to finish the fort established on the Missouri territory, to keep in it a sufficient stock of merchandise to satisfy the wants of the Indians, to maintain, at his own expense, the several Indian tribes of that district in a state of amity among themselves and with the French, to supply the garrison of the fort with the necessary means of subsistence, to pay to its commander an annual bounty. of one hundred pistoles, and to trans- port to the fort, without charge, all the provisions and effects of that commander. It was stipulated by the governor, that he reserved ito himself the right to modify, change, or alter any of the conditions of the grant, according to circumstances, and in the way which the prosperity of the country might require.




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