USA > Louisiana > Louisiana; comprising sketches of counties, towns, events, institutions, and persons, Volume II > Part 67
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"Article 1. The French Republic engages to procure for His Royal Highness, the Infant Duke of Parma, an augmentation of territory which shall raise the population of his estates to one million of inhabitants, with the title of king and all the rights an- need to his royal dignity : and to this effect the French Republic engages to obtain the consent of his Majesty. the Emperor and King, and of the other states interested. so that His Royal High- ness, the Infant Duke of Parma, may, without opposition, enter into possession of said territories at the time of the confirmation of the peace between the French Republic and his Imperial Majesty.
"Article 2. The augmentation to be given to His Royal High- ness, the Duke of Parma, may consist of Tuscany, in case the pres- ent negotiations of the French government with His Imperial Majesty shall permit them to dispose of that country, or of the Roman ecclesiastical provinces, or any other continental provinces of Italy that may form a rounded estate.
"Article 3. His Catholic Majesty promises and engages on his part to retrocede to the French Republic, six months after the full and entire execution of the conditions and stipulations herein ex- pressed in relation to His Roval Highness, the Duke of Parma: the colony or province of Louisiana, with the same extent that it now has in the hands of Spain, and had while in the possession of
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France, and such as it ought to be in conformity with the treaties subsequently concluded between Spain and other states.
"Article 4. His Catholic Majesty will give the necessary orders for the occupation of Louisiana by France the moment the estates designed for his aggrandizement shall be placed in the hands of His Royal Highness, the Duke of Parma. The French Republic may according to its convenience defer the taking possession ; and when this is done the states directly or indirectly interested shall agree upon the ulterior conditions which their common interests and that of their inhabitants may demand.
"Article 5. His Catholic Majesty engages to deliver to the French Republic in the ports of Spain in Europe, one month after the execution of the stipulation with regard to the Duke of Parma. six ships of war in good condition, of seventy-four guns, armed and equipped, and in a state to receive the French crews and supplies.
"Article 6. The stipulations of the present treaty having no prejudicial object. but on the contrary preserving untouched the rights of every one, it is not to be presumed they can excite the suspicions of any power. But if the contrary should happen and the result of their execution should be that the two estates are attacked or threatened, both powers to engage to make common cause as to repel aggression as also to take those conciliatory measures proper to maintain peace with all their neighbors.
"Article 7. The obligations contained in the present treaty in nothing annul those which are expressed in the treaty of alliance signed at St. Ildefonso on the second Fructidor, year 4 (Aug. 18, 1796) ; on the contrary, they unite with new ties the interests of the two powers, and confirm the stipulations of the treaty of alli- ance in all cases in which they can be applied.
"Article 8. The ratifications of the present preliminary articles shall be completed and exchanged in the period of one month, or sooner if possible, counting from the date of the signing of the present treaty.
"In faith of which we, the undersigned ministers plenipotentiary of the French Republic and of His Catholic Majesty, by virtue of our respective powers have signed the present preliminary articles and have affixed our scals.
"Done at St. Ildefonso the 9th Vendimaire, 9th year of the French Republic (Oct. 1, 1800).
"ALEXANDER BERTHIER,
"MARIANO LUIS DE URQUIJO."
This treaty was ratified by Napoleon, Talleyrand and Maret on the part of France, Oct. 19, 1800, but the document itself does not bear evidence that it was ever ratified by the king of Spain. It was not until Oct. 15. 1802, that the king of Spain issued the orders pro- vided for by Article 4 of the treaty, and the actual transfer of the colony did not take place until Nov. 30, 1803. (See Transfer of Louisiana.)
Treaty of Amiens .- This was a definitive treaty of peace, entered
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into on March 25, 1802, by Great Britain on the one side and France, Spain and the Batavian republic on the other. Great Britain recog- nized the changes made by France in the map of the world and gave up most of her recent conquests. But it was not long before the peace was broken by the vaulting ambition of Napoleon Bona- parte, who was made first consul of the French republic in Nov., 1799, and in 1802 secured the consulate for life. However, in his dream of power he became embarrassed in his colonial schemes and was forced by circumstances to cede Louisiana to the United States by the
· Treaty of Paris, which was concluded on April 30, 1803, Robert R. Livingston and James Monroe acting for the United States and Barbe Marbois for France. ( Under the title "Louisiana Purchase" will be found the text of this treaty and an account of its negotia- tion.)
Treaty of Ghent .- This treaty brought peace between Great Britain and the United States at the close of the War of 1812. It was concluded on Dec. 24, 1814, by James ( Lord) Gambier, Henry Goulburn and William Adams on the part of England, and John Quincy Adams, James A. Bayard, Henry Clay, Jonathan Russell and Albert Gallatin on the part of the United States. It dealt chiefly with the question of boundaries between the United States and the British possessions in America, and the treatment of the Indian tribes that had supported Great Britain during the war. Its chief interest to Louisianians lies in the fact that it was concluded nearly a month before the battle of New Orleans-the most san- guinary conflict of the war-was fought.
Tremont, a money order post-station in the southeastern part of Lincoln parish, is situated at the junction of the Tremont & Gulf and the Vicksburg, Shreveport & Pacific railroads, 9 miles east of Ruston, the parish seat. It has an express office and telegraph station, and is the center of trade for a good farming country.
Trenton, a post-hamlet of De Soto parish, is situated on the main line of the Kansas City Southern R. R., 5 miles south of Mansfield, the parish seat. It is one of the shipping and supply towns of the southern part of the parish.
Trenton, a town of Ouachita parish, is situated on the west bank of the Ouachita river, about 2 miles above Monroe, the parish seat and nearest railroad station. It is an old town, incorporated Feb. 28, 1870, and in 1900 had a population of 100. There is rural free delivery from Monroe.
Trichell, a post-hamlet in the eastern part of Natchitoches par- ish, is about 2 miles east of Grand Ecore, the nearest railroad sta- tion, and 8 miles northeast of Natchitoches, the parish seat. The population in 1900 was 40.
Trinidad, a post-hamlet in the southeastern part of Madison par- ish, is situated on Boundaway bayou, 5 miles east of Afton, the nearest railroad station, and 10 miles southeast of Tallulah. the parish seat.
Trinity, one of the oldest towns in Catahoula parish, was settled
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in 1804, laid off in town lots in 1837 and incorporated in 1850. Its name is derived from the triple confluence of the Ouachita, Black and Tensas rivers at this point. The town is located 2 miles west of Black River, the nearest railroad station. Before the Civil war it was one of the most important trading towns on the river, and attained a population of 1,500 inhabitants. The first newspaper of the parish was published here in 1847, called the "Southern Advo- cate." After the war the town waned and today it has 3 general stores, 2 churches and a school. Its population has dwindled to about 120 inhabitants, and it has free rural mail service from Jones- ville.
Triumph, a post-station in the southeastern part of Plaquemines parish, is situated on the west bank of the Mississippi river, + miles southeast of Buras, the nearest railroad station, and about 25 miles below Pointe a la Hache, the parish seat. It is a landing on the river, a shipping point for a fruit district, and in 1900 had a popu- lation of 36.
Trout, a village in the western part of Catahoula parish, is situ- ated on the Louisiana & Arkansas R. R., about 20 miles southwest of Harrisonburg, the parish seat. It has a money order postoffice, telegraph and express offices, and is one of the shipping and trad- ing towns of the western part of the parish.
Troy, a post-hamlet of East Feliciana parish, is situated on Beaver creek near the Mississippi state boundary, 12 miles northeast of Clinton, the parish seat.
Troy Parish .- By an act of the legislature, approved July 10, 1890, provisions were made for the establishment of a parish, to be known as "Troy parish," from the southern part of the parish of Catahoula, with Jonesville (or Troyville) as the parish seat. The governor was authorized to appoint parish officers and order an election for permanent officers. The records and public debt were to be apportioned to the new parish, etc., but as certain provisions of the act were not complied with the parish of Troy was never organized and the act became ineffective.
Trusts .- The first antitrust legislation in Louisiana is found in the act of July 5, 1890. making illegal "every contract, combination in the form of a trust, or conspiracy, in the restraint of trade or commerce, or to fix or limit the amount or quantity of any article. commodity or merchandise to be manufactured, mined. produced or sold in this state." and providing penalties of fine not exceeding $5,000, or imprisonment not exceeding one year, or both. Any one making the attempt to monopolize any part of the trade or com- merce of the state was made subject to the same penalties, whether successful in his efforts or not. The act of July 7, 1892. reenacted the law of 1890, and further strengthened it by providing that any chartered corporation violating the law should forfeit its franchise right, while foreign corporations-those chartered by the legisla- tures of other states-convicted of violating any of the provisions of the law should be prohibited transacting business in the state, and the state was given certain advantages in litigation. It is
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easier, however, to enact laws than to insure their enforcement. and corporations have found means to evade punishment, but under the operation of the above mentioned statutes Louisiana has been comparatively free from extortionate prices and the kindred evil effects of combinations in restraint of production or trade.
Truxno, a post-hamlet in the northern part of Union parish, 5 miles northeast of Cherry Ridge, the nearest railroad town, and 15 miles north of Farmerville, the parish seat.
Tucker, a postoffice of Union parish, is situated on a branch of Pierre creek, 3 miles west of Cecil, the nearest railroad station, and 17 miles northeast of Farmerville, the parish seat.
Tulane, Paul, whose name is affectionately spoken wherever the graduates of the university which bears his name are scattered, was a public-spirited citizen of New Orleans, in which city the best years of his life were passed. He was born May 10, 1801, at Cherry Valley, near Princeton, N. J., where his parents had made their home since 1792, when they were driven from San Domingo during the revolt and uprising of the negro population. The descendant of a French family of Tours, Louis Tulane, father of Paul, offered to his sons such educational opportunities as befitted their station, but Paul was strongly attracted to commercial pursuits and at the age of 15 persuaded his father to allow him to become a clerk in the store of Thomas White at Princeton. Two years later, in the company of his cousin Louis Tulane, probate judge of Tours, France, who was traveling for his health, the young Paul journeyed through the South. The tourists were most hospitably received in a number of delightful southern homes, among them those of Gen. Jackson and Henry Clay. These travels were a liberal education to the observing boy, and among other things he speaks of the im- pression made upon him by the sight of some gentlemen from New Orleans bringing their sons to Kentucky to enter college. He said, "It seemed a strange thing to me, and I remembered it ; and I had not lived long in Louisiana before I thought I would like to see a good college built there where the boys could be educated at home."
When Mr. Tulane first arrived in New Orleans in Nov., 1822, the city was in the throes of a yellow fever epidemic. Instead of joining the frantic exodus of frightened citizens he considered that an exceptionally good time to find a position when so many had been vacated. A little later he opened a general store and soon built up a thriving trade with planters, country merchants and In- dians. This was succeeded by the mercantile honse on Canal street known as Paul Tulane & Co., with a branch (Tulane, Baldwin & Co.) in New York. Unusual energy, integrity and business acumen enabled Mr. Tulane to found and manage successfully a large and prosperous business. New Orleans remained the center of his ac- tivities, although he found it necessary to make frequent trips to the branch house in New York. Princeton, N. J., remained his summer home, but he was proud of having eaten 51 Fourth of July dinners in New Orleans. He accumulated great wealth and ac-
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quired large real estate holdings in New Orleans. These sabse- quently became the property of Tulane university. A man gener- ous in the extreme, Mr. Tulane's modesty was such that his num- berless charities and benefactions, bestowed without reference to creed or denomination, were but little known to the public. He took especial delight in promoting the cause of education, and his final splendid gift to the people of New Orleans of a great university was the logical outcome of his trend of thought for many years.
Mr. Tulane's foresight in business matters was clearly shown by the transfer some years before the Civil war of a considerable part of his fortune to New Jersey, where he purchased at Princeton the Stockton estate, which became his home during the last 14 years of his life. There he died on March 23, 1887, and was buried at Princeton. New Orleans was always the home of his affections and his sympathies were always with her people. During the Civil war he remained loyal to the Southern cause. Gen. Gibson charac- terizes him as "the best friend that Louisiana ever had," and to his memory people of his beloved city and state paid every possible honor.
Tulane University of Louisiana .- The Tulane university of Louis- iana as now organized is an institution for the education of the white youth of Louisiana, and is divided into the following depart- ments: the graduate, college of letters and science, college of tech- nology, the H. Sophie Newcomb memorial college for young women, the law department, the medical department, and the gradu- ate medical department.
By Act No. 43 of the legislature of 1884 the administrators of the Tulane university of Louisiana were elothed with the power to take under their perpetual care all of the property, powers, privi- leges, immunities and franchises of the University of Louisiana, and with such other powers as might be necessary to enable them to "foster, maintain and develop a great university in the city of New Orleans." By the same Act the name of the institution was changed to "The Tulane University of Louisiana."
The University of Louisiana had its origin in the organization of The Medical College of Louisiana in Sept., 1834, by 7 resident physicians of New Orleans. This institution was chartered by the legislature April 2, 1835, and the first degrees in medieine or science ever conferred in Louisiana or the southwest were conferred by it in March, 1836. On Oet. 20, 1838, a pharmacy department was added, and in March, 1839, the first pharmacy degrees were con- ferred. The founders and first faculty of the medical college were Dr. Thomas Hunt, Dr. John Harrison, Dr. Charles A. Luzenberg, Dr. J. Monroe Mackie, Dr. Thomas R. Ingalls, Dr. August H. Cenas and Dr. Edwin B. Smith. Dr. Edward H. Darton succeeded Dr. E. B. Smith before the opening of the college. The number of students increased rapidly from 11 in 1835 to 404 in 1861. The col- lege was compelled to suspend its activities for a period during the civil war. In 1843 the legislature granted the faculty a 10-year lease of a lot at the corner of Common and Dryades streets on the
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condition of 10 years' free service on the part of its members at the charity hospital, and the acceptance free of charge of 1 student from each parish in the state. A further condition was the rever- sion of lot and building to the state at the expiration of the 10 year period. The building erected on this site was occupied for a num- ber of years by the medical college and subsequently by the law department of the university.
The state constitution of 1845 provided for the establishment of the University of Louisiana at New Orleans, to be composed of + faculties, one of law, one of medicine, one of the natural sciences, and one of letters, the medical college as then organized to consti- tute the medical faculty. These provisions were executed by the legislature of 1847. In the same year the legislature passed an act authorizing the medical department to have "at all times free ac- cess to the charity hospital of New Orleans, for the purpose of af- fording their students practical illustration of the subjects they teach." In the earlier years of the medical college, the generous aid provided by the state was substantially augmented by most lib- eral donations of money and professional services by the devoted faculty.
The medical department now occupies a handsome and commo- dious building on Canal street, built and equipped through the · munificence of Mrs. Ida A. Richardson, as a memorial to her hus- band, the late Dr. T. G. Richardson, for many years dean of the medical department. The postgraduate medical department is lo- cated on Tulane avenue, and occupies a modern building especially adapted to its requirements. During the academic year of 1907-8 there were 535 students in the medical department and 122 in the postgraduate medical department. The ample lecture room and laboratory facilities and the unexcelled opportunity for observation at the charity hospital offer unusual advantages for advanced medi- cal research. Nearly one-half of the registered medical graduates of New Orleans, and more than one-third of those in Louisiana out- side of New Orleans, are graduates of the Tulane medical depart- ment, as are also a large proportion of the reputable physicians of Texas and Mississippi. Its alumni fill important offices in colleges, hospitals and other allied institutions in many states.
The law department of the university was organized on May 4, 1847, and its first faculty was composed of 4 members -- Judge Henry A. Bullard, Richard H. Wilde, Judge Theo. H. McCaleb and Randell Hunt. The first lectures were delivered in the U. S. dis- trict court room, and in 1867, the department occupied the building vacated by the medical department, which was adapted to meet its requirements. At present it is housed on St. Charles avenue, oppo- site Audubon park. As was the case with other departments, the Civil war closed the doors of the law school, and in 1884, when the university was reorganized, there were but 12 law students. In the academic year 1907-8 there were 59.
An effort was made in 1847 by the administrators to organize an academic department, and funds were solicited for that purpose
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as none had been provided by the legislature. Glendy Burke and Judah Touro contributed $500 each, and with a small appropriation obtained from the state an academic building was erected. The department was closed in 1859, but was reopened in 1878, with R. H. Jesse as dean and 3 other professors, J. L. Cross, M. P. Julian and R. B. Montgomery. There was a student enrollment of 60 during this year. For the 5 years preceding 1884, the aca- demic department received $10,000 annually from the state and made marked progress. In addition to support from the legislature, $1,000 was bestowed by Charles T. Howard of New Orleans for equipment of the chemical laboratory, and $20,000 by Paul Tulane for the purchase of Tulane Hall, the first home of the academic department, which was erected some time before as a Mechanics' Institute at an original cost of $83,000.
In 1882, through the broad-minded philanthropy of Paul Tulane. an educational fund was created for the higher education of young white persons in the city of New Orleans. This fund was placed by Mr. Tulane in the hands of a board of trustees, incorporated as "The Administrators of the Tulane Educational Fund," to whom he transferred his New Orleans property, the basis of the fund. It was Mr. Tulane's desire that his donation of New Orleans real estate, amounting in all to $1,050,000, should not be sold, mort- gaged or encumbered within 50 years, and he expressed the inten- tion to add largely to this sum, but as he died without a will, these intentions were never carried out.
Mr. Tulane's own education had been gained principally in the world of affairs, owing to a lack of fondness for books in his youth, and on this account he did not consider himself capable of choosing the particular manner in which the spirit of his gift should be ex- pressed. 'He however emphasized as conditions of his donation that the new institution should be for higher education, of practical tendency, and Christian but non-sectarian in its influence and teach- ing. His wide experience with men, and his keen judgment of their characters, enabled him to choose his administrators with re- markable wisdom, and to their discretion he left the details of his plan. His New Orleans property was transferred to them, and in its management their hands were practically unfettered. MIr. Tulane refused at first even to have the institution bear his name, others being suggested by him as more appropriate. Every effort. however, was made by the administrators to execute what they believed to be Mr. Tulane's wishes in regard to the university and all the work undertaken and outlined before the death of Mr. Tulane in 1887 met with his entire approval.
The Hon. Randall L. Gibson, first president of the board of ad- ministrators of the Tulane educational fund, wrote as follows: "On March 3, 1881, Mr. George O. Vanderbilt, private secretary to Mr. Tulane, accompanied by Senator Randolph of New Jersey, who was formerly a resident of Vicksburg, called upon me in the house of representatives. Mr. Vanderbilt said that he had come to Wash- ington on behalf of Mr. Tulane to bear an invitation to me to visit
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him at Princeton. He did not know for what purpose Mr. Tulane desired to hold the interview, but imagined that it had something to do withi education in Louisiana. It was not until April 18 that engagements in Washington and Louisiana permitted me to visit Princeton. Upon presenting myself Mr. Tulane observed that my father had been his esteemed friend in early times in Louisiana, and that my father-in-law, Mr. R. W. Montgomery, had been the best friend he had ever had. He invited me into the library and told me he desired to do something for the education of the youth of Louisiana. Taking from his drawer a list of properties in New Orleans, he said : 'I desire to leave this property to you, to be de- voted to education in Louisiana.' I replied that I could not consent to accept a bequest, as the relations between us did not justify such a trust, and it might be embarrassing, especially as I was in public life. Mr. Tulane observed that he would as willingly give me the property as to will it for this purpose. Thereupon I said that I would accept the trust. The next day I sailed for Europe, and while at Carlsbad, Germany, projected a plan by which the dona- tion was to be put into effect. The plan was submitted to Mr. Tulane, and met with his approval. Accompanying this plan was a letter, which, with some additions, was accepted by Mr. Tulane. It was not until Nov. 30, 1881, that the plan and paper were sent to Dr. T. G. Richardson, with the request that he would call into consultation Judge Charles E. Fenner, Judge E. D. White, and Mr. James McConnell, who had been designated as administrators by Mr. Tulane, and put the whole matter into shape according to the laws of Louisiana. Their advice was also desired in the selec- tion of additional administrators and for the execution of the trust."
One of the first steps of importance taken by the administrators was the selection of Col. William Preston Johnston, at that time the chief executive officer of the Louisiana state university and Agricultural and Mechanical college at Baton Rouge, to be presi- dent of the new university. A man of more distinguished attain- ments than Mr. Johnston, soldier, poet, scholar and sympathetic friend to his students, would have been hard to find, and to his noble and inspiring personality, his practical knowledge of the re- quirements of the situation, the rapid growth and advancement of Tulane university in the world of letters bear undisputed testimony. President Johnston entered upon his duties early in 1883 and he speaks of the work before him as follows: "The problem before the administrators of Tulane university was to hold fast to the true theory of a university and yet adapted to the existing condi- tions of society in Louisiana. The line between university work and collegiate or academic work was sharply drawn. The former was made elective and of the most advanced character. The latter is embraced in a series of equivalent curricula, extending, after three years' preparatory course, through four years in the college, all leading up to the degree of bachelor of arts, with or without dis- tinetion, according to attainment." At the time of its organization,
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