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REYNOLDS HISTORICAL GENEALOGY COLLECTION
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ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 01105 9778
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FIFTY YEARS of BOSTON
1880- 1930 A MEMORIAL VOLUME Pt.1 .
ISSUED IN COMMEMORATION OF THE TERCENTENARY OF 1930
DEL
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Ad
TRIMOUNTAINE
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PERCENTEN
COMPILED BY THE
SUBCOMMITTEE ON MEMORIAL HISTORY OF THE
BOSTON TERCENTENARY COMMITTEE
ELISABETH M. HERLIHY Chairman and Editor
CHARLES K. BOLTON
JOSEPH E. CHAMBERLIN
M. A. DEWOLFE HOWE CHARLES F. READ ELEANOR TUDOR
WILLIAM A. LEAHY, Editorial Adviser
240
i
Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2019
https://archive.org/details/fiftyyearsofbost01unse
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1780895
FIFTY YEARS OF BOSTON
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BOSTON IN 1930
Boston. Tercentenary committee. Subcommittee on memo- rial history.
3441 .12 Fifty years of Boston; a memorial volume issued in com- memoration of the tercentenary of 1930; compiled by the Sub- committee on memorial history of the Boston tercentenary committee, Elisabeth M. Herlihy, chairman and editor, Charles K. Bolton, JJoseph E. Chamberlin ... and others, William enter CADA. Leahy. editorial adviser. ( Boston, 1932,
xx, 700 p. inel. front., illus., ports., maps. 28cm. Lettered on cover : Fifty years of Boston, 1SS0-1930. (Continued tit next eurd)
33-726
D 26115
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1
COPYRIGHT, 1932 SUBCOMMITTEE ON MEMORIAL HISTORY OF THE BOSTON TERCENTENARY COMMITTEE
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACCEPTANCE
. Hon. JAMES M. CURLEY
ix
FOREWORD
. ELISABETH M. HERLIHY .
x
GREETING
.
JOHN T. MORSE, JR.
xii
A TRIBUTE - THE CITY OF KIND HEARTS
HELEN KELLER XV
CHAPTER I. LOOKING BACKWARD:
The Winsor History
.
M. A. DEWOLFE HOWE
.
1
Boston Memories of Fifty Years
.
EDWIN D. MEAD
8
CHAPTER II. PHYSICAL CHANGES:
The Planning of a City . FREDERIC H. FAY 41
CHAPTER III. THE POPULATION, OLD AND NEW:
Gains and Losses
. WILLIAM A. LEAHY
62
The Contribution of the Newer Races, WILLARD DE LUE
73
CHAPTER IV. THE POLITICAL UNIT - DEMOCRACY IN PRACTICE:
The City Government
.
A. CHESTER HANFORD
84
Metropolitan Boston . JOSEPH H. BEALE 116
The City and the State
.
HENRY PARKMAN, JR.
.
128
The Influence of Boston in National Affairs JAMES MORGAN 148
CHAPTER V. THE FOUNDATIONS OF PROSPERITY -
COMMERCE, INDUSTRY AND LABOR:
Commerce MELVILLE D. LIMING 157
Industry and Manufactures
. THOMAS F. ANDERSON 170
Wholesale and Retail Trade
FRANCIS G. FITZPATRICK
.
179
Labor
ETHEL M. JOHNSON 198
Finance FREDERIC H. CURTISS 230
The Railroads
. WILLIAM J. CUNNINGHAM 248
Rapid Transit Problems and Solutions, HENRY I. HARRIMAN 267
The Harbor and Shipping . GEORGE C. HOMANS .
279
The Fisheries
JAMES B. CONNOLLY
.
291
Aviation
PORTER ADAMS
295
CHAPTER VI. THE SUPERSTRUCTURE- ARTS, SCIENCES
AND PROFESSIONS:
Literature ROBERT E. ROGERS 301
Music
GEORGE W. CHADWICK 319
General Progress in the Fine Arts
. WILLIAM H. DOWNES 335
Architecture
. RALPH ADAMS CRAM 340
Landscape Architecture
. HENRY V. HUBBARD 347
Painting and Etching
PHILIP L. HALE 353
Sculpture
. CHARLES D. MAGINNIS 365
The Decorative Arts
. GRANT H. CODE 379
The Stage
. CHARLES H. GRANDGENT 391
Science and Invention
KENNETH L. MARK . 402
Medicine
. HENRY A. CHRISTIAN 417
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FIFTY YEARS OF BOSTON
Page
Engineers and Engineering
CHARLES M. SPOFFORD . 435
Education
JEREMIAH E. BURKE and LOUIS J. FISII . 449
The Bench and Bar
FRANK W. GRINNELL . 490
Journalisın
. ROBERT LINCOLN O'BRIEN 505
Libraries .
. CHARLES F. D. BELDEN
513
Publishing and Printing
.
DAVID T. POTTINGER
521
CHAPTER VII. SOCIAL WELFARE
EVA WHITING WHITE
.
528
CHAPTER VIII. RELIGION:
PART I. THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH :
Rev. EDWARD J. CAMPBELL 560
PART II. OTHER CHRISTIAN CHURCHES:
The Episcopal Church Rt. Rev. HENRY K. SHERRILL, 588 Rev. A. Z. CONRAD . . 591
Congregationalism .
The Unitarian, Universalist and Congregational Churches
Rev. WILLARD L. SPERRY 594
The Methodist Episcopal Church, Rev. LEWIS O. HARTMAN . 597
The Baptists
Rev. HAROLD MAJOR and Rev. CHARLES L. PAGE . 602
Presbyterianismn
. Rev. ROBERT WATSON 604
Lutheranism
Rev. JOHN H. VOLK . 606
Christian Science
. C. AUGUSTUS NORWOOD 608
The Church of the New Jerusalem, Rev. CLINTON H. HAY
609
The Friends
. BLANCHE R. HOWLAND 611
Eastern Christianity
. H. S. JELALIAN . 611
PART III. JUDAISM . Rabbi HARRY LEVI 617
CHAPTER IX. WOMAN'S WIDENING SPHERE
FRANCES G. CURTIS 626
CHAPTER X. PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENTS IN BOSTON
GEORGE W. COLEMAN 636
CHAPTER XI. OUR MILITARY AND NAVAL RECORD
THOMAS G. FROTHINGHAM . 644
CHAPTER XII. RECREATION:
The Boston Park System . CHARLES W. ELIOT, 2d . 657 .
Playgrounds, Beaches and Baths . JOSEPH LEE 672 .
CHAPTER XIII. EVERYDAY LIFE IN BOSTON:
Its Changing Aspects . ARTHUR A. SHURCLIFF . 684
CHAPTER XIV. THE TERCENTENARY OBSERVANCE
FRANK CHOUTEAU BROWN
. 707
CHAPTER XV. A CHRONICLE INTERESTING EVENTS
OF IMPORTANT AND
CHAPTER XVI. BIOGRAPHICAL
SKETCHES - THE CON-
1
TRIBUTORS AND THE COMMITTEE
WILLIAM A. LEAHY
.
. 751
INDEX
. 778
EDITH GUERRIER
.
715
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
(In "A Note on the Portraits," page 774, the reader will find a brief sketch of each of the "Representative Bostonians" and a general reference to the Mayors of Boston.)
Boston in 1930 Frontispiece Facing Page xii
Representative Bostonians: a Group of Living Nonagenarians
Three Views in the Older Sections: the Public Garden, Louisburg Square and Christ Church, Salem Street 14
Washington Statue and John Boyle O'Reilly Monument 28
Office Building of the United Shoe Machinery Company 44
Zoning Methods Illustrated: Map and Aerial View 58
Representative Bostonians: a Group from the Newer Races 74
The Mayors of Boston, 1879-1888 . 88
Memorials to George R. White and Francis Parkman 104
The Four Bostons: a Combination Map 118
The State House and City Hall 134
The Mayors of Boston, 1889-1905 . 148
A Water Front View and the Airport 164
Tremont Street in the 1890's and Thirty Years Later
180
The Christmas Tree on the Common
194
Street Play and Skating on the Public Garden Pond
208
Bird House and Bird Pond in Franklin Park
224
Ellicottdale and the Rose Garden in Franklin Park
238
Charles Station and North Station 254
Transportation Methods, Old and New
268
Italian Fishing Fleet at T Wharf
284
The Mayors of Boston, 1906-1930 .
298
Representative Bostonians: Writers and Scholars
314
Singers in International Music Festival: a Mixed Group .
328
Museum of Fine Arts: Evans Galleries, a Visiting Public School Class and the Main Stairway 344
Museum of Fine Arts: Five Treasures
358
Museum of Fine Arts: "Appeal to the Great Spirit"
374.
Museum of Fine Arts: Room from Hamilton Palace and Detail from the Garden Court 388
404
Views of Arnold Arboretum and Back Bay Educational and Medical Center 418
Harvard Business School and the Institute of Technology 436
Old Public Latin School Building and Brighton High School 450
Work of the Public Schools: Mill Work and a Cosmopolitan Class 464
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Representative Bostonians: Scientists
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FIFTY YEARS OF BOSTON
Facing Page
Work of the Public Schools: a Cooking Class and a Kindergarten Scene, 478 Representative Bostonians: a Miscellaneous Group . 494 The Public Library: Front View, Main Stairway and Interior Court 508
The Public Library: Trustees' Room, Bates Hall and Detail from Mural Painting 524
Representative Bostonians: Philanthropists
538
Singers in International Music Festival: Three Groups, French, Ukrainian and Armenian 554
Home for Italian Children 568
Boston College and St. John's Ecclesiastical Seminary 584
Representative Bostonians: Clergymen and Educators 598
Beth Israel Hospital and Group from Hecht Neighborhood House . 614
Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Fenway.Court: Exterior and Interior Views 628
Memorial to the Founders and Shaw Memorial 644
The Riverway Before and After Its Development 658
City Point Bathing Beach and Stadium in the Back Bay Fens 674 Model Yacht Racing on the Frog Pond 688
Tercentenary Parade Passing the Stands on Tremont Street 704
The Public Library: Sargent Corridor, Children's Room and Interior Court . 718
Acknowledgments are due to Fairchild Aerial Surveys, Inc., for all but one of the aerial views; to the Boston Athenaeum for free access to its large collection of portraits; to Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum for pictures of the Museum and for permission to reproduce the portrait of Mrs. Gardner by John S. Sargent; to the Park, School and Library Departments of the city for numerous inter- esting contributions; and to the many individuals and public officials who have contributed material for the illustrations and whose courtesy is not otherwise acknowledged.
1
MESSAGE OF ACCEPTANCE
By HON. JAMES M. CURLEY Mayor of the City of Boston
It is a happy privilege for me as Mayor of the City of Boston to accept from the Committee on Memorial History of the Boston Tercentenary Com- mittee this volume covering the life of the city during the fifty-year period from 1880 to 1930.
It is to be regretted that many of the important events in municipal life pass into history leaving no permanent reminder of their existence. Pleasant memories, however satisfying for the moment, are necessarily fleeting. In this present volume, the 300th anniversary of the founding of the site of the City of Boston is not only suitably and permanently commemorated but the achievements of the city and its citizens during the last half-century have been recognized and recorded for the benefit of future generations.
To the contributors who have given generously of themselves and their talents in order that the city might be thus honored, I am deeply grateful. The fact that they have participated in the work, not for money or profit, but purely for patriotism and civic loyalty, is to my mind ample proof that the spirit of unselfish devotion and courage which inspired the founders of the Massachusetts Bay Colony is perpetuated in the men and women of the Ter- centenary period. Such dedication of their time and ability is indicative of a feeling which can best be expressed in the words of St. Francis de Sales:
"In the Royal Galley of Divine Love there is no galley-slave; all the rowers are volunteers."
To the members of the committee who by their perseverance and unceasing labor have made this Memorial History an accomplished fact, I extend on behalf of the city and its citizens my most sincere thanks and congratulations.
May succeeding anniversaries in the life of our beloved city find equally able and devoted men and women rejoicing in her opportunities and delighting to pay her their homage of filial affection.
MAYOR OF BOSTON
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FOREWORD
By ELISABETH M. HERLIHY
The 300th anniversary of the settlement of Boston furnished the incentive for the present volume covering the history of the city for the fifty-year period fromn 1880 to 1930. The Tercentenary year was observed in a most dignified and impressive manner. The parade, which was in itself an inspiration, the pageants, the dedications and the receptions are all faithfully recorded in the pages of a contemporary volume, "Tercentenary of the Founding of Boston." As preparations for these different projects advanced, the feeling that every- thing was covered except the story of the city itself became a conviction. Every possible provision was made for the entertainment and pleasure of citizens and guests, but there still remained the belief that the occasion should be recognized by some form of permanent memorial,- something that should continue to live on in the minds of the people after the program was completed and the chronicler must write once more:
"The tumult and the shouting dies - The captains and the kings depart!"
This belief was shared by many and found partial expression in the erec- tion, on Beacon street, facing Boston Common, of the beautiful Memorial to the Founders. The four volumes of the Justin Winsor Memorial History, covering the 250-year period from 1630 to 1880, afforded a splendid precedent for a similar historical review of the intervening period, and with the approval of His Honor James M. Curley, Mayor of the City of Boston, and the encourage- ment of the officers and members of the Executive Committee of the Boston Tercentenary Committee, the prevalent feeling was crystallized into action, and work in connection with the present volume was undertaken by a Com- mittee on Memorial History consisting of Elisabeth M. Herlihy, Chairman and Editor; Charles K. Bolton, Joseph E. Chamberlin, Mark A. DeWolfe Howe, Charles F. Read and Eleanor Tudor.
The committee held its first meeting on March 11, 1930, and as its initial step retained the services of William A. Leahy as Editorial Adviser. The structure of the volume itself was developed bit by bit and outstanding writers in each particular field were approached. Comparatively few refusals were encountered, and these were generally occasioned by circumstances which could not be controlled. The committee has been particularly fortunate, where substitutions became necessary, in that the standards originally adopted have been invariably maintained.
Perhaps the outstanding feature of the present volume is that not a penny has been paid for the articles contained in its pages,- each contributor partici- pating in the work as his or her personal offering to the city on its 300th birthday.
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FOREWORD
Another outstanding feature is the greeting which we are privileged to include from John T. Morse, Jr., the only survivor among the contributors to the four preceding volumes. Helen Keller's chapter, "My Recollections of Boston, the City of Kind Hearts," is a unique tribute; while seldom is it given to any man to possess the years, the experience and the ability to enable him to discuss intimately, out of his own personal contacts, the events of the pre- ceding half-century as does Edwin D. Mead in the present volume. To these, and to all the other contributors, discussing from the vantage ground of their own observation, knowledge or experience questions of city growth, population factors, political units, commerce, industry and labor, the arts, sciences and professions, religion, social welfare and recreation, war and peace movements, and women's share in the work, the committee is deeply grateful.
For four of our contributors, Charles F. D. Belden, Jeremiah E. Burke, George W. Chadwick and Philip L. Hale, the contributions were in the nature of valedictories. Each of them answered the suminons of the Divine Master before his manuscript had reached the printed page, leaving behind him a record of years well spent in his particular calling. To the memory of these four contributors the committee is deeply, reverently grateful.
Without any intention of making this introductory word a pæan of praise, it would nevertheless be incomplete if it failed to record the loyal, constructive and untiring efforts of the members of the Committee on Memorial History in developing the structure of the volume, in selecting and securing the co-opera- tion of the contributors, and in making the countless details involved in the preparation of the volume a joy throughout rather than an arduous duty. At the same time, much of the success in the preparation of the present volume, its continuity of thought and its comprehensiveness of detail is due to the constant assistance, interest and co-operation of the Editorial Adviser; and finally, as editor, it is my privilege to extend the thanks of the committee, and my own personal thanks, to my two assistants, Miss Gertrude M. Ryan and Miss Mary T. Downey, whose daily assistance, ability and willingness have been invaluable factors in the preparation of the material contained in the volume.
The work, as it stands, is a labor of love offered to the City of Boston on its 300th birthday, as a tribute of affection and loyalty more enduring than bronze or marble. May the torch which was lighted by the fires of patriotism three hundred years ago, rekindled by the historians of 1880, and caught by the present Tercentenary Committee, be passed on undimmed to future genera- tions and continue to shed its lustre for all time over a devoted city and its citizens.
i
GREETING
By JOHN T. MORSE, Jr.
To the Members of the Committee:
You have most courteously suggested to me that I contribute a paper to the volume concerning the history of Boston which is now in preparation for our Tercentenary. An aged and inconspicuous citizen, I am astonished and embarrassed by the unexpected compliment. You offer as an explana- tion of it the fact that I am now the only surviving contributor to the four famous volumes prepared by Mr. Justin Winsor for the semi-centennial of 1880. Gratefully appreciating your courtesy, I would yet suggest, per contra, that this fact which you allege as an incentive is really an obstacle. I'm not so old that I can't appreciate the dangers of old age, whereof a principal one certainly is the deceiving notion that because a man could do a thing at forty he can therefore do it again at ninety.
It is now fifty years since, in September, 1880, Mr. Justin Winsor dated his brief and modest preface to the "Memorial History of Boston." It was only a semi-centennial that was then being commemorated. The introduction of the "semi," though inevitable, was of course unfortunate; for any "semi" must per se appear as only a fragment of the real thing. But a large proportion of the persons then living could not reasonably expect to survive to see the erasure of those letters, and accordingly they wisely determined to celebrate their arrival at the half-mile stone. And exceedingly well they did it! Fire- works are the most perishable of all invented forms of glorification. Speeches and addresses pass promptly into oblivion. Taking account of these facts, certain good citizens of that day resolved that they would have something better than these commonplace and transitory effusions of loyalty to their good old town, and some clever men among them devised the scheme of the. four magnificent volumes of the "Memorial History of Boston." Mr. Justin Winsor, then the Librarian of the noble Harvard University Library, was the gentleman who probably first suggested, certainly who carried out, the project. It was none of your futile catch-penny enterprises, of that commonplace and foolish kind which two or three years later are found on rubbish heaps and in ash-barrels, that this gentleman had in mind. He was a man of high repute and great ability in matters literary. When he took charge of the task every- one felt at once assured that it would not only deserve but would certainly achieve a brilliant success. So indeed it did. Unlimited thought and labor were lavished upon it. The program of subjects and of treatment was most thoughtfully and carefully laid out, and no critic was ever afterward able to suggest any omission. With the same wise judgment the proportionate importance of topics was carefully respected. Above all else, the personal influence and high repute of Mr. Winsor enabled him to secure a corps of con- tributors of first-rate ability, carefully selected according to the especial fitness
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REPRESENTATIVE BOSTONIANS- LIVING NONAGENARIANS GEORGE H. PALMER JOHN T. MORSE, JR. OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES (Bachrach) HENRY P. WALCOTT HENRY M. ROGERS
xiv
FIFTY YEARS OF BOSTON
of each for his topic, and every one of these writers, appreciating the real dignity of the enterprise, did his best. When the finished work was laid before the public, loud praise ascended from every side; even the most doubting Thomas modified the shrug of his shoulders into an obeisance.
Thus it must seem to us all that it has been a most wise thought which has suggested, as a part of our tricentennial celebration, the addition of a fifth volume to this enduring quartet. Fortunately it is well adapted to receive . such an addition. The structure was happily left in such shape that this new story can be added, not only without architectural injury, but really to advan- tage and improvement. Besides there will be no lack of novel and interesting topics; no necessity for making the best of imperfectly satisfactory material. The intervening half-century has been no commonplace one. In earlier ages, the period of fifty years, though occasionally they might happen to enshrine some great event, such as the discovering of our continent, or the preaching of Luther, or at least the battle of Waterloo, yet ordinarily witnessed no very great changes in the daily lives, occupations and interests of the mass of every- day citizens. But this rule of the slow evolution of important novelties exists no longer. What marvelous invasions have come within fifty years to form a familiar part of the daily lives of us all! Verily their number is so great and their influence and value are so immense that one is confused by the spectacle. Not only automobiles, radio, aeroplanes and other conspicuous invasions, but new methods of business, new habits in daily life, and even new points of view and lines of thought have made the modern lives of us all an amazing procession of bewildering novelties. We cannot assimilate fast enough. We feel ourselves afloat on a strange sea where the old compasses do not work quite accurately. Verily, there is good need, as there is almost limitless material, moral and mental as well as physical, for a fifth volume to be added to Mr. Winsor's great publica- tion. Indeed the amount is staggering, so that you gentlemen who have had the gallant spirit to undertake the task may well have felt even more alarmed than encouraged by the vast extent of the new territory which you have to traverse. But you will do it! We all feel assured of that. The very vastness will be inspiring, and you have the pleasure at once and the encouragement which come from the knowledge of the eager anticipation and sympathetic interest with which your fellow citizens are awaiting the pages which you are soon to hand to them. Be of good courage, then, amid your toils. Remember the old Roman saying:
Macte virtute puer, sic itur ad astra.
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0
MY RECOLLECTIONS OF BOSTON -THE CITY OF KIND HEARTS
By HELEN KELLER
My recollections of Boston go back many years. The first joyous experience I had after my education began was a visit to Boston with my mother and Miss Sullivan in 1888, a few weeks before my eighth birthday.
There were inany reasons for my eagerness to go to Boston. My teacher, Anne Mansfield Sullivan, came to me from Boston. She was educated at the Perkins Institution for the Blind. She was born at Feeding Hills, Massa- chusetts. Very early in life she became almost totally blind, and she entered the institution the year of my birth, 1880, when she was fourteen years old. Several years later her sight was partially restored by an operation.
When I was six years old, Dr. Alexander Graham Bell advised my father to write to Mr. Michael Anagnos, Director of the Perkins Institution, who had succeeded Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe, and ask him if he could find some one competent to teach me. Mr. Anagnos responded with the comforting assur- ance that a teacher had been found. The following March Miss Sullivan came to me. She had been with me little more than a year when we received an invitation from Mr. Anagnos to visit him at the Perkins Institution.
I discovered Boston in the happy atmosphere of childhood. I cannot recall a person I met in Boston who did not add something to my sumn of knowl- edge and whom it is not a pleasure to remember.
As I look back over the years, I realize that I am a sheaf in the harvest the seed of which was sown by Doctor Howe and other philanthropists in Boston. They transmuted their pity and the pity of their fellow-citizens for the afflicted into a sense of responsibility for their rehabilitation. Their activities brought new hope to the blind and the deaf. Every one knows how Doctor Howe championed the cause of the sightless and labored to con- vince the public that they could be educated and trained to work with their hands. He lifted them from the status of beggars to the dignity of human beings. And who is not thrilled by the story of how Doctor Howe found a way through her fingers to the imprisoned mind of Laura Bridgman? In her education he made possible the escape from a death-in-life existence for all the deaf blind of the world.
I feel that I owe my teacher to Doctor Howe as truly as I owe my deliver- ance from a harsh fate to her devotion. Before coming to me she had read his reports and was inspired by his fearless experimenting spirit and enthusiasm.
It was in 1890 that I had my first lesson in speech at the Horace Mann School for the Deaf. On the twenty-sixth day of March of that year, accom- panied by Miss Sullivan, I entered the door of the school with a breathless desire to speak and came out a happy little girl because in one hour I had learned
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FIFTY YEARS OF BOSTON
six elements of oral language. Miss Sarah Fuller was Principal of the Horace Mann School. She was a noble woman, devoted to teaching the deaf. It was the desire of her heart that every deaf child should be taught to speak. Five minutes after greeting me, she was teaching me how to articulate. The first sounds I made were broken and halting, but they were the beginnings of human speech. This is another reason for loving Boston.
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