USA > Massachusetts > Essex County > Newburyport > City Officers and the Annual Reports to the City Council of Newburyport 1882 > Part 5
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In the opinion of competent judges the rank smells emanating from this pond in hot weather are due not to putrefaction, but to the development of certain micro-organisms of a low kind, whose inodorous emanations, however offensive to the sense of smell, are not absolutely insalubrious. Freshen and cool the water of the pond, and the conditions for the growth and development of this foul vegetation no longer exist, and the nuisance is abated.
HOUSE OFFAL.
Last April an arrangement was made with the Committee on Public Property, whereby the use of the city teams was permitted, two days each week, for the removal of ashes and other offal from the front of houses in the centre of the city. This arrangement has worked to the great satisfaction of all parties benefited thereby, many of whom have not room in their yards for accumulation of rubbish. It has, however, given cause of complaint to parties out- side of the area visited semi-weekly by the city teams. It has been thought best to discontinue the arrangement, or ask the Committee on Public Property for an extension of the same, whereby a larger portion of the city may be accommodated by removal at regular periods, of their house offal.
It may at first sight seem as though matters of this kind hardly come within the province of boards of health, except in the general sense that every measure which promotes the cleanliness of the city is a sanitary measure.
MORTUARY STATISTICS.
At the close of this annual report will be found the statistics of deaths in Newburyport for the year 1882. The total number is 305 ; 18 deaths more than in 1880, and 15 more than in 1881-a mortality ratio of about 2 per cent, which is a fair average in years where there is freedom from devastating epidemics. Of these re-
74
REPORT OF THE BOARD OF HEALTH.
corded deaths 47, or 16 1-2 per cent are ascribed to consumption. This is about the usual average of deaths from consumption in this vicinity for the past twenty-five years. Nearly one-half of these phthisical cases were persons of Irish extraction ; a demonstration of the baneful effects of our inclement climate on certain classes of immigrants. We have reliable statistics to show that consump- tion is on the wane among persons native to the soil.
Among the causes of death pneumonia has the past year claimed 21, and various heart diseases 19. Cholera infantum, croup, and hydrocephalus-children's diseases, have removed 31. Old age stands accountable for 24 deaths : four of these were persons be- tween 90 and 100. From diphtheria we notice two deaths, and from scarlet fever three ; this is an exceedingly small mortality ratio from these two zymotic diseases. The mortality from typhoid fever is 6.
It is with diseases that are contagious and preventable -- measles, scarlet fever, whooping cough, small pox, etc.,-that boards of health are principally concerned. These diseases are communicated from person to person, and do not arise spontaneously. Complete isolation of the patient or patients can stop their spread, and stamp them out. Diphtheria and typhoid fever, diseases that prevail more or less in this locality, are in some measure preventable, originating as they do in bad air, de- fective drainage, and foul sewerage, promoted, no doubt by improp- er food, impure water, and overwork. Other diseases, as dysentery, cholera infantum, are in a great degree preventable by proper pre- cautions, such as strict attention to diet and ordinary hygiene.
In conclusion the board earnestly bespeaks the cooperation of every individual in carrying out such sanitary regulttions as seem desirable for the good of the city.
All citizens are hereby requested to inform the board, in writing, of any thing which they may regard as a nuisance in any way det- rimental to the public health. All such communications should be addressed to the "Clerk of the Board of Health, City Hall," and will be considered as confidential. The Board will investigate every alleged cause of complaint, and will see that the required action is taken in each case.
Respectfully submitted,
EDWARD P. HURD, Board BENJAMIN F. ATKINSON, of
JOHN F. YOUNG. Health.
STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF DEATHS IN NEWBURYPORT FOR THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1882.
CAUSES OF DEATH.
Males .
Females.
..
Total
January .
February
March.
April .
May.
June
July
August
September
October.
November.
December.
Under 1 year. . .
1-2 years
2-5 years
5-10 years ..
10-15 years . . . .
15-20 years ...
20-30 years ....
30-40 years ....
50-60 years ....
60-70 years ....
70-80 years ....
80-90 years ....
90-100 and over
CLASS I .- Zymotic Diseases :
Croup.
3
7
10
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
7
Diphtheria
2
1
3
2
1
1
2
Erysipelas . .
3
3
1
1
1
2
1
Puerperal Fever.
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
CLASS II .- Constitutional Diseases :
Cancer. .
3
8
11
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
4
3
1
Consumption .
197 30
47
2
2
4
3
6
2
4
9
4.
2
6
3
3 13 10 5
7
4
11
.
Anemia.
3
3
2
1
1
1
. .
Dropsy . .
3
3
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
Gangrene. .
1
1
1
1
Hydrocephalus
4
6
10
2
1
1
CLASS III .- Local Diseases :
Dysentery .. .
1
1
1
Apoplexy . .
3
4
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
Bright's Disease
4
3
7
3
1
1
2
1
Bronchitis .
1
1
2
1
1
1
Inflammation of Brain.
1
1
1
66
Bowels.
2
.
Catarrh .
2
2
1
1
1
1
Cerebritis . .
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
Typhoid Fever.
4
2
Scarlet Fever . .
2
2
. . .
1
.
Albuminaria .
1
1 1
Brain Fever .
1.
3
4
1
2
1
1.
1
1
Congestion of Lungs
Cholera Storhus ..
. . .
. . . 5
2
. .
1
.
4
..
-
SEX.
40-50 years .. .
Convulsions.
4
4
1
1
1
1
4
.
2
2
1
1
Diarrhea
5
7
1
Diabetis .
1
. .
Embolism .
2
2
1
Encephalitis
1
1
Epilepsy .
1
1
Gastritis.
2
2
1
Cholera Infantum
6 5
11
1
4
2
Hernia .. .
1
1
1
Heart Disease
5
14
19
3
2
4
1
2
2
Indigestion
1
.
1
2
3
1
1
1
2
Meningitis
4
4
1
1
1
4
Pelvic Abscess
1
1
Paralysis .
3
9
12
3
3
1
1
1
2
1
Peritonitis . .
2
4
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
3
5
1
1
Pneumonia .
8
13
21
2
6
4
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
Softening of Brain
4
7
2
1
2
1
1
1
Tumor ....
1
1
CLASS IV .- Developmental Diseases :
Child Birth
2
2
1 2
24
2
1
5
1
2
4
2
2
Cyanosis
2
2
1
1
Congenital Debility.
3
1
4
1
1
1
1
4
Premature Birth .
1
3
4
1
1
1
1
4
Teething. . .
1
1
Still Born .
3
2
5
1
2
CLASS V .- Violent Deaths.
Alcoholism . .
1
1
2
1
1
1
Accidental. .
8
1
9
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
Hemorrhage .
1
1
1
1
1
Instrumental Labor
1
1
Suicide .
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
.
123 182 305 23 29 24 25 32 23 15 30 39
18
22 26
|61 810| 7|20 9|25 26 14 21 29 50 19 6
1
1
2
1
1
Spinal Diseases
1
. .
1
Old Age. .
5
.
·
.
12
1
.
-
·
1
·
·
1
1
1
·
1
1
1
1
Marasmus.
1
·
1
6
1
1
2
Cystitis. .
2
3
19
1
1
REPORT OF THE CITY PHYSICIAN.
To His Honor the Mayor and the City Council :
GENTLEMEN :- During the past year I have had the entire medi- val charge of the sick poor of the city, under the care of the Over- seers of the Poor.
The following table gives the visits made, and the work done. This table represents the medical attendance for ten months, viz. : from February 1st, 1882, to December 1st, 1882.
Number of visits to almshouse 250
poor families 400
Office visited by poor person 12 Vaccinations . 30
Confinements among the poor 4
Total number 696
E. P. HURD, M. D.,
City Physician.
REPORT ON THE METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR THE YEAR 1882.
To the Board of Health :
GENTLEMEN :- I have the honor to submit to you the third annual report on meteorological observations. During the past year the station received an anemometer, and is provided now with all in- struments most needed for such observations.
PRESSURE (BAROMETER.)
Table I contains the monthly average height of the barometer, together with the highest and lowest points reached and the ranges.
TABLE I.
Mean.
Max.
Min.
Range.
January
30.053
30.799
29.403
1 396
February
.30.082
30.679
29.313
1.366
March
30.035
30.642
29.417
1.225
April
29.966
30,599
29,260
1,339
May
30.007
30.509
29.558
.951
June
. 29.825
30.251
29.445
.806
July
29.934
30.302
29.621
.681
August
.29.977
30.293
29.553
.740
September
.30.024
30.300
29.511
.789
October
.30.059
30.405
29.642
.763
November.
30.069
30.523
29.635
.888
December
29.982
30.435
29.398
1.037
This shows the annual mean to be 30.001 inches, a pressure slightly above the average. Sixty times during the year, or on an average five times each month, the barometer fell below the normal height. In many instances a fall was attended by a storm, or at least by foul and threatening weather. The following table may show the relation of both barometer and storm to each other :
76
METEOROLONICAL REPORT.
TABLE II.
No. low press.
No. storms.
No. low press.
No. storm s.
January
9
7
July
3
2
February
8
5
August
4
3
March
6
3
September
4
3
April
6
5
October.
3
2
May
4
4
November
4
3
June
6
2
December -
4
4
The lowest pressure was observed April 20th-29.26 inches ; the highest January 24th-30.799 inches, a range of 1.539 inches. The monthly ranges are smaller, varying from 1.396 to 0.681 inch- es ; on an average 0-998 inches. The daily ranges move in still narrower limits, having an average of 0.157 inches. Yet sudden changes on one day are recorded at different times, for instance :
January 13th
.926 inches
27th
.846
66
February 19th
21th
.555
March 9th
.669
66
December 13th
.947
60
TEMPERATURE.
Mean annual temperature 47.08 °.
Table III exhibits the monthly means, the maximum and mini- mum, the monthly range, and the mean daily range.
TABLE III.
Mean.
Max.
Min.
Monthly range.
Mean dally range
January
.25.09
48.5
-13
61.5
16.3
February
29.20
56.
4
52.0
18.9
March
34.28
60.
15
45.
15.4
April
41.59
68.
20
48.
17.8
May
. 50.13
83.
30
53.
19.0
June.
64.42
92.
44.5
47.5
22.5
July
71.08
96.5
50
46.5
24.1
August
69.51
95.5
47
48.5
25.3
September
61.48
88.
45
43.0
15.2
October
.53.26
82.
34
48.
17.0
November
37.20
72.
18
54.
14.1
December
27.70
51.
4
47.
14.3
·
31st
.500
.543
The difference in the mean temperature of July and January- the warmest and coldest months-is 45.99°. The average month- ly difference in the mean temperature is 8.11º. The highest tem- perature recorded was 96.5°, July 26th ; the lowest -13, January
77
METEOROLOGICAL REPORT.
24th. High temperatures-above 90, occurred also June 24th and 25th ; July 11, 12, 24 and 29; August 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 15, 17 and 31. In four days in January-18, 23, 24 and 25, the thermometer reg- istered below zero.
The differences in the daily maximum and minimum temperature are of importance, as they chiefly determine the character of a cli- mate. These differences were from 2 to 40 degrees, the extremes occurring most frequently in the months of June, July and August. For the four seasons the average daily difference is as follows :
Spring, 17.4° ; summer, 24° ; fall, 15.5° ; winter, 16.8°.
A close relation exists, also, between the thermometrical ranges and the humidity of the air. The heat which the earth receives by the sun during the day is given off during the night by radiation. A dry atmosphere allows this radiation freely into the open space, while a moist air, having the power of absorbing heat, checks its ra - diation to some extent. Therefore a low relative humidity (dry air) at the evening observation is a pretty sure indication that the minimum thermometer will register low next morning. From the observations made in that direction we arrived at the following fig- ures, which are the average for the four seasons :
Relative humidity at 9 p. m. 35 per cent.
Fall in temperature. 26 degrees.
Spring
Summer
53
29
Fall
58 66
24
Winter
45
28
66
The fall in temperature means here the difference between the maximum of the day and the minimum of the night following.
Observations were also made on underground temperature to a depth of four feet by means of the aqueduct together with direct measuring. From the imperfect conducting power of the earth the heat on the surface proceeds but slowly downwards ; the loss by radiation is diminished from the same reason ; therefore the daily variations must gradually disappear.
During the month of August the temperature was nearly station- ary at 65°. It then commenced to fall at the following rate :
For September. 4 degrees, or 1-7 degree daily.
October
5.3
1-6 .
November.
11.8
2-5
December.
5.5 " 1-6
10
78
METEOROLOGICAL REPORT.
The decrease in November is quite conspicuous, corresponding to a similar large fall of the mean temperature of the air from October to November. The mean obtained from the daily observations are as follows, compared with the mean of the air :
Monthly mean of the ground. 65°
Monthly mean of the air.
August
69.5°
September
62.8
61.4
October
57.3
53.2
November
47.0
37.2
December
40.0
27.7
The range for these five months is therefore 25° ; the range of the mean temperature of the air for the same period, 41.8º. These observations have to be continued for one year at least, as no sooner the true relation of both temperatures will be understood
RELATIVE HUMIDITY.
TABLE IV.
MEAN REL. HUMIDITY.
ABSOL. HUMID.
Month.
Mean.
Max.
Min.
Grs. in 1 cubic foot of air.
January
65.6
95
20
1.180
February.
66.4
100
23
1.251
March.
64.2
100
27
1.687
April
60 2
95
10
1.908
May
67.3
100
23
2 860
June.
66.1
97
29
4.606
July
69 7
100
27
5.969
August
71.0
95
35
5.805
September
82.0
100
37
5.235
October
78.4
100
31
4.007
November
68.1
96
20
1.927
December
65.0
100
31
1.276
It will be seen from this table that the variation of the monthly mean relative humidity is somewhat limited, the limits being 60 and 82 per cent. There is, however, a wide range between the maxi- mum and minimum-on an average 71 per cent. The annual mean was 68.69 per cent.
The absolute humidity, that is, the actual amount of water in the air, corresponds closely with the temperature from the fact, that the
79
METEOROLOGICAL REPORT.
capability of the air to retain water increases with its temperature. The highest amount contained in one cnbic foot of air was 8 1-2 grains (July 2) ; the smallest was less than 1-2 grain, (January 23d and 24th), which days also had the lowest temperature of the year.
PRECIPITATION.
The rainfall of 1882 is lacking 4.43 inches to the average of 40 inches, the total amount being 35.57 inches. This amount is un- evenly distributed, as a glance at Table V will show.
TABLE V.
Total am't of rain and melted snow.
Depth of snow in inches.
Duration in
January.
5,270
33.5
113
February .
4.225
31.5
80
March
.3,170
2.5
83
April.
. 2.020
33
May
3,820
69
June
1,985
39
July
1,430
63
August
1.060
4
September
6,940
65
October.,
2,290
45
November
.970
8.5
65
December
2.390
5.5
61
35.570
81.5
7.20
The number of thunder showers was small, and so was the quan- tity of rain attending them. Some passed over this city without giving any rain. Below are the dates and rainfall at each shower :
April 4th, 0.02 inches; June 4th, 0.68; June 25th, 0,17: June 28th. 0.30; August 8th, 0.37; Sept. 8th, 0.12; Sept. 14th, 43. Total, 2.09.
The number of days on which rain or snow fell was 65, the actual duration 7.20 hours ; thus the average precipitation per hour was 0.69 inches. The total depth of snow fallen was 82 inches, equal to about 8 inches of rain. The last snow storm in spring occurred on the second day of May ; the first one in fall, November 17th.
WIND.
We observe the wind-1st for the direction ; 2d for the velocity of force.
Three daily observations are insufficient for calculating the meau
hours.
80
METEOROLOGICAL REPORT.
values, as the changes are too numerous ; thus the necessity of a continuous record is obvious. An instrument for registering the hourly direction has been described in last year's report. Another instrument for measuring the velocity was put up in May and has been in operation ever since. This instrument is called " Anemo- meter "; it consists of a horizontal cross which bears at its ends four hemispherical brass cups so attached that one must always face the wind from whatever quarter it is blowing. This cross is fastened at its centre to a vertical shaft or axis, which, being sup- ported, turns with very little friction. Two dials concentrically mounted and moved by an endless screw at the lower end of the axis register the number of revolutions of the cups. Now it was found that the center of a cup set in motion by the wind, moves with just one-third the velocity of the wind. The number of miles can be read off the dial directly.
To render the instrument self-recording it is placed within an electric current. By a pin in one of the dials the circuit is closed with every mile passed. The connecting wires lead from the anem- ometer to the proper recording apparatus in the observer's room. The chief parts of this are a clock work moving a horrizontal cylin- der which carries the recording sheet and an electro-magnet in the shape of a telegraphic " sounder " with the marking pen attached to it. The cylinder has a double motion-around and along its axis. The time occupied by the first motion is just one hour for one turn ; by the second, twenty-four hours for a space of 4 1-2 inches. The hour line is five inches long so that even with a gale of fifty miles an hour the marks are still one-tenth of an inch apart. Besides we have placed in the current an electric bell giving a stroke after every mile. This can be heard all over the house and thereby dispenses with the inconvenience of watching the anem- ometer itself at the time of observation for the daily report. The number of miles read off the dial and the number marked on the recording sheet must of course agree. The reading and the sup- plying the instruments with new sheets form a part of the duties connected with the morning observation.
The following are the results obtained by these two instruments :
Direction ; The average monthly direction was from the north- west quarter, with the exception of June, July, and August (south- west), and November (northeast). The precise position of the mean lines is for
81
METEOROLOGICAL REPORT.
January .
W 18º N
July.
W 30° S
February.
.W 5
N
August
.W
40 S
March .
W 41
N
September
N
24
E
April
W 55
N
October
W
66 N
May
W 33
N
November
W 52
N
June
W 14
S
December
W. 9
N
The mean annual direction is W. 11 degrees N.,-a deflection of two degrees to the north compared with the mean of 1881. As to time the eight points are recorded with the following number of hours ;
N. 672; N. E. 1224; E. 416; S. E. 302; S. 470; S. W. 2364; W, 934; N. W, 1885.
Thus the ratio of the westerly to the easterly wind is as 27 to 10 ; and the ratio of the northerly to the southerly as 12 to 10.
The prevailing wind in each month was :
TABLE VI.
Duration in hours.
Duration in hours.
January
NW
274
July.
SW
356
February
.SW
232
August
S W
322
March.
NW
261
September
E
255
April
.N W
181
October
N
E
167
May
SW
213
November
N
W
188
June
S
W
213
December
W
204
Velocity : The aggregate number of miles travelled by the wind during eight months (May to December) was 34,651; equal to 17,325,500 revolutions of the anemometer. The number for each month is as follows :
TABLE VII.
Total No. of miles.
Average No. per day.
Average per hour.
May
.5913
190.7
7.9
June
.3994
133.1
5.5
July
3768
121.5
5.0
August
3561
114.9
4.8
September
.4532
151.1
6.3
October.
.3488
112.5
4.7
November
4700
156.6
6.5
December
4695
151.4
6.3
The highest velocity, 30 miles per hour, is recorded during a north east storm, May 15.
82
METEOROLOGICAL REPORT.
STATE OF WEATHER.
We distinguish as stated in previous reports between " clear, fair, cloudy and rainy days," according to the degree of cloudiness of the sky :
TABLE VIII.
Clear.
Fair.
Cloudy.
Rainy.
January ...
7
8
8
8
February
4
8
10
6
March.
7
5
12
7
April
2
8
16
4
May
4
5
15
7
June
7
7
13
3
July
5
7
15
4
August
8
10
12
1
September.
3
4
12
11
October
7
4
14
6
November
5
9
13
3
December
9
4
13
5
Total
68
79
153
65
Per cent
18.6
21.6
41.9
17.8
Cloudy days prevailed in every month ; their number was 153, or 41.9 per cent. The number of rainy days has decreased to 65 against 80 in 1881, and 71 in 1880.
There were some marked deviations in the mean temperature. Spring was cold and wet, especially May, retarding vegetation by at least two weeks. The mean temperature of that month was five degrees below the average ; July commenced with a severe easterly storm and generally cool weather, but this was compensated by the extreme heat during the latter part of the month, the mean remain- ing about the same.
The principal feature of the second half of the year was the drought, the New England states suffering the most by it. It com- menced in June and was interrupted only in September. The rain in this month, however, came too late for benefiting most of the crops, and though abundant, could not effectually remedy the scar- city of water in the springs, wells and ponds. The general vege- tation, however, revived to a remarkable degree, and produced the effect of the rich verdure of summer.
In conclusion, we would append a table exhibiting the monthly
83
METEOROLOGICAL REPORT.
mean barometer, thermometer, relative humidity and precipitation obtained from all the observations of the last three years.
TABLE IX.
Pressure.
Temp.
Rel. Humid
Precipitation.
January
30.094
26.67
65.9
4.670
February
. 30.081
29.71
65.2
3.935
March
29.913
32.29
63.9
4.362
April
29.905
43.38
58.3
2.125
May
30.026
54.98
70.2
3.124
June
.29.886
63.41
70.7
2.544
July
29.932
69.58
74.6
3.176
August
30.007
68.88
75,5
1,685
September
.30.041
92.93
79.6
4.192
October
.30 072
51.33
73.2
2.484
November.
. 30.123
38.16
67.4
2.622
December
30.004
29.95
67.0
3.278
Annual mean.
30.007
47.69
69.3
38.197
Newburyport, February, 1883.
KARL CASTELHUN.
REPORT
OF THE
CHIEF ENGINEER.
1882.
11
REPORT.
To His Honor the Mayor and the City Council :
GENTLEMEN :- In accordance with the requirements of the ordi- nance governing the Fire Department, it becomes my duty as Chief Engineer to present to you the annual report of the Fire De- partment of Newburyport for the year ending December 31, 1882.
The report will be found to contain statements in detail, embrac- ing expenditures, a register of the department, with number of badge. age, residence and occupation of each member ; a record of all fires and alarms which have occurred during the year and the cause, with the names of the owners or occupants, the loss and in- surance as near as could be ascertained, and such other information as may be of interest to your honorable body and the citizens of Newburyport, which we trust will enable you to fully understand the conditions, and judge of the necessities, that the officers and men may have every facility afforded them in the performance of their duty in protecting the property of our citizens from the flames.
It is a duty that devolves upon the head of this department to make known to the city authorities what is necessary to render the department efficient and to point out the danger to which our city is exposed, and to make our demand boldly for what is deemed ne- cessary to give adequate protection. Cities are apt to be penurious with this department and to blame when disaster comes, and I say to the city government that our common danger lies here. Give us the means and we will protect you ; refuse us the means and the responsibility lies with you and not with me. To neglect the fire department is to invite destruction. Economy in the matter of fire equipments is to save at the spigot and waste at the bung-hole.
88
CHIEF ENGINEER'S REPORT.
HOSE.
Three thousand feet of new cotton hose (rubber lined) has been purchased and placed in service the past year, making 10,200 feet now in use. 1600 feet leather hose has been condemned and sold, leaving 3450 feet now in service, some of which is not reliable. I would recommend a further purchase of at least one thousand feet of hose per year until all the leather hose has been replaced by cot- ton. Good hose is indispensable ; for if the hose fails the fire has an opportunity to make headway, and perhaps get beyond control of the department. Nothing is so discouraging to firemen as, after a line of hose is laid, to find it leaky or broken. It is of vital im- portance that the city should have an ample supply of hose which can be depended upon
CONDITION OF APPARATUS.
Steamer No. 1 is in good condition, having been extensively re- paired the past year. Steamer No. 2 is in like good condition, having been entirely rebuilt the present year. Steamer No. 3 has been entirely overhauled the present year and is now reliable. Hand engines Nos. 7 and 8 are in their usual good condition for service. Hose carriages have been thoroughly overhauled and re- painted. Hook and Ladder is in good condition, but is too light for the present needs of the department, not being able to carry some of the most important ladders we have.
The recommendations of the Chief Engineer have met with a prompt and hearty response from the majority of the committee on fire department, and it affords me pleasure to be able to state that the apparatus is in better condition than it has been since I have taken charge of the department ; the board has exercised the great- est vigilance in having all needed repairs promptly made, so that all the apparatus has been ready to render service in case of fire without delay. The alteration of Hook and Ladder Truck from hand to hose carriage has proved a decided improvement, and the result of the change has been very satisfactory to the members of the department.
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