History of Middlesex County, Massachusetts : with biographical sketches of many of its pioneers and prominent men, Vol. II, Part 14

Author: Hurd, D. Hamilton (Duane Hamilton) ed. cn
Publication date: 1890
Publisher: Philadelphia : J. W. Lewis & Co.
Number of Pages: 1226

USA > Massachusetts > Middlesex County > History of Middlesex County, Massachusetts : with biographical sketches of many of its pioneers and prominent men, Vol. II > Part 14

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In 1883 and 1884 lie was mayor of the city. In 1886 he was Democratic candidate for the Fiftieth Congress, and was, in 1888, president of the State Democratic Convention. On April 30, 1889, he de- livered the oration at the city's celebration of the centennial anniversary of Washington's inaugural, and also the memorial address on Decoration Day, May 30, 1889.

Mr. Donovan is still in the prime of life. He has already made for himself an enviable record for sa- gacity in business and for popular talent. His friends

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may naturally and confidently expect that still higher honors await him in the future.

EDWARD J. NOYES was born iu Georgetown, Mass., September 7, 1841, and came to Lowell when seven years of age. Having passed through the primary and grammar schools of the city, he completed his education at the academies of Groton, Mass., and Newbury, Vt. While he was at Newbury the War of the Rebellion broke out, and young Noyes, at the age of twenty years, returned to Lowell, and entered upon the service of recruiting soldiers for General Butler. Under General Butler he went to Ship Isl- and in 1861, aud with him he entered New Orleans on May 1, 1862, being at the time temporarily upon the general's staff. He rose in the service from lieutenant to major. In 1862 he was appointed cap- tain of the First Texas Cavalry, made up of Texans who had been driven out of their State for their Union sentiments. In this frontier and hostile position iu Texas lie was exposed to almost daily encounters and met with hardships and perils which few of our regi- ments endured.

In May, 1863, while charging through the enemy's line of battle, he received a wound in the shoulder, which confined him for some time to a hospital in New Orleans. From this wound he has never com- pletely recovered. When the war was drawing to a close, in December, 1864, he returned to Lowell. In 1866 and 1867 he was engaged in plauting cotton. In 1868 he engaged for a year in the study of law in Columbia College, N. Y. Until 1881 he was en- gaged in private business. In that year and in 1882 he was chief of police in Lowell. In 1885 lie was mayor of the city. After engaging for two or three years in private business he again, in 1888, became chief of police in Lowell. He now (1890) holds the office of superintendent of the horse railroads of Lowell.

Mayor Noyes bears an excellent record, both as a brave soldier and as an efficient man of business. He is admirably qualified for the position of chief of police on account of his personal bravery and his knowledge of law. To his new office he brings the qualities which will doubtless command success.

JAMES C. ABBOTT was born in Andover, Mass., June 3, 1825. Being the son of a widow he early learned the lessons of industry and self-reliance which have marked his manhood. He graduated from Phillips Academy, at Andover, and entcred Dartmouth College, where he remained two years. At Harvard Law School he laid the foundation of his success as a lawyer. Having studied law with I. S. Morse, Esq., in Lowell, he opencd an office in Canal Block, having as his partner Harrison G. Blaisdell, Esq.

He has now practiced law in Lowell nearly forty years, and gained the reputation of a careful and conscientious student, and a wise and faithful coun- selor. Fow men are more punctual in the discharge

of their duties, or more faithful and painstaking in the execution of the trusts confided to them. Mr. Abbott has never sought office. His honors have beeu thrust upon him. He was a member of the State Senate iu 1887, and was for six years iu the School Board. He held the office of mayor of the city in the years 1886 and 1887, and was in the Board of Aldermen in 1880.

Since holding the office of mayor, Mr. Abbott has devoted himself to the practice of his profession. He is, however, president of the First National Bank, of which he had previously been a director. He also holds the office of commissioner of sinking funds. He is president of the Lowell Mutual Fire Iusurance Company.

In the business world Mr. Abbott is esteemed a safe, cautious, judicious man, whom it is safe to trust. In politics his straightforward honesty and conscientiousness make him an excellent executive, but a poor partisan. He is thoroughly respected by his political opponents as a man who cannot be man- aged, and who will do the right thing when he sees it. His practice of his profession has been remunera- tive, and he has an elegant private residence on Fair- mount Street.

CHARLES D. PALMER was born in Cambridge, Mass., November 25, 1845. His father, George W. Palmer, was a book publisher and manufacturer. The son graduated from the Dwight Grammar School; of Boston, in 1858. On graduating from the Boston Latin School, in 1864, lie had the honor of receiving one of the four Franklin medals. He graduated from Harvard College in 1868.

With the purpose of becoming a manufacturer he entered the service of the Washington Mills Com- pany, in Lawrence, in which he exhibited such marked ability that in 1869 he was appointed by one of the United States commissioners to the Paris Exhibition to the service of collecting statistics relating to the wool industry in Canada.

For about ten years, beginning with 1872, he was a member of a co-partnership for the manufacture of woolen shoddy in North Chelmsford.

In 1880 he married Rowena, youngest daughter of the late Fisher A. Hildreth, Esq., of Lowell, who died in 1873, leaving a large estate. It was in managing the affairs of this estate that Mr. Palmer was em- ployed from 1880 to the time of his clection to the mayoralty of the city. As mayor he has served the city two years, 1888 and 1889, and he has now en- tered upon his third year of office. It is only just to say that he has more than met the expectations of his friends. He has exhibited an independence of action, a devotion to duty, and a correctness of judg- ment, which give him a high rank among men distin- guished for executive ability.

HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS.

CHAPTER V.

LOWELL-( Continued).

POLITICS.

LOWELL, having had its first clection under a city charter, it will be interesting, at this point, to turn our attention to its political history both as a town and as a city.

In its early eleetions, as a town, the Whigs had a very decided preponderanee. In the Presidential eleetion of 1828 John Quiney Adams received almost three times as many votes as General Jackson, and at the gubernatorial election of that year Levi Lin- coln received more than seven times as many votes for Governor as all his opponents. Gradually the Demoerats gained upon the Whigs until, in 1835, at the last town election, Governor Everett received but a bare majority over Marcus Morton.

After Lowell became a city, in 1836, no Democrat was elected mayor of the eity until 1848, when, after three trials in the same month, Josiah B. French had a majority of thirty-three over Daniel S. Richardson, the Whig candidate, and Mr. French was re-elected in 1849. The next Democratic mayor was J. A. G. Richardson, who, in 1877, had a majority of eighty over Charles A. Stott. Mr. Richardson was re-elect- ed in 1878 by a very heavy majority. In 1882 J. J. Donovan, the Democratic candidate, was elected, and in 1883 he was re-elected by a decided majority. In 1885 and 1886 J. C. Abbott, a Democrat, was elected. In 1854 Ambrose Lawrenee, the American, or Know- Nothing candidate for mayor, received more than five-sixths of the entire vote of the city. In every other year a Whig or Republieau has been elected, either upon a strict party tieket or on a eitizens' ticket. The two parties now, 1890, are nearly equally divided ; but the probability is that there are more Democrats than Republicans, the balance of power being in the hands of the voters who belong to neither of the two great parties.

A third party has, in some years, acquired a con- siderable strengtli in Lowell, conspicuously the Know-Nothings, in 1854. From 1840, when James G. Birney, the Anti-slavery presidential candidate, received forty-two votes at the gubernatorial eleetion in 1852, when Horace Mann received 1202 votes, the Anti-slavery party inereased in strength, but the Kansas troubles and the war merged them in the Republican party. Again, the Prohibition party, in 1880, nominated for the mayoralty Hon. J. G. Pea- body, who received 1279 votes. The fact that there was no Democratic candidate in a great measure ae- counts for this large Prohibition vote. This vote has not often exceeded 200.

Many of the best citizens of Lowell have always favored non-partisan nominations for city officers.

Their theory is certainly plausible, and it implies a high sentiment of patriotism; but in praetiee tlie people of Lowell have not been induced, for any con- siderable time, to sustain it. Men are not so consti- tuted that they ean be regularly led to work with and vote for men in the city eleetions whom they have bitterly opposed as unfit for office at the State elec- tion only five weeks before. ,Nor-partisan nomina- tions are found practicable only when some important questiou of publie utility has greater weight in the minds of the voters than their party affiliations. However, as will be seen below, in several of our municipal cleetions non-partisan nominations have been successful.

In the following record of the elections in Lowell for sixty-three years I have omitted to name eandi- dates who have received only a few votes :

In 1826, at the first election for Governor in the town of Lowell, the result was, Levi Lineoln, of Worcester, 95; James Lloyd, of Boston, 53.

In 1827, for Governor, Levi Lincoln, of Worcester, 89; Wm. C. Jarvis, of Charlestown, 22.

In 1828, for Governor, Levi Lincoln, 157; Elijah H. Mills, of Northampton, 14. For President, John Quincy Adams, 278; Andrew Jackson, 97.

In 1829, for Governor, Levi Lincoln, 127; Marcus Morton, of Taunton, 21.

In 1830, for Governor, Levi Lincoln, 298; Marcus Morton, 87. The population of Lowell in 1830 was 6477.

In November, 1831, for Governor, Levi Lincoln, 264; Mareus Morton, 228.

In 1832, for Governor, Levi Lincoln, 675 ; Marcus Morton, 441. For President, Henry Clay, 694; An- drew Jackson, 412.

In 1833, for Governor, John Davis, of Worcester, 452; Marcus Morton, 395.

In 1834, for Governor, John Davis, 893; Marcus Morton, 668.

In 1835, for Governor, Edward Everett, of Boston, 826 ; Marcus Morton, 768.

In these ten years Messrs. Lineoln, Davis and Ever- ett were the successful Republican candidates in the State eleetions.

In 1836, Lowell's first year under a city charter, the elections resulted as follows : For mayor, Elislia Bartlett, 958; Eliphalet Case, 868. For Governor, Edward Everett, 864; Marcus Morton, 908. For President, Daniel Webster, 878; Martin Van Buren, 894. Until 1846 the municipal elections were in the spring and other eleetions in the autumn.

In 1836, Edward Everett was elected Governor and Martin Vau Buren President. Dr. Bartlett was a physician, and Mr. Case an editor. It is proper licre to remark that throughout this politieal record tlie officers mentioned as elected assumed the duties of their office in thic next year after election, with this exception, that uutil 1847 the mayors of the city were

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elected and entered upon their office in the spring of the same year.

In 1837, for mayor, Elisha Bartlett, 1018; Elipha- let Case, 817. For Governor, Edward Everett, 1058 : Marcus Morton, 62S.

In 1838, for mayor, Luther Lawrence (Whig), S71; John W. Graves (Dem.), 529. For Governor, Edward Everett (Whig), 871; Marcus Morton (Dem.), 640. Mr. Everett was elected Governor in 1838. Mr. Lawrence was a lawyer, and Mr. Graves a physician.

In 1839, for mayor, Luther Lawrence, 916; Josiah B. French (Dem.), 215. For Governor, Edward Everett, 1033; Marcus Morton, 812. Mr. Morton was elected Governor in 1839. Mr. French was a contractor. Upon the death of Mr. Lawrence, only a few days after entering upon the duties of his office, Dr. Elisha Huntington, who was a member of the Common Council, was chosen his successor.

In 1840, for mayor, Elisha Huntington (Whig), 1093; Josiah B. French, 644. For Governor, John Davis, 1436; Marcus Morton, 941. For President, Wm. H. Harrison, 1470 ; Martin Van Buren. 856. Mr. Harrison was elected President, and Mr. Davis Governor. Dr. Huntington received now his first election. For many years he was the favorite candi- date to be put forward when, in order to carry an election, there was demanded a candidate of great personal popularity. He was a practicing physician in Lowell for many years. The population of Lowell in 1840 was 20,981.

In 1841, for mayor, Elisha Huntington, 1032; Jonathan Tyler, 523. For Governor, John Davis (Whig), 1170 ; Marcus Morton, 1030. Mr. Davis was elected Governor. Dr. Huntington had made so popular a mayor that there was not a serious opposi- tion to his re-election. A ticket headed by Mr. Tyler (a Whig) received about one-third of the votes of the city, the Democrats probably sustaining this ticket in most cases.

In 1842, for mayor, Nathaniel Wright, 967 ; Elisha Huntington, 943. There being no election on the firat trial, a second trial gave Mr. Wright, 1159; Dr. Huntington, 1096. For Governor, John Davis, 1234; Marcus Morton, 1263. Samuel E. Sewall, of Rox- bury, candidate of the rising "Liberty " party, 128. Mr. Morton was elected Governor. Mr. Wright was a Whig. He was put up against Dr. Huntington by citizens who helieved that the corporations had been exercising an undue influence in city affairs, by dic- tating to employees how they should vote, by threatening to remove from their employ those who did not vote as required. Messrs. Aiken and Bartlett, agents of the Lawrence and Boott Corporations, werc in 1842 special objects of attack. This sentiment led to the nomination of Mr. Wright, who was elected at the second trial. The Vox Populi was started in the preceding year as the representative of this senti- ment. It was designed as an expression of the voice

of the people on the question of Corporation influence and control.

In 1843, for mayor, Nathaniel Wright (Whig), 1093; Elisha Huntington, 224 ; John W. Graves, 577 ; Josiah B. French, 85; others, 123. For Governor, George N. Briggs (Whig), of Pittsfield, 1473; Mar- cus Morton, 1175; Samuel E. Sewall, 206. In the city election party lines were not closely drawn. There were two Whig candidates and two Demo- cratic candidates, and many scattering votes. Mr. Briggs this year received the first of seven elections as Governor of Massachuetts. He is the last of our Governors whose terms of office have extended beyond four years. The normal period seems now to he threc years. Gardner, Banks, Claflin, Rice, Long, Rohinson and Ames each served three years.

In 1844, for mayor, Elisha Huntington, 1477; Jonathan Tyler (Whig), 935. For Governor, Georgc N. Briggs, 1791; George Bancroft, of Boston, 1138 ; Samuel E. Sewall, 203. For President, Henry Clay, 1742; James K. Polk, 1091 ; James G. Birney, 246. Governor Briggs was re-elected. James K. Polk was chosen President. Jonathan Tyler was the "Citizen's" candidate, on a non-partisan ticket.

In 1845, for mayor, Elisha Huntington, 1280 ; Geo. Brownell (Whig), 198; Jonathan M. Marston (Demo- crat), 123 ; others, 188. For Governor, George N. Briggs, 1484 ; Isaac Davis, of Worcester, 655 ; Samucl E. Sewall, 160. Governor Briggs was re-elected in the city election. Mr. Brownell was superintendent of the machine shops and Mr. Marston was a dealer in liquors. These two gentlemen received but few votes because at this election there was no organizcd opposition to the re-election of Dr. Huntington.

In 1846, for mayor, on first ballot, Jefferson Ban- croft (Whig), 988; Joshua Swan (Whig), 813. On second ballot, Bancroft, 1307; Swan, 196. Both Mr. Bancroft and Mr. Swan were Whigs. There was somc local opposition to the regular Republican nomince, Mr. Bancroft, in Ward Four. Complaint was made that this ward had been neglected in the distribution of offices. The nomination of Mr. Swan gave expres- sion to that feeling, and the Democrats probably voted for him. For Governor, in 1846, George N. Briges, 1576 ; Isaac Davis, 669 ; Samuel E. Sewall, 228. Mr. Bancroft was a deputy sheriff and Mr. Swan was a contractor at the machine shop.

In 1846 there were two municipal clections. Herc- tofore the municipal year had begun in the spring, but hereafter it is to begin in January. Hence the second election in December, 1846, for the city government of the year 1847. At this election the vote was, Ban- croft, 1307 ; Swan, 196. There was no party conten- tion, both candidates being Whigs.

Municipal election, Decemher, 1847, and State elec- tion, November, 1847. For mayor, Jefferson Ban- croft, 1032; Josialı B. French (Democrat), 655; Elisha Huntington, 228. For Governor, Geo. N. Briggs,

HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS.

1655; Caleb Cushing, of Newburyport, 1282; Samuel E. Sewall, 172.

Disaffection with Mr. Bancroft in Wards 3 and 4 explains the vote for Dr. Huntington. But little in- terest was taken in this election, and the vote was very small. Governor Briggs is re-elected. For the two ycars the Mexican War had somewhat disturbed the politics of the country. Even in Lowell, John P. Robinson, probably its most brilliant lawyer, though a stanch Whig, favored the election of Gen- eral Cushing, the Democratic opponent of Governor Briggs. This opposition of Mr. Robinson gave birth to that well-known poem of James R. Lowell, the keen satire of which well outlines the local cause that brought it forth :

"Guvener B. is a sensible man ; He stays to home and looks arter his folks ; IIe draws his furrer ez straight ez he can, An' into nobody's tater-patch pokes. But John P. Robinson, he

Sez, he wount go fur Guvener B,

"Gineral C., he goes in fur the war, He don't vally principle more'n an old cud ; Wat did God make us raytional creeteis fer- But glory and gunpowder, plunder and blood ? So, John P. Robinson, he Sez, he shall vote for Gineral C."

Municipal election in December, 1848, and State and National election in November, 1848. For mayor, at first trial, Daniel S. Richardson, 1080; Josiah B. French, 723; John W. Graves, 674; Oliver M. Whip- ple, 249; Jefferson Bancroft, 88. At the second trial, Richardson, 1305 ; French, 810; Graves, 664. At the final trial, French, 1577 ; Richardson, 1544, and others, 21 ; and Mr. French was elected by a plural- ity of 33, and by a majority of 6. For Governor, Geo. N. Briggs, 1976 ; Stephen C. Phillips, of Salem, 1221; Caleb Cushing, 441. For President, Zachary Taylor, 1959; Martin Van Buren, 1096; Lewis Cass, 870. Mr. Taylor was elected President, and Governor Briggs re-elected. Mr. Richardson was a lawyer. A comparison of the Presidential election with the city election would seem to indicate that in the latter the Anti-slavery party generally voted for Mr. French. Oliver M. Whipple was a manufacturer of powder, and one of the oldest and most prominent citizens. The second and third trials in the city election were de .. manded because, at that time, a plurality did not elect. Scattering votes could defeat an election.

Municipal election December, 1849, and State clcc- tion November, 1849. For mayor, Josiah B. French, 1521; Geo. Brownell (Whig), 1285. For Governor, Geo. N. Briggs, 1659; Geo. S. Boutwell, of Groton, 759; Stepben C. Phillips, of Salem, 663. Governor Briggs was re-elected, and Mayor French is compli- mented with a second election. Mr. Brownell was superintendent of machine shop.

Municipal election December, 1850, and State elec- tion November, 1850. For mayor, James H. B. Ayer,

1811; Abner W. Buttrick, 893. For Governor, Geo. N. Briggs, 1790; Geo. S. Boutwell, 891; Stephen C. Phillips, 743. Mr. Boutwell was elected Governor. Mr. Ayer was the paymaster of the Locks and Canals Company, and Mr. Buttrick was a grocer. Governor Briggs meets with his first defeat in a gubernatorial election. The population of Lowell in 1850 was 33,383.

Municipal election December, 1851, and State elec- tion November, 1851. For mayor, Elisha Hunting- ton, 2021; John W. Graves, 1836. For Governor, Robert C. Winthrop, of Boston, 1915; Geo. S. Bou t- well, 1342; John G. Palfrey, of Cambridge, 681. Governor Bontwell was re-elected.

Municipal election Dec., 1852, and State and National election Nov., 1852. For mayor at first trial, Sewall G. Mack, 1961 ; John W. Graves, 1919, others, 48. Second trial, Mack, 1954; Graves, 1878. For Governor, John H. Clifford, 1789 ; Henry W.' Bishop, of Lenox, 1236 ; Horace Mann, of Newton, the Free-Soil candidate, 1202. For President, Win- field Scott, 2032; Franklin Pierce, 1576; John P. Hale, 684. Mr. Clifford was elected Governor and Mr. Pierce President. Mr. Mack was a dealer in stoves, etc. In this year the Free-Soil vote reached its highest point. It is probable that Mr. Mann, whose vote was the highest, received support from the other parties out of personal considerations.

Municipal election Dec., 1853, and State election Nov., 1853. For mayor, Sewall G. Mack, 1979; John Nesmith, 700 ; Weare Clifford, 697; Wm. Fiske, 275. For Governor, Emory Washburn, of Worcester, 1927; Henry W. Bishop, 942; Henry Wilson, of Natick, 973 ; Bradford L. Wales, of Randolph, 351. At the city election John Nesmith was the Free-Soil candi- date and Wm. Fiske the Temperance candidate. Mr. Washburn was elected Governor. Mr. Nesmith was a manufacturer and dealer in real estate. Mr. Fiske was a dealer in lumber. In 1853 the people of the State were called to vote upon the acceptance of the new Constitution formed at the constitutional conven - tion under the control of a coalition of Democrats and Free-Soilers. The Whigs under Washburn and the National or Hunker Democrats under Wales sulc- ceeded in defeating most of the articles of the pro- posed Constitution.

Municipal election Dec., 1854, and State election Nov., 1854. For mayor, Ambrose Lawrence, 2651; Joseph Bedlow, 442. For Governor, Henry J. Gard- ner, of Boston, 2863 ; Emory Washburn, 902; Henry W. Bishop, 353. In the city election, Mr. Lawrence was candidate of the " American (commonly called "Kuow-Nothing") party" and Mr. Bedlow of the Whigs. Mr. Lawrence was a dentist. Mr. Bedlow was in the service of the Lawrence Corporation. In the State election Mr. Gardner was the candidate of the " Know-Nothing" party. The sudden rise of the new party and its sudden decline are remarkable phe- nomena in the history of politics. The wild rush of

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politicians of every shade to join the winning side rendered the party too unwieldy to be subject to the control of its wiser leaders, and the misconduct of a few soon brought reproach and defeat upon the whole. ·

Municipal election Dec., 1855, and State election Nov., 1855. For mayor, Elisha Huntington, 2290; Alfred Gilman, 1402. For Governor, Henry J. Gard- ner, 1755 ; Erasmus D. Beach, 1014; Julius C. Rock- well (Whig), of Pittsfield, 971. Mr. Gardner was re- elected. Mr. Beach was the Democratic candidate and Mr. Rockwell the Whig candidate. Mr. Gilman was the American or " Know-Nothing" candidate for mayor, and Mr. Huntington the Whig candidate. Mr. Gilman had been postmaster of Lowell in the administration of Presidents Taylor and Fillmore. He had also been an editor.

Municipal election Dec., 1856, and State and National election Nov., 1856. For mayor, Stephen Mansur, 1915 ; Elisha Huntington, 1870. For Gov- ernor, Henry J. Gardner, 2946; Erasmus D. Beach, 1259; Luther V. Bell, of Charlestown, 127. For President, John C. Fremont, 3087; James Buchanan, 1248. Mr. Mansur was a dealer in hardware. In this year there was prevailing a very strong sentiment in favor of non-partisan municipal government. Many of the best citizens of Lowell who were not politi- cians publicly joined in a movement to elect Dr. Hun- tington on a non-partisan platform. He was there- fore put up in opposition to the Whig candidate, Mr. Mansur. In 1856 Mr. Gardner was re-elected Gover- nor and Mr. Buchanan President. In 1856 the Whigs generally supported Mr. Gardner. Those who did not, under the name of " American and Whig party" supported Mr. Bell. The three parties were called: " American Republican," " Democratic: " " American and Whig."

Municipal election Dec. 1857, and State clection Nov., 1857. For mayor, Elisha Huntington, 2060; Wm. North (Rep.), 1449. For Governor, Nathaniel P. Banks, of Waltham, 1710; Erasmus D. Beach, 1076; Henry J. Gardner, 1151. Mr. Banks was clec- ted Governor. Dr. Huntington was the Citizens' " non-partisan " candidate. Mr. North, the Repub- lican candidate, was a dyer at the Middlesex Mills. Dr. Huntington's long experience aided him as a candidate in this year of financial distress, when wise counsel was in great demand.

Municipal election Dec., 1858, and State election Nov., 1858. For mayor, James Cook (Rep.), 1737; Ephraim B. Patch (Dem.), 1209. For Governor, N. P. Banks, 1754; E. D. Beach, of Springfield, 1076; Amos A. Lawrence, 397. Mr. Banks was elected Governor. Mr. Cook had been an agent of the Mid- dlesex Mills, but for many years he was engaged in the insurance business. Mr. Patch was an auctioncer.

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History of Middlesex County, Massachusetts : with biographical sketches of many of its pioneers and prominent men, Vol. II, Part 14

Author: Hurd, D. Hamilton (Duane Hamilton) ed. cn Publication date: 1890 Publisher: Philadelphia : J. W. Lewis & Co. Number of Pages: 1226

Author: Hurd, D. Hamilton (Duane Hamilton) ed. cn
Publication date: 1890
Publisher: Philadelphia : J. W. Lewis & Co.
Number of Pages: 1226