USA > Massachusetts > Suffolk County > Boston > Metropolitan Boston; a modern history; Volume I > Part 35
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Holmes, in making a list of the important Boston medical events, listed them thuswise: "The founding of the Boston Dispensary (1796), and of the Massachusetts General Hospital (18II). The establishment of the City Hospital (1864), and that of the Eye and Ear Infirmary (1826), and other medical charities. The removal to Boston of the Medical School of Harvard (1815), followed by the erection of the building in North Grove Street, and of the noble edifice now (1880) in the course of erection at Boylston and Exeter streets. The formation of the Boston Medical Association (1806), of the Suffolk District Medical Society (1839), of the Societies for Medical Improvement (1839), for Medical Observation (1835 and 1846), of Medical Sciences (1869), and others." Perhaps the list is as good as any, if one substitutes the Massachusetts Medical Society founded in 1781 for the Boston Medical Association.
The Massachusetts Medical Society-The Massachusetts Medical Society with its close to a century and a half of uninterrupted life, the oldest State medical society with an unbroken existence, is the organiza- tion that has been responsible for most that has been best in the medical history of the State. The first medical society in this country was one that existed at Boston in 1735, but all that is known of it is contained in a brief letter written by Dr. William Douglass, of Boston, in that year Another association was planned in 1765, but failed to organize. On No- vember I, 1781, the Massachusetts Medical Society was incorporated,
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which has held its meetings continuously and regularly ever since. The charter was signed by Samuel Adams as president of the Senate, and John Hancock as Governor of the State. By its charter the president and the fellows of the society, or such other officers and fellows as they might appoint, were given authority to examine all candidates for the practice of physic or surgery, offering themselves for examination respecting their skill in their profession; who, passing their examination success- fully, should receive "the approbation of the society in letters testimonial of such examination, under the seal of the said society, signed by the president or such other person, or persons, as shall be appointed for said purpose." The charter members are supposed to have numbered thirty-one, and represented different sections of the State. In 1803, when it was reorganized on a democratic basis, there was a membership list of sixty-seven, and from that time there has been a fairly regular growth, until at the present time (1927) the members number nearly 4,500, rep- resenting about three-quarters of the physicians in the Commonwealth. During its long life, the society has numbered among its officers and fellows a large proportion of the eminent medical men of the State.
The Founders of the Society-The first president of the society was Dr. Edward Augustus Holyoke, of Salem; the first censors who were to approve candidates were Drs. Samuel Danforth, Charles Jarvis, Joseph Orne, Cotton Tufts, and John Warren. The fourteen founders, as their names appear in the bill for incorporating the society, were James Pecker (1724-94), who was made the first vice-president; James Lloyd (1728- 1801), who was one of the leading practitioners of Boston, and was the first physician in America to use ligature instead of searing wounds, and to use the double flap in amputation ; Joseph Gardiner (1727-88), prob- ably one of the group that tried to form a medical society in 1765; Samuel Danforth (1740-1827), a member of a family noted in the annals of Massachusetts jurists, physicians and literary men; Isaac Rand (1743- 1822), who did much to establish the art of obstetrics in Boston, and who, with John Warren and Lemuel Hayward, established a smallpox hospital in Brookline; Charles Jarvis (1748-1807), prominent in politics as well as in his profession; Thomas Kast (1750-1820), a traveled and favorite physician of Boston ; John Warren (1753-1815), the first of that famous family ; John Linn (1750-93), of whom little is known, having removed to Philadelphia, where he died; Benjamin Curtis (1752-84), who died when but thirty-three; Thomas Welsh (1751-1831), army surgeon, treasurer and orator, the first surgeon engaged by the Council of War to attend the wounded after the battle of Lexington; Nathaniel Walker Appleton (1755-95), for ten years the recording secretary of the society ;
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METROPOLITAN BOSTON
Joseph Whipple (1756-1804), for five years corresponding secretary, and Shirley Erving (1759-1813), the most youthful of the organizers. A glance at the birth dates of these founders show how young a set of men it was that organized so valuable a society, the majority being under thirty-two-John Warren was but twenty-eight.
The earliest meetings of the society were held in the Court House, later in the Manufacturing House, one of the noted buildings in its day, located on Tremont Street, then in Mr. Furnass' painting room in Court Street, again in Concert Hall, a popular tavern, and so on down to 1901. In this year the society moved into the recently completed building of the Boston Medical Library at 8 Fenway, which place has been the domicile of the organization ever since, and seems likely to continue for many years. No more central location could have been chosen, and the situation is ideal from almost every standpoint.
The Boston Medical Library-Boston Medical Library, organized in 1875, is independent of the Medical Society, and, for that matter, from any other organization, being in this respect the only one of like character in the United States. Practically all the medical societies of Boston have deposited their medical collections there, making it the center for med- ical literature in Greater Boston. An account of this library can be found in the chapter dealing with the libraries of the city.
The Boston Medical Library, it might be mentioned, grew out of the rather ignominious ending of the Society Library in 1872. The Massa- chusetts Society founded a library in 1782 which continued in existence for ninety years, when most of the books were given to the Boston Library. The old collections served well the generations that had ac- cess to them, and it bridged a time when books were few and private own- ership was not the ordinary thing. The new organization is now the fourth largest in the country, used annually by 10,000 readers, a convinc- ing proof that such a library was needed in the capital of the Common- wealth.
Early History of the Society-Swinging again to the past, the seal as adopted by the Massachusetts Medical Society presents "a figure of Aesculapius in the proper habit, pointing to a wounded hart, nipping the herb proper for his cure," with the motto Natura Duce. The long his- tory of the body, in which are recorded the efforts and affection of hun- dreds of the best of the medical profession, in which are also the records of its failures, its many and long fights for that which it considered best for the profession is worthy of greater exploitation than it has received. The society still functions along the lines on which it started, and few better mottoes could be inscribed on its banner than "Natura Duce."
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In 1789, by an act of the Legislature, authority was given the society "to point out and describe such a mode of medical instruction as it might deem requisite for candidates prior to examination." And by further act in 1803, it was provided that its number of fellows, originally limited to seventy, might "embrace all respectable physicians and surgeons resi- dent in the State." In that same year the society voted to divide the Commonwealth into four districts, Middle, Southern, Eastern and West- ern. These organizations afterward grew into the present district so- cieties, although many changes have been made in the territory covered by each, and in the number of the districts themselves, as increases in population made such divisions necessary. Internal changes have been many as is but natural in a growing body whose existence has extended over so long a period, and which has seen medicine rise from one of the least scientific of arts whose practice ranged close to superstition, to heights little conceived of by the founders and early members.
"Sections" Under which the Society Now Functions-Among the many changes in procedure forced upon the society by its constant en- largement, one of the most important was that of dividing the work of the body into "Sections," each of which was complete in itself and which represented the principal divisions of medicine. The "Sections" first functioned in 1889, and proved to be a valuable method of handling the affairs of the society. The Section in Obstetrics was started in 1889, hold- ing its last session in 1892. The Section of Tuberculosis held its first meeting in 1907; that of Hospital Administration began in 1917; and of Diseases of Children in 1920, and at each annual meeting after these years. The Sections of Medicine and of Surgery date from 1889. The most recent "Section," the sixth, is that established in 1922, a new one of Obstetrics and Gynecology.
In the World War-The entrance of the United States into the World War found the society prepared to do its part in supplying the medical requirements of the period. The members of the society were urged to enter the national service, and a committee of five was appointed to co- operate with the government. Although the matter of securing enlist- ments in the medical corps of the Army and Navy was the work of the United States Council of National Defense, through the Massachusetts Committee, the most of the members of this committee were active mem- bers of the State society, the secretary of the society, Walter Lincoln Bur- rage, acting as secretary of the committee. According to a list of the Massachusetts physicians in the medical corps of the United States Army and Navy, the Red Cross, or British service during the great war, published by the State committee in August, 1919, after the close of the
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war, Massachusetts gave a total of 1,721 men to these services, or 31.3 per cent of all the physicians in the State, including the women, those who were too old and the physically unfit. Of those who were offered commissions by the government 1,593 actually served, or 29 per cent of all in the State at the time, a most creditable showing.
Publications of the Society-Many valuable publications have been issued by the Massachusetts Medical Society, among which are "The Medical Communications of the M. M. Society," first printed in 1790; the "Library of Practical Medicine," volumes of which covering the period from 1831 to 1868 are now on the shelves of the Boston Medical Library ; and other pamphlets and books as the times demanded. In 1914, the "Boston Medical and Surgical Journal" was taken over as a "publication" automatically ending the further printing of other character. The "Boston Medical and Surgical Journal" is one of the foremost medical journals in the country. Established in 1828, the first number being issued in February of that year, it succeeded a quarterly published from 1812 to 1827, as the "New England Journal of Medicine and Surgery and Collateral Branches of Science," and then as the "New England Med- ical Review and Journal," and also the weekly published from 1823 to 1828, under the name of the "Boston Medical Intelligencer." In 1914 it became the official organ of the Medical Society, and in 1920 and 1921 it was purchased by the society and its publication chartered by the State. The "Journal" was reorganized in April, 1921, with Dr. Walter P. Bowers as managing editor ; Dr. George G. Smith, assistant editor, and the fol- lowing editorial staff : Drs. David L. Edsall, Walter B. Cannon, Robert W. Lovett, Edward H. Nichols, Francis W. Peabody, John P. Sutherland, S. Burt Wolbach and George R. Minot. The "Journal" not only took on new vigor, but branched out into many features that have made it exceed- ingly valuable to the medical profession. The success of the "Journal" is due in a large measure to the unremitting labor of the managing editor, Dr. W. P. Bowers.
The officers of the Massachusetts Medical Society, 1781-1927, are as follows :
PRESIDENTS.
Edward Augustus Holyoke, Salem 1732-1734
William Kneeland, Cambridge.
1784-1786
Edward Augustus Holyoke, Salem. 1786-1787
Cotton Tufts, Weymouth. 1787-1795
Samuel Danforth, Boston
1795-1798
Isaac Rand, Boston. 1798-1804
John Warren, Boston
1804-1815
Joshua Fisher, Beverly
1815-1823
John Brooks, Medford 1823-1825
James Jackson, Boston
1825-1832
John Collins Warren, Boston.
1832-1836
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THE MEDICAL PROFESSION
George Cheyne Shattuck, Boston. 1835-1840
Rufus Wyman, Roxbury ..
1840-1842
James Bigelow, Boston
1842-1847
Zadok Howe, Billerica ..
1847-1848
John Ware, Boston ..
1848-1852
George Hayward, Boston
1852-1855
Elisha Huntington, Lowell ..
1855-1857
Luther Vose Bell, Somerville.
1857-1859
John Homans, Boston.
1859-1862
Josiah Bartlett, Concord.
1862-1864
Augustus Addison Gould, Boston ..
1864-1866
Henry Coit Perkins, Newburyport.
1866-1868
Charles Gideon Putnam, Boston.
1868-1870
Samuel Augustus Fisk, Northampton.
1870-1872
George Cheyne Shattuck, Boston.
1872-1874
Benjamin Cody Cotting, Roxbury
1874-1876
William Cogswell, Bradford ...
1876-1878
George Hinckley Lyman, Boston.
1878-1880
Henry Willard Williams, Boston ..
1880-1882
Alfred Hosmer, Watertown ..
1882-1884
Charles Dudley Homans, Boston.
1884-1886
Thomas Hovey Gage, Worcester.
1886-1888
David Williams Cheever, Boston.
1888-1890
Amos Howe Johnson, Salem.
1890-1892
James Clarke White, Boston.
1892-1894
Franklin Kittredge Paddock, Pittsfield.
1894-1896
Edwin Bayard Harvey, Westborough.
1898-1900
Frank Winthrop Draper, Boston.
1900-1902
George Ebenezer Francis, Worcester.
1902-1904
Arthur Tracy Cabot, Boston.
1904-1906
George Washington Gay, Chestnut Hill.
1906-1908
Silas Dean Presbrey, Taunton
1908-1910
George Brune Shattuck, Boston
1910-1912
Walter Prentice Bowers, Clinton
1912-1914
Charles Francis Withington, Boston.
1914-1916
Samuel Bayard Woodward, Worcester 1916-1919
1919-192I
John Washburn Bartol, Boston
1921-1923
VICE-PRESIDENTS.
James Pecker, Boston. 1782-1785
Cotton Tufts, Weymouth.
1785-1787
Isaac Rand, Boston.
1787-1790
Samuel Danforth, Boston
1790-1795
Samuel Holton, Danvers.
1795-1797
Isaac Rand, Boston. 1797-1798
Ebenezer Hunt, Northampton. 1798-1800
John Warren, Boston .. 1800-1804
Joshua Fisher, Beverly
1804-1815
Thomas Welsh, Boston.
1815-1823
James Jackson, Boston.
1823-1825
Abraham Haskell, Leominster
1825-1827
Amos Holbrook, Milton
1827-1832
John Dixwell, Boston.
1832-1835
Nathaniel Miller, Franklin.
1835-1840
Stephen Bacheller, Royalston
1840-1842
Solomon Davis Townsend, Boston ..
1842-1843
Robert Thaxter, Dorchester.
1843-1845
Samuel Morrill, Boston
1845-1846
Edward Flint, Leicester.
1846-1848
Joseph Stone, Hardwick.
1848-1849
Henry Pickering Walcott, Cambridge.
1896-1898
Alfred Worcester, Waltham.
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METROPOLITAN BOSTON
Charles Gideon Putnam, Boston. 1849-1850
Andrew Mackie, New Bedford .. 1850-1854
James Deane, Greenfield. 1854-1857
Thomas Richardson Boutelle, Fitchburg. 1857-1859
John George Metcalf, Mendon. 1859-1862
Ebenezer Alden, Randolph 1862-1864
Henry Lyman Sabin, Williamstown.
1864-1866
Foster Hooper, Fall River.
1866-1868
Henry Lyman Sabin, Williamstown
1868-1870
Ebenezer Hunt, Davenport.
1870-1872
Benjamin Eddy Cotting, Roxbury
1872-1874
Joseph Sargent, Worcester.
1874-1876
Jonathan Walter Dandolo Osgood, Greenfield.
1876-1877
Gilman Kimball, Lowell ..
1877-1878
David Paige Smith, Springfield. I878-1880
Asa Millett, East Bridgewater
1880-1881
Thomas Hovey Gage, Worcester.
1881-1882
John Howell Mackie, New Bedford.
1882-1883
Ira Russell, Winchendon.
1883-1884
Adam Calhoun Deane, Greenfield.
1884-1885
George Nelson Munsell, Harwich.
1885-1886
John Martyn Harlow, Woburn.
1886-1887
William Gilman Breck, Springfield.
1887-1888
George Jewett, Fitchburg .. .
1888-1889
Charles Ellery Stedman, Dorchester.
1889-1890
George Danforth Colony, Fitchburg
1890-1891
Jan Joseph Bastianus Vermyne, New Bedford.
1891-1892
Francis Augustus Howe, Newburyport.
1892-1893
Zabdiel Boylston Adams, Framingham. 1893-1894
1894-1895
Andrew Martin Pierce, New Bedford.
1895-1896
Albert Wood, Worcester.
1896-1897
Samuel Warren Abbott, Wakefield.
1897-1898
Maurice Dwight Clarke, Haverhill
1898-1899
Charles Montraville Green, Boston
1899-1900
William Winslow Eaton, Danvers.
1900-1901
Augusta Chapman Walker, Greenfield.
1901-1902
Stephen William Hayes, New Bedford.
1902-1903
George Washington Gay, Chestnut Hill.
1904-1905
Frederick Henry Thompson, Fitchburg.
1905-1906
Leonard Wheeler, Worcester.
1906-1907
Francis Joel Canedy, Shelburne Falls.
1907-1908
Daniel Edward Keefe, Springfield ..
1908-1909
Joseph Gurney Pinkham, Lynn ..
1909-1910
Halbert Greenleaf Stetson, Greenfield.
1910-19II
Ernest Sanford Jack, Melrose ..
19II-1912
Francis Webster Goss, Roxbury.
1912-1913
Lyman Asa Jones, North Adams.
1913-1914
Samuel Bayard Woodward, Worcester.
1914-1915
Edmund Francis Cody, New Bedford. 1915-1916
Frederick Weston Taylor, Cambridge 1916-1917
George Pierce Twitchell, Greenfield. 1917-1919
Arthur Richmond Crandell, Taunton.
1919-1920
Frederic Ellis Jones, Quincy. 1920-1921
Brace Whitman Paddock, Pittsfield.
1921-1922
Charles Edward Mongan, Somerville.
1922-1923
RECORDING SECRETARIES.
Nathaniel Walker Appleton, Boston.
1782-1792
Josiah Bartlett, Charlestown 1792-1796
William Jackson, Boston ..
1796-1798
Frederick Augustus Sawyer, Wareham
James Forster Alleyne Adams, Pittsfield. 1903-1904
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THE MEDICAL PROFESSION
John Fleet, Boston. 1798-1802
Thomas Danforth, Boston.
1802-1805
John Collins Warren, Boston. 1805-1814
John Dixwell, Boston. 1814-1822
Thomas Ivers Parker, Boston.
1822-1823
John Gorham, Boston.
1823-1826
George Hayward, Boston.
1826-1832
Enoch Hale, Jr., Boston.
1832-1835
John Homans, Boston.
1835-1838
Solomon Davis Townsend, Boston ..
1838-1840
George Washington Otis, Jr., Boston.
1840-1842
Samuel Morrill, Boston ..
1842-1843
David Humphreys Storer, Boston. 1843-1846
1846-1847
Alexander Thomas, Boston.
1847-1848
Charles Gideon Putnam, Boston
1848-1849
Henry Ingersoll Bowditch, Boston
1849-185I
Charles Eliot Ware, Boston.
1851-1854
Samuel Parkman, Boston
1854-1855
Benjamin Eddy Cotting, Roxbury
1855-1857
John Burroughs Alley, Boston.
1857-1862
Francis Minot, Boston ..
1862-1863
William Wallace Morland, Boston
1863-1864
Charles Dudley Homans, Boston.
1864-1865
Richard Manning Hodges, Boston.
1865-1866
David Williams Cheever, Boston 1866-1867
Calvin Gates Page, Boston.
1867-1868
Charles Walter Swan, Boston.
1868-1873
Frank Winthrop Draper, Boston. 1873-1875
Francis Webster Goss, Roxbury.
1875-1906
CORRESPONDING SECRETARIES.
John Barnard Swett, Newburyport. 1782-1787
John Warren, Boston.
1787-1800
Joseph Whipple, Boston 1800-1805
Thomas Welsh, Boston. 1805-1815
John Collins Warren, Boston.
1815-1822
John Dixwell, Boston.
1822-1832
George Hayward, Boston.
1832-1835
Enoch Hale, Jr., Boston
1835-1838
John Homans, Boston
1838-1840
Solomon Davis Townsend, Boston.
1840-1843
Samuel Morrill, Boston ..
1843-1846
David Humphreys Storer, Boston.
1846-1847
John Barnard Swett Jackson, Boston.
1847-1848
David Humphreys Storer, Boston.
1848-1849
Charles Gideon Putnam, Boston.
1849-1851
Henry Ingersoll Bowditch, Boston.
1851-1854
Charles Eliot Ware, Boston. .
1854-1857
Benjamin Eddy Cotting, Roxbury William Edward Coale, Boston ..
1864-1865
Charles Dudley Homans, Boston.
1865-1873
Charles Walter Swan, Boston.
1873-1906
SECRETARIES.
Francis Webster Goss, Roxbury.
1906-1909
Walter Lincoln Burrage, Boston. 1909-
TREASURERS.
Thomas Welsh, Boston.
1782-1798
Thomas Kast, Boston. 1798-1807
James Jackson, Boston. 1807-18II
John Gorham Coffin, Boston
1811-1818
1857-1864
Charles Gideon Putnam, Boston.
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METROPOLITAN BOSTON
John Gorham, Boston. 1818-1823
Jacob Bigelow, Boston .. 1823-1828
Walter Channing, Boston 1828-1840
Woodbridge Strong, Boston .. 1840-1845
Augustus Addison Gould, Boston. 1845-1847
Zabdiel Boylston Adams, Boston. 1847-1848
Augustus Addison Gould, Boston.
1848-1863
Francis Minot, Boston.
1863-1875
Frank Winthrop Draper, Boston
1875-1891
Edward Jacob Forster, Boston. .
1891-1896
Edward Marshall Buckingham, Boston.
1896-1916
Arthur Kingsbury Stone, Boston.
1917-
LIBRARIANS.
Aaron Dexter, Boston.
1782-1792
William Spooner, Boston
1792-1800
John Fleet, Boston.
1800-1813
John Dixwell, Boston
1813-1814
John Gorham, Boston.
1814-1818
William Gamage, Cambridge.
1818-1819
John Randall, Boston.
1819-1822
Walter Channing, Boston.
1822-1825
George Hayward, Boston.
1825-1826
Enoch Hale, Jr., Boston
1826-1832
David Osgood, Boston ..
1832-1838
George Washington Otis, Jr., Boston
1838-1840
Samuel Morrill, Boston. 1840-1842
Winslow Lewis, Jr., Boston.
1842-1843
Charles Gideon Putnam, Boston
1843-1846
Alexander Thomas, Boston.
1846-1847
Martin Gay, Boston.
1847-1849
Abraham Andros Watson, Boston.
1849-1854
John Burroughs Alley, Boston.
1854-1857
William Edward Coale, Boston.
1857-1864
James Clarke White, Boston.
1864-1872
David Hyslop Hayden, Boston.
1872-1884
Edwin Howard Brigham, Boston.
1884-1922
Homeopathic Medical Society-The Massachusetts Homeopathic Medical Society had its origin in the Homeopathic Fraternity, established in 1840 by physicians of that school, and incorporated in 1856 under the present name. In 1790 Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843), placing empha- sis on a then well-known idea, that like cures like, used it as the basis of a school of medicine that became known as Homeopathy. In a day when medicine was hardly to be classed with the sciences, and the doctors kept up a constant bickering among themselves, the laity wel- comed with open arms one who spoke with authority, and held out the promise of health without heavy dosage or severe methods. In 1825 Hans Christian Gram, a native of Boston, although he had been educated in the University of Copenhagen, introduced homeopathy in this country. In 1833, Dr. Constantine Hening, one of his strongest supporters, came to this country and practiced at Philadelphia until his death in 1881. In 1835 a medical college was established at Allentown, Pennsylvania, to teach the system. Dr. Samuel Gregg of Medford becoming a convert to homeopathy in 1838, was soon joined by Dr. Josiah Flagg of Boston, Dr.
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Charles Wild, of Brookline, and Dr. C. M. Weld of Jamaica Plain. In 1840 they formed a medical club, holding their meetings at the houses of the various members. By 1850 the membership had increased to seventy, and in that year the club incorporated as the Massachusetts Homeopathic Medical Society.
The society and the physicians practicing homeopathy, met with op- position from the so-called "regular" doctors, which in the Massachu- setts Medical Society was carried on for twenty-five years, ending in 1877. The by-laws of the senior society were amended in 1874 so as to refuse admission to any physician professing adherence to any "ex- clusive" system. In later years the clause in the by-law was simplified so as to read "that they do not practice any exclusive system of medicine or practice medicine in a manner contrary to the code of the ethics of this society." There are now many homeopathists in the older medical society. The modern trend in medicine has been away from "schools," and the methods of practice tend always to a similarity, which thrusts into the background the particular faith to which the doctor holds.
Possibly the most notable advance made in modern medical educa- tion is not that the leading men in the profession are so far ahead of the students of the past, but that the medical fraternity as a mass are so well trained in their profession. It cannot be claimed that American medical education was not a bit backward in falling in line with the principles of higher study. Only during the present century have high requirements been demanded for admission to a medical school. Medical colleges mul- tiplied with great rapidity after the Civil War, but it remained for a more recent age to raise the standards. Boston's medical schools have been among the leaders in providing institutions where a diligent student may secure a scientific education of the highest order in preparation for his life work. There is probably no place of equal population, having so many or so complete, or more successful, medical schools.
Harvard Medical School-The Harvard Medical School was estab- lished in 1782, a rather strange late date to be associated with a univer- sity that was born in 1636. Starting in Holden Chapel in Cambridge the following year (1783), it removed to Boston in 1810, locating on Marl- borough, now Washington Street. After several changes of home the school moved into the building that now houses the Boston University College of Liberal Arts. This structure was supposed to be sufficiently large and modern to provide a home for the institution for at least forty years, but was outgrown in fifteen. In 1892 the course was extended to four years; and in 1896 the entrance conditions were raised so that ad- mission was restricted to those holding degrees. Another marked ad- vance was made in 1899 when the scope of the school was extended by
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